2-Minute Neuroscience: Benzodiazepines

Subjects: Neurosciences
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Contributor:
Neuroscientifically Challenged

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Release Date: 2024-04-07

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drugs
anxiety disorders
sleep disorders
GABA
anxiety-reducing

Video Introduction

This video is adapted from: https://youtu.be/D5Vsm_Daexg

Benzodiazepines are commonly used to treat anxiety disorders and sleep disorders. They are thought to exert their effects in the brain by acting at receptors for the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid, or GABA. In this video, I cover the the mechanism of action for benzodiazepines.^[1]^[2]

Benzodiazepines are a class of drugs named for their chemical structure that are commonly used to treat anxiety disorders and sleep-related disorders. They include well-known drugs like valium, xanax, and klonopin. There are dozens of drugs in the benzodiazepine class, but the mechanism by which they all exert their effects is thought to be similar.

The sedating and anxiety-reducing effects of benzodiazepines are believed to be attributable to the drugs’ actions at receptors for the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyic acid, or GABA. In particular, benzodiazepines act at a subtype of GABA receptors called the GABAa receptor; GABAa receptors that also bind benzodiazepines are sometimes called benzodiazepine receptors.

When benzodiazepines bind, or attach, to the GABA receptor, they bind at a location separate from where GABA itself binds, and exert an influence over GABA binding. This type of action is called an allosteric effect, and in the case of benzodiazepines it results in increased action at the GABA receptor. There is not complete consensus on exactly how benzodiazepine binding affects activity at the GABA receptor but there is evidence to suggest that it increases the likelihood that GABA binding will activate the receptor and/or increases the effect that GABA has when it binds to the receptor.

That effect is to open an ion channel and allow the passage of negatively charged chloride ions into the neuron. This influx of negatively charged ions pushes the membrane potential further from zero, or hyperpolarizes it, and makes it less likely the neuron will fire an action potential. This type of neural inhibition is the basis for the effects of benzodiazepines, for by inhibiting the activity of neurons that make up networks involved with anxiety and arousal, the drugs are able to produce calming effects.

References

Gielen MC, Lumb MJ, Smart TG. Benzodiazepines modulate GABAA receptors by regulating the preactivation step after GABA binding. J Neurosci. 2012 Apr 25;32(17):5707-15. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5663-11.2012.
Möhler H, Fritschy JM, Rudolph U. A new benzodiazepine pharmacology. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Jan;300(1):2-8.

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Uploaded: 2024-04-07T09:36:51+01:00
Description: Benzodiazepines are commonly used to treat anxiety disorders and sleep disorders

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Challenged, N. 2-Minute Neuroscience: Benzodiazepines. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/video/video_detail/1179 (accessed on 21 December 2024).

Challenged N. 2-Minute Neuroscience: Benzodiazepines. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/video/video_detail/1179. Accessed December 21, 2024.

Challenged, Neuroscientifically. "2-Minute Neuroscience: Benzodiazepines" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/video/video_detail/1179 (accessed December 21, 2024).

Challenged, N. (2024, April 07). 2-Minute Neuroscience: Benzodiazepines. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/video/video_detail/1179

Challenged, Neuroscientifically. "2-Minute Neuroscience: Benzodiazepines." Encyclopedia. Web. 07 April, 2024.