2-Minute Neuroscience: Epilepsy

Subjects: Neurosciences
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Neuroscientifically Challenged

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Release Date: 2024-04-07

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seizures
excessive neural activity
brain
neuron

Video Introduction

This video is adapted from: https://youtu.be/OGFQhLPaaOQ

Epilepsy is a chronic condition that is characterized by recurrent seizures; seizures are temporary disruptions of normal brain activity caused by excessive neural activity. Epilepsy can have genetic and acquired causes, but in most cases the cause is not known. Seizures can look drastically different depending on the patient, ranging from a brief and subtle interruption in consciousness to violent convulsions.

One characteristic seizures have in common, however, is excessive neural activity. In a healthy brain, different groups of neurons are all firing action potentials at different times. During a seizure, however, firing rates are increased and groups of neurons all fire at the same time, leading to large spikes in neural activity.

In seizures called focal seizures, this excessive activity begins in one specific area of the brain called the seizure focus, but it can also propagate to other areas of the brain. Neurons that are in the seizure focus experience a large and long-lasting depolarization followed by the firing of a train of action potentials. This abnormal activity is referred to as a paroxysmal depolarizing shift. The unusual activity is normally confined to the area it originated in, but during a seizure it can spread due to the failure of inhibitory mechanisms, leading to widespread abnormalities in brain function.

In seizures called generalized seizures, excessive activity seems to arise in widespread areas of the brain all at once. Although the mechanisms underlying this are not fully understood, generalized seizures may involve a pervasive hyperexcitability of neurons throughout the cortex along with abnormalities in neural networks that connect the thalamus to the cortex. ^[1]

References

Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, Hall WC, Lamantia AS, McNamara JO, White LE. Neuroscience. 4th ed. Sunderland, MA. Sinauer Associates; 2008.

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Name: 2-Minute Neuroscience: Epilepsy
Uploaded: 2024-04-08T09:11:47+01:00
Description: Epilepsy is a chronic condition that is characterized by recurrent seizures; seizures are temporary disruptions of normal brain activity caused by excessive neural activity

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Challenged, N. 2-Minute Neuroscience: Epilepsy. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/video/video_detail/1192 (accessed on 21 December 2024).

Challenged N. 2-Minute Neuroscience: Epilepsy. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/video/video_detail/1192. Accessed December 21, 2024.

Challenged, Neuroscientifically. "2-Minute Neuroscience: Epilepsy" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/video/video_detail/1192 (accessed December 21, 2024).

Challenged, N. (2024, April 07). 2-Minute Neuroscience: Epilepsy. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/video/video_detail/1192

Challenged, Neuroscientifically. "2-Minute Neuroscience: Epilepsy." Encyclopedia. Web. 07 April, 2024.