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What ESG Reporting Reveals About Sustainability Progress in Major U.S. Airports
Airports are more than transport hubs; they are major local employers, energy users, and land managers whose operations intersect with climate, public health, and equity concerns. As investors, communities, regulators, and travellers pay greater attention to environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance, airports face both opportunities and questions about how to report sustainability credibly. A study published in MDPI Sustainability "Environmental Social Governance (ESG) Reporting for Large US Airports" examined ESG reporting across the 30 large-hub U.S. airports, contrasted reporting frameworks, and offered detailed case studies of Salt Lake City (SLC) and Dallas–Fort Worth (DFW). Its central conclusion: reporting is growing, but practices remain uneven and largely voluntary — which limits comparability, accountability, and potential regulatory clarity. Source: Encyclopedia Video abstract (https://encyclopedia.pub/video/1737). 1. ESG Reporting Practices and Current Gaps The study confirms that all 30 large-hub airports in the United States publish some form of sustainability-related information. This may take the form of sustainability reports, topic-specific documents, or web-based summaries. However, only eight of these airports produce a formal report explicitly labelled as ESG. This demonstrates that while sustainability communication is widespread, ESG-specific reporting remains limited. The analysis shows substantial variation in the reporting frameworks adopted by airports. Some airports reference guidance from organizations such as Airports Council International (ACI) or the World Economic Forum (WEF), whereas others rely on general sustainability standards or develop customized reporting structures. Because these approaches differ in scope and terminology, the resulting disclosures are not easily comparable, and many recommended elements appear only partially addressed across the sample. Through two case studies — Salt Lake City International Airport (SLC) and Dallas–Fort Worth International Airport (DFW) — the paper illustrates what more structured ESG reporting can look like. Both airports reference the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and make efforts to align environmental, social, and governance disclosures with these global frameworks. Their reports include data on energy and resource use, greenhouse gas emissions (Scopes 1 and 2, with partial Scope 3), waste and water management, workforce composition, and governance practices. Even so, the study notes that reporting gaps persist. Not all of the recommended disclosure elements are consistently covered, historical data are sometimes missing, and several disclosures remain primarily qualitative. Additionally, because airports vary widely in size, governance structure, and operational context, the authors caution that standardization must remain flexible, even while comparability remains a core challenge. 2. Why ESG Reporting Matters The authors identify several advantages associated with stronger ESG reporting at airports: Transparency and accountability: Clear disclosures allow stakeholders to better understand environmental and social performance. Risk management and regulatory preparedness: Monitoring emissions, resource use, and community impacts strengthens long-term planning. Operational and financial benefits: Reporting can help identify inefficiencies and support more sustainable operations. Community and social engagement: Social-governance indicators help airports demonstrate broader community value. Stakeholder and investor confidence: As ESG reporting becomes more relevant in infrastructure planning and finance, consistent disclosure strengthens credibility. These points reflect the conceptual benefits highlighted by the authors. The paper does not measure quantitative impacts but presents these as recognized motivations for ESG adoption in the aviation sector. 3. Recommendations for Improving ESG Reporting The study offers several guidance points for airports seeking to strengthen ESG transparency: Adopt an appropriate reporting framework.Airports are encouraged to draw on sector-relevant frameworks such as ACI or WEF guidance to avoid fragmented or incomplete disclosures. Report core ESG elements consistently.The authors reference the ACI-NA list of 20 recommended disclosure items across environmental, social, and governance categories. Provide quantitative data and historical trends.Multi-year data series, where available, allow more meaningful evaluation of progress. Align ESG metrics with the UN SDGs where relevant.This helps contextualize sustainability actions in relation to broader global goals. Balance standardization with local context.Because airports differ substantially, a flexible but transparent approach is necessary to maintain both relevance and comparability. These recommendations reflect the paper's emphasis on clarity, structure, and consistency, rather than rigid compliance. 4. Conclusion: ESG Reporting as a Foundation for Sustainable Aviation The study provides a clear picture of ESG reporting across large U.S. airports: sustainability communication is now standard practice, but ESG-specific reporting remains uneven and often lacks methodological consistency. The case studies of SLC and DFW show that more comprehensive and SDG-aligned reporting is achievable, though still incomplete. The authors argue that improving ESG reporting will support better transparency, risk management, and stakeholder engagement. For airports, the challenge ahead is twofold: adopting coherent frameworks and committing to consistent disclosure while preserving the flexibility required by diverse operational contexts. In the broader landscape of sustainable aviation, the paper suggests that ESG reporting is not merely an administrative exercise but a foundational step toward clearer accountability and more informed decision-making. It signals a sector in transition — moving toward more structured reporting, yet still working to build the comparability and completeness needed for meaningful evaluation. For more information about topic, you can view the online video entitled "ESG Reporting for Large US Airports".
Blog 01 Dec 2025
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From Seed to Seedling: How Early Fungicide Protection Shapes Wheat Health
Wheat may look sturdy as it waves across millions of hectares worldwide, but its earliest weeks of life are surprisingly fragile. Before farmers even see the first true leaves, invisible fungal pathogens may already be gaining ground. Two of the biggest threats—tan spot (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) and stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici)—can turn what should be a promising crop into a field of losses reaching fifty or even one hundred percent. This vulnerability raises an important question: can we protect wheat before the danger even appears? A recent study published in MDPI Agronomy "Optimizing Fungicide Seed Treatments for Early Foliar Disease Management in Wheat Under Northern Great Plains Conditions" set out to answer precisely this. Conducted across greenhouse, growth chamber, and field conditions in the Northern Great Plains, the research evaluated whether fungicide seed treatments could provide wheat seedlings with an early advantage—reducing disease, enhancing vigor, and ultimately improving yield. Source: Encyclopedia Video abstract (https://encyclopedia.pub/video/1739). 1. Early Disease Suppression: Moderate but Meaningful Experiments conducted across greenhouse, growth chamber, and field environments demonstrate that seed-applied fungicides can reduce early disease severity: Stripe rust severity decreased by approximately 36–42 percent, compared with untreated controls (p ≤ 0.05). Tan spot severity was reduced by about 15–20 percent during early growth stages, depending on the evaluation time point. These reductions are most pronounced when disease pressure appears early, underscoring the value of protection during seedling establishment. 2. Plant Vigor and Winter Survival Improved Beyond disease reduction, seed treatments produced notable physiological benefits: Plant vigor increased by roughly 30–40 percent during early growth. Winter survival improved by 25–50 percent, depending on cultivar and treatment. These improvements are particularly important in the Northern Great Plains, where harsh winters can significantly limit stand establishment and yield potential. 3. Yield and Grain Quality Gains The field results demonstrate that early-season protection can translate into substantial agronomic advantages: Grain yield increased by approximately 25–50 percent across treated plots (p ≤ 0.05). In one late-seeding scenario, plots treated with pyraclostrobin yielded 1,033.3 kg/ha, compared with 563.3 kg/ha in untreated controls. Test weight improved, with treated wheat measuring about 64–66 kg/hL, compared with around 42 kg/hL in untreated plots. Protein content also increased, reaching 12–14 percent in treated plants versus around 11 percent in the control plots. These quality metrics are increasingly important for meeting market standards and maintaining profitability in variable environments. 4. Which Treatments Performed Best? Among the fungicide seed treatments evaluated, pyraclostrobin and thiamethoxam-based combinations consistently delivered the strongest overall performance. These treatments produced reliable reductions in early disease severity, improved seedling vigor, and contributed to higher yield outcomes across greenhouse, growth chamber, and field settings. Their consistency under variable environmental conditions makes them particularly valuable for regions such as the Northern Great Plains, where disease pressure and weather patterns can shift rapidly. Other active ingredients — including difenoconazole, mefenoxam, fludioxonil, and sedaxane — also provided measurable benefits. However, their performance tended to vary depending on disease pressure, soil moisture, temperature, and cultivar response. In several instances, the magnitude of improvement in vigor or disease suppression was less uniform compared to pyraclostrobin or thiamethoxam-based treatments. A notable pattern emerging from the study is that mixed-mode-of-action combinations delivered the most robust results overall. These blends appear to couple early physiological enhancement with pathogen suppression, providing seedlings a competitive advantage during the critical establishment phase. 5. Limitation: Protection Declines as the Plant Matures Despite their clear early-season advantages, the study highlights an important limitation of fungicide seed treatments: their efficacy naturally diminishes as wheat progresses into later developmental stages. Systemic activity decreases over time, and by mid-season, plants typically lack sufficient residual protection to suppress foliar diseases that emerge under high-pressure conditions. Because of this, seed treatments cannot replace in-season foliar fungicide applications, particularly during key growth stages such as stem elongation and heading. They also do not substitute for resistant cultivars or long-term agronomic practices, including rotation and residue management, which are essential for minimizing pathogen buildup in no-till or reduced-till systems. This limitation is biological rather than technological. Seed treatments act primarily at the seed and seedling interface, and once roots and shoots expand beyond the treated zone, the active ingredients dilute and degrade naturally. Recognizing this window of activity is crucial for growers to avoid overreliance on seed treatments as a standalone management tool. 6. A Key Component of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Taken together, the findings demonstrate that fungicide seed treatments serve as an effective component of early-season disease management. Their benefits include reduced initial pathogen pressure, stronger and more vigorous seedlings, better overwintering success, and improvements in yield and grain quality. These advantages make seed treatments especially useful in systems where residue-borne inoculum is abundant, such as no-till or minimum-till operations. However, sustainable wheat disease management requires integration rather than dependence on a single strategy. Seed treatments should be deployed alongside cultivars with genetic resistance, timely foliar fungicide applications at disease-critical growth stages, and agronomic practices designed to reduce inoculum carryover. When combined within an IPM framework, these tools provide season-long resilience and reduce the risk of severe outbreaks. The study also identifies clear directions for future research. Multi-year and multi-location trials are needed to further validate treatment consistency across environmental conditions. Additional research should focus on optimizing combinations of seed and foliar fungicides, assessing performance under abiotic stresses such as drought or extreme cold, and evaluating cultivar-specific responses. Economic analyses will also help determine the most cost-effective treatment strategies across diverse production systems. 7. Conclusion Fungicide seed treatments are not a standalone solution — but they are a reliable, evidence-based tool for strengthening wheat performance in the early season. By moderating disease severity, improving vigor, enhancing winter survival, and contributing to yield and grain quality, they help wheat crops establish strong foundations from the start. Within an integrated management framework, seed treatments offer wheat growers in the Northern Great Plains a practical and impactful way to mitigate early-season challenges and protect yield potential in an increasingly unpredictable climate. For more information about topic, you can view the online video entitled "Fungicide Optimization for Early Wheat Disease Control".
Blog 25 Nov 2025
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Who Gets to Save the Planet? The Urgent Case for “Decision Change”
Global crises—from accelerating climate change to biodiversity collapse—are exposing a troubling truth: our institutions are not equipped to respond effectively. Annual UN climate conferences (COPs) and similar forums demonstrate persistent stagnation, despite decades of negotiation. The world lacks not just transformative policies but also the mechanisms to decide how to create them. This is the central insight of the MDPI Sustainability study “Decision Change: The First Step to System Change". The authors argue that before meaningful system change can occur, we need decision change: a transformation of how decisions about system change are made. Source: Encyclopedia Video abstract. (https://encyclopedia.pub/video/1729) 1. Why Current Governance Fails Existing structures face a “meta-coordination problem”: they can manage routine decisions but lack the capacity to decide how to redesign themselves. COPs illustrate this: emissions rise, fossil-fuel reliance persists, and geopolitical interests often outweigh scientific guidance. Previous proposals—citizens’ assemblies, UN reforms, world federalist models—exist, but none provides a legitimate procedure for evaluating and implementing systemic alternatives. Without a “meta-decision structure,” the world is trapped in procedural paralysis. Incremental reforms cannot match the scale or speed of current crises. 2. A Three-Step Programme for Decision Change The study proposes a structured, three-step programme designed to establish a legitimate, ethical, and transparent meta-decision process. Step 1: Independent Experts Design the Procedure Specialists in collective decision-making, institutional design, and procedural engineering—not political negotiators or domain experts—would create the procedure for deciding on system change. Their mandate includes: Diagnosing governance failures. Building safeguards for transparency, resilience, and fairness. Embedding ethical principles and norms. Mitigating conflicts of interest and bias. Oversight bodies ensure methodological rigor and accountability. Crucially, these experts do not decide on system change themselves. Step 2: Broadly Collect System-Change Proposals Once the procedure exists, proposals for transforming governance, economic structures, or crisis-response strategies would be solicited from: Scientific communities. Civil society and indigenous groups. Governments and policy think tanks. Independent experts. Wide participation ensures diversity, credibility, and legitimacy, making eventual decisions more broadly accepted. Step 3: Decide on System Change A separate body applies the designed procedure to evaluate proposals and decide on system change. Auxiliary verification, oversight, and argumentation mechanisms maintain fairness, transparency, and resistance to political capture. This separation prevents technocracy while ensuring robust, legitimate decisions. 3. Strengths and Challenges Strengths Addresses the failure of current governance systems. Embeds ethics, transparency, and procedural fairness. Broad participation enhances legitimacy and acceptance. Encourages innovative solutions often overlooked in traditional politics. Challenges Designing a meta-decision procedure may be contested. Experts may carry implicit biases. Administrative complexity and resistance from vested interests could slow progress. Misperception as technocratic control is a risk. The authors argue that these challenges are manageable with oversight mechanisms and ethical safeguards—and far preferable to continuing under current ineffective systems. 4. Why Decision Change Matters Even well-designed institutions will face public resistance, geopolitical obstacles, and structural inertia. Yet relying on existing governance mechanisms, such as future COPs, to produce systemic transformation is increasingly unrealistic. Decision change lays the foundation for meaningful system change. By creating a legitimate, transparent, and ethically guided procedure for deciding on systemic transformation, the world can move beyond incremental reforms toward solutions capable of addressing planetary-scale crises. The call is clear: leadership must extend beyond governments. Independent experts, auxiliary oversight bodies, and inclusive participation are essential to ensure that decisions are legitimate, ethical, and resilient. Only then can humanity hope to make the systemic transformations needed to keep the planet habitable. For more information about topic, you can view the online video entitled "Decision Change".
Blog 17 Nov 2025
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Ongoing
Invitation to Join the Encyclopedia Advisory Board
The Encyclopedia Advisory Board (AB) serves as the key academic advisory body of the Encyclopedia platform (https://encyclopedia.pub). The Board is composed of distinguished experts and scholars who have significant influence in their respective fields. Advisory Board members provide strategic guidance and professional support to advance the platform's development and ensure the scholarly quality of its content. Eligibility and Requirements Holds a Doctoral degree or possesses extensive and verifiable research or professional experience in the relevant field. Passionate about science and committed to the open sharing of knowledge. Main Roles and Responsibilities Content Review and Quality Control: Provide expert evaluation of submitted entries to ensure academic accuracy, clarity, and integrity. Offer guidance on content quality, publishing policies, and the resolution of ethical issues. Development Strategy and Promotion: Contribute to the strategic development of the Encyclopedia platform by providing guidance on promotion, content innovation, and academic community building. Expand and leverage the Advisory Board to foster broader academic collaboration and interdisciplinary engagement. Compilation and Publication: Organize and coordinate the compilation of Encyclopedia Entry Collections and Encyclopedia books in relevant fields. Edit and curate high-quality entries into a series of published volumes. Benefits Enjoy a one-time free academic video service. Benefit from exclusive discounts on academic video services. Receive a 100 CHF voucher from the Encyclopedia platform, redeemable for MDPI paper publication. Encyclopedia Advisory Board members may be recommended to the Encyclopedia Journal. Upon becoming Editorial Board members of the journal, they are entitled to one free publication annually. Note: AB members who have been inactive for over a year will no longer be eligible for benefits. The standard term of service is two years, with the possibility of renewal. The Encyclopedia Advisory Board is committed to fostering the open sharing of scientific knowledge and to supporting the continued accumulation and dissemination of high-quality content. We warmly welcome experts with outstanding academic credentials to join us in elevating the platform to new heights.
Announcement 10 Nov 2025
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Standing Through Evolution: How Horses Develop Their Enduring Strength
Horses are among nature's finest examples of power and grace. From galloping at breathtaking speeds to standing motionless for hours, their musculoskeletal system combines strength, endurance, and stability in ways few other mammals can match. What makes this possible is a remarkable anatomical adaptation known as the passive stay apparatus — a natural “locking system” that allows horses to support their massive bodies with minimal muscular effort. A recent study published in the International Journal of Morphology (2025) by Chilean researchers explores how this system develops throughout a horse's life.  1. The Passive Stay Apparatus: Nature's Energy-Saving Design When horses stand, their joints remain stable without requiring continuous muscular contraction. This energy-saving mechanism is achieved through a combination of tendons, ligaments, and bone structures working together to “lock” the limbs in position. Two of the most critical components are: The Intermediate Tubercle (IT) — a bony prominence on the humerus that provides leverage for the biceps brachii, a muscle that stabilizes the shoulder and assists in forelimb protraction. The Medial Trochlear Ridge (MTR) — part of the femur that interacts with the patella to allow locking of the stifle joint (the horse’s equivalent of the human knee), preventing the hind limb from collapsing under the animal’s weight. Together, these features act like an integrated system of biological springs and braces, enabling the horse to conserve energy whether resting or remaining vigilant against predators. Understanding how these structures develop helps explain not only individual biomechanics but also the evolutionary success of the modern horse. 2. A Life-Stage Approach to Equine Anatomy The Chilean study analyzed humeri and femora from horses representing five distinct life stages: newborn, juvenile, subadult, adult, and senescent. Each specimen was carefully photographed using a calibrated photogrammetric workflow, a precise, non-destructive imaging technique that enables accurate morphometric analysis. Two quantitative metrics were applied: IT relative size: (IT / Trochlear Line Reference) × 100 MTR asymmetry: [(MTR / LTR) × 100] − 100 These ratios provided standardized measures of how the IT and MTR evolve through growth. Although each life stage was represented by a single individual — making the study exploratory — the consistent trends observed align well with broader evolutionary data. Source: Encyclopedia Scientific Infographic (https://encyclopedia.pub/image/3837) 3. Findings: Strength Built Over Time 3.1. Shoulder Stability: The Growing Intermediate Tubercle At birth, the IT is nearly absent, meaning the shoulder lacks the full mechanical leverage needed for efficient stabilization. During the juvenile phase, however, the IT grows rapidly, reflecting the animal’s increasing need for coordinated forelimb movement and weight-bearing. By adulthood, it reaches about 60% of the reference length, representing maximum functional efficiency. In senescent horses, the IT shows a slight reduction, possibly due to bone remodeling or decreased muscular use — a subtle reminder that even the strongest anatomical systems are subject to aging. This progressive development allows for greater biceps–lacertus synergy, enhancing the limb’s ability to both stabilize the shoulder and assist in forelimb protraction, a key component of stride efficiency. 3.2. Hindlimb Endurance: The Evolving Medial Trochlear Ridge MTR–LTR asymmetry is near zero in newborns, rises to ~20–24% in juveniles, ~26% in adults, and ~31% in senescent horses. This increasing asymmetry reinforces the patellar locking mechanism, a key feature of the stifle joint that allows horses to stand for long periods without fatigue. Essentially, the hind limb becomes a self-supporting column, transferring body weight efficiently through the skeleton rather than the muscles. 4. From Growth to Evolution: Echoes of Equine History What makes this study particularly fascinating is how ontogeny (development) reflects phylogeny (evolution). When the researchers compared their findings with known patterns in equid evolution, a striking parallel emerged. Newborn horses, lacking a defined IT and with symmetrical trochlear ridges, resemble early equids such as Mesohippus and Parahippus, species with limited stay-apparatus function. Juveniles, developing these features rapidly, align with transitional forms like Dinohippus, showing intermediate shoulder and stifle mechanics. Adults, with well-developed ITs and pronounced MTR asymmetry, match the anatomy of modern Equus — the fully specialized horse we know today. This relationship supports the concept of peramorphosis, where developmental timing extends or accelerates traits that were advantageous in evolution. In this case, horses literally “grow through” their evolutionary past as they mature. 5. Why This Matters: Bridging Anatomy, Evolution, and Welfare The implications of these findings extend beyond academic curiosity. Understanding the development of the stay apparatus offers practical insights for veterinary science, equine biomechanics, and animal welfare. Training and management: Knowing when key joint structures reach maturity helps optimize the onset of physical training and minimize injury risk in young horses. Veterinary diagnostics: Early detection of asymmetry or underdevelopment in the IT or MTR could indicate musculoskeletal imbalances that predispose horses to lameness or fatigue. Evolutionary biology: The ontogenetic data reinforce long-standing hypotheses that evolutionary innovations often emerge from developmental modifications rather than new structures. This connection between growth and evolution underscores a simple truth: the efficiency of modern horses was not an abrupt innovation, but a gradual refinement repeated in every individual life cycle. 6. Looking Ahead: A Blueprint for Future Research While this study provides valuable insight, its authors emphasize the need for larger datasets encompassing multiple breeds, sexes, and environmental conditions. The integration of CT imaging and 3D morphometric modeling could further refine our understanding of how joint morphology translates into motion efficiency. Combining such anatomical studies with field biomechanics — for example, measuring joint angles during locomotion — would bridge form and function even more closely. For more information about topic, you can view the online video entitled "Ontogeny of the Stay Apparatus in Chilean Horses".
Blog 05 Nov 2025
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How Biochar and Mulch Improve Water Retention and Reduce Erosion
As global agriculture faces rising pressures from soil degradation, water scarcity, and climate instability, scientists are turning back to the ground—literally—for sustainable answers. Soil is not just a growth medium; it is a living ecosystem whose stability determines food security and ecological resilience. Among the many approaches to restoring degraded soils, two natural amendments—biochar and mulch—have emerged as promising solutions. But how exactly do they work, and what happens when they are combined? A recent study, “Biochar and Mulch: Hydrologic, Erosive, and Phytotoxic Responses Across Different Application Strategies and Agricultural Soils”, sheds new light on these questions. 1. Why Soil Loss Matters In Mediterranean farmlands such as Portugal’s Alentejo region, soil erosion and organic matter loss have become pressing threats to agricultural productivity. Overexploitation, combined with low rainfall and poor ground cover, has accelerated the decline of once-productive vineyards and olive orchards. As erosion strips away fertile topsoil, water retention drops, and plants struggle to thrive. To address these challenges, researchers turned to biochar, a carbon-rich byproduct of biomass pyrolysis, and mulch, typically composed of organic residues like straw. Both have been proven to reduce runoff and improve moisture balance, yet their combined and comparative effects remained unclear—until now. 2. What the Research Found The research team designed rainfall simulation experiments on two types of Mediterranean agricultural soils to test four application strategies: Biochar mixed into the soil (2.8% by weight) Biochar applied as a surface layer (10 Mg ha⁻¹) Straw mulch applied on the surface (2 Mg ha⁻¹) A combined mulch + biochar layer The results were striking. All treatments improved soil hydrology, reducing runoff by 52–91% and interrill erosion by 55–81%, with the strongest effects observed in treatments that included mulch. Moreover, biochar significantly enhanced plant root development—root length increased by up to 29-45%, while showing no harmful phytotoxicity. The combined mulch + biochar strategy emerged as the most effective, delivering complementary benefits: mulch protected the surface from rainfall impact, while biochar improved infiltration and nutrient availability. Source: Encyclopedia Scientific Infographic (https://encyclopedia.pub/image/3810) 3. Building Resilience through Nature-Based Solutions These findings carry strong implications for the future of sustainable and regenerative agriculture. As climate extremes intensify, the ability to retain water, reduce erosion, and sustain soil biodiversity will determine whether farming systems can remain productive. The combination of mulch and biochar provides a low-cost, no-tillage, and environmentally friendly solution that minimizes soil disturbance while enhancing ecosystem resilience. Beyond improving soil health, such practices contribute to carbon sequestration, reinforcing their value in global efforts to mitigate climate change. Ultimately, this study underscores a vital truth: the path forward for agriculture lies not in synthetic interventions but in working with nature’s own processes. By integrating biochar and mulch, we can help restore degraded lands, protect future harvests, and ensure that the world’s soils remain fertile for generations to come. For more information about topic, you can view the online video entitled "Biochar and Mulch: How Application Strategies Shape Soil Health".
Blog 30 Oct 2025
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Rethinking Education through Its Sources — Insights from Professor Albrecht Classen
We are pleased to feature insights from Professor Albrecht Classen, University Distinguished Professor of German Studies at the University of Arizona, who offers a timeless reflection on the philosophy of education. In a world increasingly shaped by artificial intelligence and instant access to information, Professor Classen reminds us that true education does not begin with technology—it begins with thought. His reflections challenge us to move beyond memorization and instead engage deeply with the sources of knowledge. 1. Education as an Intellectual and Moral Journey Professor Classen argues that the heart of education lies in independent and reflective thinking. By revisiting original sources—whether the writings of Hrotsvit of Gandersheim, the tragic love of Tristan and Isolde, the moral lessons of the Bible, or the provocations of Nietzsche—students learn to think critically and empathetically. Such engagement nurtures intellectual growth, moral awareness, and spiritual depth. In this view, the humanities are not relics of the past, but essential tools for understanding the human condition. 2. The Value of Deep Engagement in the AI Era In today's AI-driven world, information is abundant, but understanding remains rare. Professor Classen emphasizes that education must cultivate discernment—the ability to question, interpret, and connect ideas meaningfully. By engaging deeply with texts, students gain not only knowledge but also the capacity to innovate and navigate complex realities. True learning, he suggests, is a transformative process that equips us to face the challenges of modernity with wisdom and creativity. Through his reflections, Professor Classen bridges the wisdom of the past with the demands of the present. His perspective reminds us that while technology changes, the essence of education—the search for truth and understanding—remains constant (More information can be found: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/59172). 3. About Professor Albrecht Classen Professor Classen is a leading authority on medieval and early modern European literature. He has published over 135 books and 850 articles, including influential works such as The Medieval Chastity Belt and the Handbook of Medieval Studies, and serves as editor for multiple journals and book series. His scholarship is complemented by creative pursuits, including poetry and satirical prose, exemplifying the integration of rigorous research with artistic expression. This profile video was produced by Encyclopedia, which offers an Academic Video Service to help researchers share their work in an accessible and engaging way. (https://encyclopedia.pub/video/1717).
Blog 23 Oct 2025
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Platform Feature
Elevate Your Research Visibility with Academic Profile Video
Every scholar has a story worth sharing—not only through publications, but through their voice, passion, and ideas. To help researchers communicate more effectively in today’s digital world, we are pleased to introduce our new video series: Academic Profile Video. 1. What Is a Profile Video A Profile Video is a short (1–3 minute) introduction that highlights a researcher's expertise, current projects, and scientific vision. Each video combines a clear narrative with visually engaging elements such as lab or field scenes, presentation clips, and highlights of publications. Unlike a traditional written biography, the profile video allows scholars to speak directly to their audience—whether that includes collaborators, students, or journal readers. The result is a more authentic and memorable representation of the person behind the research. By combining the rigor of research with the empathy of storytelling, Profile Videos humanize academic communication—making scholarship more relatable, visible, and enduring in the digital age. As open-access publishing and online visibility become integral to research evaluation, these short videos are emerging as essential components of the modern scholar's professional identity. 2. Why Profile Videos Matter in Academia Academic communication is evolving rapidly. Readers increasingly expect multimedia formats that are dynamic, accessible, and easy to share. Profile videos provide benefits that written text alone cannot achieve: Enhanced visibility: Videos are more likely to attract attention on research platforms and social media. Authentic communication: Speaking directly builds trust and relatability. Professional promotion: A well-crafted profile video strengthens your personal academic brand and can complement articles, editorials, or institutional pages. Educational outreach: Videos make complex research topics easier to understand for broader audiences. For instance, the profile video of Dr. Albrecht Classen from the University of Arizona illustrates how effectively this format conveys both expertise and personality. In just two minutes, viewers gain insights into his lifelong research on medieval and early modern European literature, see him surrounded by centuries-old texts, and hear his reflections on how the study of the past continues to shape cultural understanding today. Source: Encyclopedia profile video (https://encyclopedia.pub/video/1717). Profile videos act as a bridge between scholarship and storytelling, humanizing science and connecting researchers with the wider world. 3. How to Create an Effective Profile Video A strong Academic Profile Video is concise, authentic, and visually coherent. The goal is not cinematic perfection, but a genuine introduction that reflects both your expertise and personality. A well-balanced video generally includes: A clear introduction: State your name, institutional affiliation, and research field. Research focus: Explain what you study and why it matters—in clear, accessible terms. Key achievements: Highlight one or two notable projects, publications, or collaborations. Personal motivation: Share what drives your research or inspires your academic journey. Closing statement: End with a brief reflection on your professional goals or broader vision. 4. Tips for Creating a Profile Video A compelling Academic Profile Video is grounded in clarity, authenticity, and focus. Keep it short: 1–3 minute is ideal. Add captions: Subtitles make your video accessible and professional. Focus on clarity: Speak naturally and avoid excessive jargon. Use simple visuals: Maintain balanced composition, clean backgrounds, and consistent visuals. Smooth editing: Use concise cuts, smooth transitions, and brief text overlays. Consistent style: Match colors, fonts, and pacing throughout. Engaging opening & closing: Begin with impact and conclude with a memorable takeaway. 5. Encyclopedia Academic Profile Video Academic Profile Videos are showcased directly on Encyclopedia platform, appearing alongside their articles and research outputs. This integration enables authors to build a cohesive, multimedia academic presence—one that links their peer-reviewed work with their personal scholarly narrative. For more information about the Academic Profile Video series, you can view it here: https://encyclopedia.pub/video_series/30 If you would like to apply for the video service, please click https://encyclopedia.pub/video_service.
Blog 15 Oct 2025
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Neutrophils: The Double-Edged Sword in Cancer
We often think of white blood cells as the body’s defenders, rushing in to fight infections. But not all heroes wear capes—sometimes they have a dark side. Neutrophils, the most abundant white blood cells, are showing up as both protectors and potential villains in cancer. Depending on the circumstances, they can attack tumors with lethal precision—or quietly help them grow and spread. Understanding this surprising dual role could open the door to entirely new strategies in cancer therapy. 1. The Two Faces of Neutrophils Neutrophils have powerful tools to attack cancer. They can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) to directly kill tumor cells, enhance antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), and activate other immune cells such as cytotoxic T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Yet, neutrophils can also act as helpers for tumors. Certain neutrophils release vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), promoting blood vessel formation, tissue invasion, and tumor growth. They can also form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) or secrete pro-inflammatory factors that suppress other immune cells, effectively shielding the tumor. 2. Using Neutrophils to Deliver Drugs Scientists are exploring ways to turn neutrophils into allies rather than adversaries. Because neutrophils naturally home to tumors, they can carry drug-loaded nanoparticles or membrane-coated carriers directly to cancer tissues. This targeted delivery can increase drug accumulation in tumors, reduce side effects, and improve treatment outcomes. However, there are challenges. Neutrophils have a short lifespan, which limits sustained drug release. Tumor heterogeneity and dense tissue barriers can reduce delivery efficiency. Some therapies relying on oxidative stress or photothermal effects may even trigger unintended immune reactions. 3. Engineering Neutrophils for Precision Therapy Advances in bioengineering and genetic tools, like CRISPR, offer exciting possibilities. Scientists can extend neutrophil lifespan, improve tumor targeting, and control drug release. Combining neutrophil-based therapies with immune checkpoint inhibitors or targeted drugs could overcome tumor microenvironment resistance. Real-time imaging, such as neutrophil-tracking nanoparticles or intravital microscopy, allows researchers to observe neutrophil behavior in the body and optimize treatment strategies. In the future, patient-specific neutrophil engineering guided by biomarkers or omics profiling may enable truly personalized cancer therapies. 4. Looking Ahead Neutrophils' plasticity—the ability to switch between tumor-promoting and tumor-fighting states—is both a challenge and an opportunity. By blocking their pro-tumor functions and enhancing their anti-tumor activity, scientists hope to turn them into powerful tools against cancer. While obstacles remain, such as tumor heterogeneity, neutrophil lifespan, and potential immune side effects, research is moving forward rapidly. Neutrophil-based therapies could offer precise, multifunctional, and minimally invasive cancer treatments, improving patient survival and quality of life. In the complex battle against cancer, neutrophils may be the ultimate double agent—capable of either helping tumors or helping us defeat them. Unlocking their potential could transform the future of oncology. For more information about topic, you can view the online video entitled "Neutrophils and Neutrophil-Based Drug Delivery Systems in Anti-Cancer Therapy".
Blog 10 Oct 2025
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From Text to Screen: Boosting Research Visibility with Academic Video Abstracts
A video abstract is the motion picture equivalent of a written abstract. Usually not longer than 5 minutes, video abstracts help the viewer to get a quick overview on a scholarly paper, research article, thesis or review: and to quickly ascertain the purpose and results of a given research. 1. What is a Video Abstract? As scholarly communication moves toward digital, open access, and multimedia formats, traditional text-based dissemination is being complemented by more dynamic and accessible methods. A video abstract is a concise, visually engaging multimedia presentation that summarizes the core findings of a scholarly article. By combining narration with visuals such as animations, infographics, real-world footage, or data visualizations, it makes complex research easier to understand for both academic and non-specialist audiences. Video abstracts are often shared through multiple channels, including academic publishers’ platforms (e.g., MDPI, Elsevier, Springer Nature), where they appear alongside the original article, as well as open access repositories, academic networks like ResearchGate, video platforms such as YouTube, and social media channels including LinkedIn and X. (Read the paper that this video abstract is based on here). 2. Why Create a Video Abstract? In the evolving landscape of scholarly communication, video abstracts are becoming an essential tool for increasing research visibility, enhancing impact, and improving discoverability in a competitive research environment. Enhancing Views Research consistently shows that video abstracts can significantly improve visibility. A 2014 study in the Journal of Librarianship and Scholarly Communication found that although only 5% of articles included a video abstract, 25–30% of the most-read articles featured one. More recently, a 2023 Scientometrics study reported a 35% increase in article views for papers with video abstracts, even after controlling for other factors. Boosting Citations Research indicates that video abstracts can significantly increase citation rates. A 2009 study published in Scientometrics found that articles accompanied by video abstracts received 20% more citations than those without. This statistically significant increase highlights the role of video abstracts in enhancing a work’s academic reach. Amplifying Altmetrics Scores Video abstracts can also enhance attention beyond scholarly circles. The Scientometrics study showed that articles with video abstracts have been shown to achieve a 25% higher Altmetric Attention Score (AAS), a metric that reflects attention across X , blogs, news outlets, and other digital media. A well-produced video abstract can: Demonstrate experiments or fieldwork visually; Clarify theoretical concepts with illustrations or examples; Present tools, equipment, or datasets used in the study; Highlight simulations or animations that reinforce findings; Engage audiences in a more informal and memorable way. Therefore, video abstracts support scholars when used in academic presentations, lectures, and instructional settings. In an era where research is increasingly evaluated by both scholarly impact and public relevance, video abstracts offer a compelling tool to bridge the gap between academia and broader societal engagement. 3. Which Publishers Encourage Video Abstracts? Publishers encourage researchers to create and share video abstracts by offering comprehensive support and showcasing their measurable impact. Some publishers integrate video abstract submission options into manuscript submission systems, provide detailed guidelines and templates, and occasionally collaborate with third-party platforms to assist with production. Most leading academic publishers now support or encourage the use of video abstracts as part of their publishing strategy, recognizing their value in enhancing research visibility and engagement. Publishers such as MDPI, Elsevier, Wiley, ACS Publications, Cell Press, Taylor & Francis, and IOP Science offer dedicated platforms or guidelines for submitting video content alongside written articles. The video abstract “How Do Sex Hormones Control Behavior?” has received over 190,000 views on YouTube, and the related article has been cited more than 290 times, reflecting both its broad public impact and substantial academic influence. 4. How To Produce a Good Video Abstract A video abstract is a short, engaging video summary that condenses the key elements of a study into a visual format. Keep It Brief Aim for under 5 minutes. Focus on the research question, methodology, key findings, and implications. Write a Clear and Engaging Script Ensure clarity and accessibility. Avoid jargon, keeping the language simple and engaging for a broad audience. Use Visuals Use professional video editing software and animation tools to present charts, graphs, and animations that simplify complex data and highlight key points. Ensure Quality Audio and Video Record in a quiet environment with a good microphone. Proper lighting enhances professionalism. Adopt a Conversational Tone Speak naturally to engage viewers, avoiding reading directly from the script. However, creating video abstracts remains a significant challenge for most researchers, which is why many are turning to commercial services for assistance. Some video services offer one-stop solutions, helping researchers produce polished video abstracts. 5. MDPI Academic Video Service The Encyclopedia Academic Video Service is dedicated to helping researchers communicate their work through engaging visual media. Officially launched in April 2025, the service offers comprehensive support, including one-on-one video assistance, scriptwriting and editing, high-quality animations, voice actor or AI voiceovers, multiple revision rounds, custom infographics, and social media promotion. This service includes the production of Video Abstracts, Short Takes, and Scholar Interviews, designed to complement traditional academic publications and enhance the reach of research. Encyclopedia has collaborated with more than 56 SCI-indexed journals, including Nutrients, Foods, Sustainability, Cancers, Entropy, Remote Sensing, Nanomaterials, Animals, and Encyclopedia. These collaborations aim to support the dissemination of research findings, facilitate viewer engagement, and contribute to broader scholarly communication efforts. For more information about video abstracts or assistance with production, you can contact office@encyclopedia.pub. 6. Sample Video Abstracts Flavonoid-Based Nanoparticles for Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis Effectiveness of a Nine-Strain Synbiotic in IBS Patients Estimating Anti-Viral Performance of Photocatalytic Materials
Blog 25 Sep 2025
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Unraveling the Link Between the Cervicovaginal Microbiome and HPV
When it comes to women’s health, the tiny organisms living in the vaginal microbiome play a surprisingly big role. A healthy balance, usually dominated by Lactobacillus species, helps protect against infections. But when this balance is disrupted—a condition called vaginal dysbiosis—the risks go beyond discomfort. Research increasingly links dysbiosis to the persistence of human papillomavirus (HPV) and the development of cervical cancer. 1. Why the Microbiome Matters in HPV A stable, Lactobacillus-dominant microbiome is generally associated with vaginal health. In contrast, depletion of Lactobacillus species and an overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria, including Gardnerella vaginalis, have been linked to dysbiosis. This state is associated with pro-inflammatory conditions that may facilitate HPV persistence, viral integration, and progression to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or cancer. The concept of Community State Types (CSTs), introduced in 2011, remains a useful framework for categorizing vaginal microbial communities. CSTs dominated by Lactobacillus species (I–III, V) are considered protective, while CST IV, characterized by reduced Lactobacillus and increased anaerobic diversity, is associated with higher risk of adverse outcomes, including HPV-associated lesions. 2. The Role of 16S rRNA Sequencing 16S rRNA next-generation sequencing (NGS) has been widely used to profile vaginal microbial communities. This approach targets hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene to identify bacterial taxa. However, different regions provide varying levels of accuracy and specificity, which can introduce methodological bias. The V3V4 region has been shown to produce less quantitative bias. The V1V2 region provides greater taxonomic specificity, particularly for certain taxa. Other regions may misclassify closely related species, including those within Gardnerella. Such differences highlight the importance of region selection when interpreting microbial profiles. 3. Standardized Workflows for Improved Accuracy To address these challenges, researchers evaluated six 16S rRNA hypervariable regions (V1V2, V2V3, V3V4, V4V5, V5V7, V7V9) using both mock microbial standards and cervical cytology samples. The study employed commercial sequencing tools, including the QIAseq V1–V9 panel, ATCC vaginal microbial standard, and CLC Genomics Workbench with a customized database (VAGIBIOTA). Key findings include: Microbial clustering into established CSTs, consistent with previous studies. Lactobacillus-dominant profiles associated with health, while CST IV correlated with dysbiosis and HPV-related changes. Clear evidence of methodological bias across hypervariable regions, emphasizing the need for comprehensive evaluation. 4. Implications for Research and Clinical Practice The study provides a framework for improving accuracy and reproducibility in cervicovaginal microbiome research. Standardizing workflows and carefully selecting sequencing regions are important steps in minimizing bias. Improved methods may facilitate: More reliable characterization of microbial communities. Better understanding of the links between dysbiosis, HPV persistence, and cervical carcinogenesis. Development of microbiome-informed strategies for early detection and prevention. 5. Conclusion 16S rRNA NGS remains a valuable tool for microbiome studies but requires careful methodological consideration. By highlighting biases introduced by region selection and establishing standardized workflows, this research contributes to more robust investigations into the role of the vaginal microbiome in HPV-associated disease. Continued advances in sequencing technology and analytical frameworks are expected to further improve the accuracy and clinical applicability of microbiome research. For more information about topic, you can view the online video entitled "Cervicovaginal Microbiome and HPV".
Blog 23 Sep 2025
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Uncovering Little Smiles: What Prenatal Scans Reveal About Cleft Lip and Palate
Seeing your baby’s face for the first time on an ultrasound is an unforgettable moment. For a small but significant number of families, that moment can also raise questions—could a cleft lip or cleft palate be present? Early, accurate detection matters: it informs clinical planning, supports prenatal counseling, and helps families prepare emotionally and practically. Source: Encyclopedia Scientific Infographic (https://encyclopedia.pub/image/3758) 1. Ultrasound: The First Line of Defense For most parents-to-be, ultrasound is the first glimpse of their baby. Traditional 2D ultrasound is widely used, safe, and effective—but it’s not perfect. Factors like the baby’s position, maternal body type, and the type of cleft can all affect how well it works. 2. Adding a Third Dimension Enter 3D ultrasound. When paired with 2D imaging, it gives doctors a clearer view, especially for tricky cases like cleft palate. Think of it as switching from a flat sketch to a more detailed 3D model—it makes diagnosis more reliable. 3. MRI: The Backup Player That Shines Sometimes ultrasound leaves doctors unsure. That’s when MRI can step in. MRI is excellent for spotting palate issues that ultrasound might miss. The downside? It’s expensive, less available, and usually reserved for specialized centers. Still, it can be a game-changer in complex cases. 4. Why Timing Matters Most prenatal scans are performed during the second trimester, when fetal anatomy is easier to assess. However, the review highlights that there is no single “ideal” time for cleft detection. Earlier scans may identify concerns sooner, giving families more time to prepare, but they also carry a higher risk of missed or uncertain findings. Later scans can offer sharper detail, yet may delay decision-making. In practice, timing is a balance—what matters most is using the right imaging tool at the right stage. 5. Guidance for Families When a Cleft is Suspected A possible diagnosis on ultrasound can feel overwhelming, but several practical steps can turn uncertainty into clarity and preparation: Schedule a focused follow-up scan. A repeat 2D ultrasound with an experienced sonographer, ideally paired with 3D imaging, can often confirm or rule out the condition. Seek specialist input. Referral to a fetal medicine clinic or a cleft care team provides access to expert evaluation and tailored counseling. Use MRI for complex cases. If palate anatomy is unclear and detailed soft-tissue views are critical, MRI can add valuable information where ultrasound is limited. Plan ahead with support. An early and accurate diagnosis gives families time to meet surgeons, feeding specialists, and speech therapists—ensuring the baby’s care plan is ready from day one. 6. Clinical Implications and the Way Forward This review reinforces a simple but important point: no single test is perfect. 2D ultrasound remains the backbone of prenatal screening, but combining 2D with 3D—and using MRI selectively—yields the most reliable results. For clinicians, that means implementing clear referral pathways and collaborative workflows. For healthcare systems, it underscores the need to improve access to advanced imaging and to train sonographers in targeted fetal facial assessment. Future research should aim for standardized imaging protocols, larger prospective studies, and clearer guidelines on the optimal timing and combination of imaging modalities. Until then, a stepwise diagnostic approach—start with 2D, add 3D when needed, and reserve MRI for ambiguous or complex cases—offers a practical path for accurate prenatal counseling and planning. For more information about topic, you can view the online Infographic entitled "Prenatal Detection of Cleft Lip and Palate".
Blog 12 Sep 2025
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Ongoing
MDPI Video Service Collaborates with Nutrients Journal
We are pleased to announce that MDPI Video Service has entered into a strategic collaboration with Nutrients, an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal of human nutrition published semimonthly by MDPI. 1. MDPI Video Service and Nutrients With an Impact Factor of 5.0 and a CiteScore of 9.1, Nutrients is one of the most influential journals in human nutrition. To further extend its impact and reach, our collaboration began in August 2024. Since then, we have worked with Nutrients t authors to produce 17 academic video abstracts that complement their publications. These videos have attracted significant attention and received strong engagement. For example, the video abstract “Diet and Physical Activity in Breast Cancer Prevention and Treatment” gained over 1.3k views on the Encyclopedia platform, while its corresponding article attracted more than 10,000 visits. 2. From Text to Visual Knowledge Academic research contains valuable insights, yet long-form text often limits its accessibility to wider audiences. To bridge this gap, MDPI Video Service is transforming how science is shared. By visually summarizing studies, our video abstracts make research more accessible, enhance engagement, and simplify complex concepts, ultimately amplifying the impact of academic work. Video abstracts provide: Greater visibility for published studies. Clearer understanding of complex topics. Wider audience reach, engaging both experts and non-specialists. 3. Examples of Popular Video Abstracts Diet and Physical Activity in Breast Cancer Prevention and Treatment Author: Amr Khalifa, Ana Guijarro and Alessio Nencioni Video Introduction: The video discussed the biological rationale for utilizing these dietary interventions and physical activity in BC prevention and treatment. Researchers highlight published and ongoing clinical studies that have applied these lifestyle interventions to BC patients. This research offers valuable insights into the potential application of these dietary interventions and physical activity as complimentary therapies in BC management. Effectiveness of a Nine-Strain Synbiotic in IBS Patients Author: Henning Sommermeyer, Krzysztof Chmielowiec, Malgorzata Bernatek, Pawel Olszewski, Jaroslaw Kopczynski and Jacek Piątek Video Introduction: The video was to characterize effects of a multi-strain synbiotic in patients with moderate to severe irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) of all stool form types. A total of 202 adult IBS patients were randomized (1:1) and after a four-week treatment-free run-in phase and were treated either with the synbiotic or a placebo for 12 weeks. The primary endpoints were the assessment of the severity of IBS symptoms (IBS-SSS) and the improvement of IBS global symptoms (IBS-GIS). Secondary endpoints comprised adequate relief (IBS-AR scale), stool form type (Bristol Stool Form Scale), bowel movements, severity of abdominal pain and bloating, stool pressure, feeling of incomplete stool evacuation, and adverse events. Placebo and Nocebo Effects on Sports and Exercise Performance Author: Bhavya Chhabra and Attila Szabo Video Introduction: This video aimed to update the previous synthesis and evaluate the results of new studies emphasizing placebo or nocebo interventions in sports and exercise by determining the form and magnitude of their effect. 
Announcement 05 Sep 2025
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Ongoing
Encyclopedia Journal Accepted for Coverage in Scopus
We are pleased to announce that in August 2025, Encyclopedia (ISSN 2673-8392) has been selected for coverage in the Scopus indexing database. We would like to extend our sincerest gratitude to all the authors, reviewers, and editors who have contributed to this journal and made this achievement possible. Encyclopedia is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access journal that mainly publishes high-quality entries, field guides, reviews, and systematic reviews in all scientific areas. Original research articles in the area of Encyclopedia Studies are also welcome. Our goal is to form a comprehensive record of scientific development and provide reference information not only for researchers but also for the general public interested in accurate and advanced knowledge on specific topics. To make the most of this opportunity, we would like to invite you to submit your research to the journal. We warmly welcome you to consider Encyclopedia as a platform for publishing your work. If you have a paper concerning any topic within the scope of the journal, please submit it via the journal’s website: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/encyclopedia.
Announcement 28 Aug 2025
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Hot Topic
Nature’s Tiny Dragon: The Remarkable Horned Lizard
When most people think of lizards, they imagine quick little reptiles basking in the sun or darting across desert sands. But the horned lizard, often nicknamed the“horny toad” (though it’s not a toad at all), is a creature that surprises at every turn. With its dragon-like appearance and one of the strangest defense tactics in the animal kingdom, this small reptile is a desert icon worth knowing. 1. A Living Desert Icon Horned lizards belong to the genus Phrynosoma, a group of squat, flat-bodied lizards with spiky scales and crown-like horns on their heads. Found mainly in North and Central America, these reptiles have adapted beautifully to life in arid environments such as deserts, scrublands, and grasslands. Their body shape and sandy coloration provide excellent camouflage, helping them blend seamlessly with their surroundings. Source: Encyclopedia Infographic (https://encyclopedia.pub/image/3719). 2. Life on the Menu One of the horned lizard’s favorite meals is ants—particularly harvester ants. Some species eat hundreds of ants in a single sitting, using their sticky tongue to scoop them up quickly. This specialized diet ties the horned lizard’s survival closely to the health of ant populations, which makes habitat conservation especially important. 3. Defenses of a Desert Warrior What truly sets horned lizards apart is their extraordinary defense mechanisms. When threatened, they may: Flatten their bodies to appear larger. Puff up with air to discourage predators. And most famously: squirt blood from their eyes. Yes, you read that right. By rupturing small blood vessels near the eyes, they can shoot a stream of blood up to several feet. This bizarre tactic not only startles predators but in some cases even tastes bad to would-be attackers like coyotes and foxes. 4. Conservation Concerns Unfortunately, several horned lizard species face threats from habitat loss, invasive fire ants (which outcompete native ants), and climate change. Urban expansion has fragmented their ranges, while pesticides reduce their insect food sources. As a result, populations of some species, such as the Texas horned lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum), have significantly declined in parts of their historical range. Conservation efforts focus on restoring habitats, protecting native ant populations, and raising awareness about these unique reptiles. 5. Why They Matter The horned lizard is more than just a desert oddity—it is a symbol of ecological balance. By keeping ant populations in check and serving as prey for larger animals, it plays a vital role in desert food webs. Its story is also a reminder of how delicate ecosystems can be, and how even small creatures can inspire awe and respect. 6. Conclusion With its spiky armor, quirky diet, and dramatic defenses, the horned lizard is one of nature's most fascinating survivors. Protecting this desert dragon means safeguarding not just a single species, but the intricate web of life in arid landscapes. For more information about this topic, you can view the online entry entitled "Horned Lizard".
Blog 19 Aug 2025
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When Diet and Tradition Meet Kidney Health: Lessons from Sardinia
Dietary habits and food additives can play significant roles in the formation of kidney stones. Typically, dietary assessments for kidney stone patients rely on generic food recall methods. However, these methods may not accurately capture the impact of local dietary variations, food preparation methods, and food additives. A recent study conducted in Sardinia, Italy, sought to address these gaps by examining how specific dietary factors influence recurrent kidney stones in a geographically isolated population with unique cultural dietary practices. 1. Why Sardinia? Sardinia is an island with limited genetic admixture, which provides a unique opportunity to study the effects of diet and genetics on kidney stone formation. The island's inhabitants maintain deeply rooted dietary traditions that have been passed down through generations. This isolation makes Sardinia an ideal location to assess how food heritage and environmental factors contribute to health, specifically in relation to Frequent Kidney Stone Formers (FKSFs). 2. The Study Design The study involved 50 FKSFs with normal kidney function and no comorbidities. The participants, aged 54.3 ± 13.9 years, were asked to record their food intake using a seven-day food diary. Along with their dietary records, participants provided 24-hour urine samples to measure various biomarkers, including citrates, oxalates, calcium, phosphorus, uric acid, proteins, nitrogen compounds, magnesium, sulfates, potassium, and carbohydrates. The aim was to assess the correlation between dietary intake and urinary composition. 3. Key Findings The study's findings provide important insights into how dietary components influence kidney stone formation: Citrate intake: Positive correlation with increased urinary citrate levels, which is beneficial since citrate can help prevent kidney stones. Calcium: Increased calcium intake was associated with higher levels of urinary sulfate, nitrogen compounds, and ammonia. Magnesium: Intake correlated with increased urinary magnesium but did not impact other stone-related markers such as oxalates or calcium. Potassium: Linked to higher oxalate excretion, which is associated with kidney stone formation. Sulfur and Protein: Sulfate intake was associated with increased nitrogen waste, while protein intake led to higher ammonia and nitrogen waste excretion. The study highlighted that dietary additives, which are often overlooked in traditional dietary assessments, also influence urinary chemistry and should be considered when diagnosing and treating kidney stone patients. 4. The Impact of Sardinian Dietary Heritage The study emphasizes the role of geographic isolation and epigenetic inheritance in shaping dietary habits that could predispose individuals to kidney stones. Sardinia's residents maintain a traditional diet based on local agriculture and sheep farming, which includes foods high in oxalates, calcium, and phosphate. The low citrate levels commonly found in the Sardinian diet contribute to an environment conducive to kidney stone formation. 5. Challenges in Traditional Dietary Assessments The study also underscores the limitations of generic dietary recall methods commonly used in clinical practice. Standard food recall can fail to capture the nuances of local eating habits and the influence of food additives, which can have a significant impact on urinary chemistry and kidney stone risk. The researchers argue for the importance of meticulous food recording that includes details about food quality, quantity, preparation methods, and the presence of additives. 6. Conclusion This study provides valuable insights into the complex relationship between diet, food additives, and kidney stone formation. It highlights the importance of considering local dietary practices and food additives when assessing the risk of recurrent kidney stones. While the findings are based on a small sample size from a geographically isolated population, the study paves the way for larger, more comprehensive research to explore the role of epigenetic, environmental, and dietary factors in kidney stone formation. The study also stresses the need for more accurate dietary assessments in kidney stone patients and suggests that additives should no longer be overlooked as potential contributors to kidney stone formation. Future studies should focus on larger, more diverse populations and explore the influence of geographic isolation and cultural heritage on dietary habits and health outcomes. For more information about topic, you can view the online video entitled "Dietary Heritage and Additives in Recurrent Kidney Stones".
Blog 15 Aug 2025
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Will Climate Change Threaten Maize Production in Greece? A CropSyst Simulation Study
As the world grapples with the challenges of climate change, agriculture, particularly crop production, faces increasing uncertainty. In the Mediterranean Basin, regions like Northern Greece are expected to see significant shifts in climate patterns, affecting critical crops such as maize.  1. Maize: A Crucial Crop for Northern Greece Maize is one of the staple crops in Greece, widely grown for animal feed and starch production. In Northern Greece, it covers about 10% of the arable land, and the crop's productivity is essential to the local agricultural economy. However, maize production relies heavily on irrigation, which may face increasing pressure due to climate change. In response to these potential changes, researchers used the CropSyst simulation model to project how maize yield and irrigation needs will evolve in the coming decades under different climate scenarios. 2. How Will Climate Change Impact Maize Yields and Water Needs? The study's findings provide a clear picture of the potential risks posed by climate change to maize production in Northern Greece. Impact on Maize Yields Under the moderate climate scenario (RCP4.5), maize yields could decrease by up to 3.7%. In a severe scenario (RCP8.5), where temperature increases are more pronounced, yield losses could reach as high as 15.8%, depending on the model used. These reductions in yield are due to a combination of factors: increased temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and elevated CO2 concentrations. While higher CO2 might boost photosynthesis, it may not be enough to offset the negative effects of heat stress and water scarcity. Impact on Irrigation Needs In addition to yield losses, irrigation water requirements are expected to vary. As temperatures rise and precipitation becomes more erratic, the amount of water needed for irrigation may increase in some years and decrease in others, depending on the exact climate model and scenario. This variability could pose a significant challenge to farmers, especially in a region like Northern Greece, where irrigation is crucial for maintaining maize productivity. 3. What Does This Mean for Farmers in Northern Greece? For farmers in Northern Greece, these findings highlight the need for proactive adaptation strategies to maintain sustainable maize production in the face of a changing climate. Some key takeaways include: Adapting to Climate Variability: Farmers will need to adjust irrigation systems to cope with fluctuating water requirements and potentially invest in more water-efficient technologies to mitigate the impact of reduced water availability. Diversifying Crops: While maize is a vital crop, it might be worth considering diversification to reduce reliance on a single crop, especially given the uncertainty surrounding climate impacts. Climate-Resilient Practices: Incorporating climate-smart agriculture practices, such as using drought-resistant maize varieties, improving soil health, and adopting precision farming techniques, can help farmers cope with unpredictable weather conditions. 4. Future Challenges The study’s findings underscore the urgency of developing regional strategies to adapt to climate change. As climate models evolve and new data becomes available, it is crucial for farmers, researchers, and policymakers to work together on sustainable irrigation solutions and crop management practices. Key Recommendations for Future Action Invest in Research and Training: Ongoing research into climate change adaptation strategies for agriculture will be essential. Providing training to farmers on the latest irrigation and farming practices will help them manage these challenges. Strengthen Irrigation Infrastructure: Ensuring that irrigation systems are efficient and able to cope with future demands is critical for maintaining crop productivity. Promote Climate Resilience: Local governments and agricultural organizations can play a key role by promoting climate-resilient farming practices and providing support for farmers facing increased pressure. 5. Conclusion Climate change poses significant risks to maize production in Northern Greece, with both yield reductions and irrigation challenges expected over the coming decades. By taking proactive steps now, farmers can better adapt to the changing climate and continue to sustain maize production in a more unpredictable world. Ultimately, the key to ensuring future agricultural productivity lies in sustainable farming practices, innovative water management, and collaboration between farmers, scientists, and policymakers to face the challenges of a changing climate. For more information about topic, you can view the online video entitled "Climate Change Scenarios on Maize Yield and Irrigation Water".
Blog 12 Aug 2025
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Avian Influenza: The Bird Flu That’s Making Waves
Avian influenza, commonly known as bird flu, is a viral infection that primarily affects birds, but its potential to spread to humans and other animals makes it a global concern. While poultry farmers are most often at risk, the threat of avian influenza transcends borders, affecting economies, agriculture, and public health worldwide.  1. What is Avian Influenza? Avian influenza is caused by influenza A viruses, which are subtypes of viruses that affect birds, especially wild waterfowl, domestic poultry, and other avian species. The virus is categorized into different strains based on the proteins on its surface, mainly hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), which are numbered (e.g., H5N1, H7N9). While most strains of avian influenza are not dangerous to humans, some, like H5N1 and H7N9, have caused severe illness and even death in humans, leading to widespread concern. There are two general types of avian influenza viruses: Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI) These strains cause mild symptoms in birds and typically do not pose a significant risk to humans or other animals. High Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) This more severe form of the virus can cause rapid death in birds, especially in poultry, and has the potential to infect humans, posing significant health risks. Source: Encyclopedia Scientific Infographic (https://encyclopedia.pub/image/3698) 2. Transmission and Spread Avian influenza spreads primarily through direct contact between infected and healthy birds. This can happen through: Feces: Infected birds shed the virus through their droppings, which can contaminate water, feed, and the environment. Saliva and Nasal Secretions: These bodily fluids can spread the virus through contact with infected birds or contaminated surfaces. Feathers and Skin: Infected birds may carry the virus on their feathers or skin, allowing for indirect transmission through handling or equipment. Migratory Birds: Wild waterfowl, such as ducks and geese, are natural hosts of avian influenza and can carry the virus over long distances, sometimes migrating across continents, spreading the virus to different regions. For humans, avian influenza is typically contracted through direct contact with infected poultry or contaminated environments. Close interactions with infected birds, such as handling sick birds, slaughtering them, or consuming poorly cooked poultry, increase the risk. 3. The Impact of Avian Influenza Economic Impact The poultry industry is highly vulnerable to outbreaks of avian influenza, as entire flocks may need to be culled to contain the virus. This not only leads to immediate financial losses for farmers but also disrupts the supply of poultry products in the market. The loss of consumer confidence during outbreaks can also affect poultry consumption and exports, leading to broader economic repercussions. Public Health Concerns While human infections with avian influenza are rare, they do occur, often in individuals who have close contact with infected poultry. When a virus like H5N1 or H7N9 is able to infect humans, it can result in serious respiratory illness, with symptoms ranging from mild flu-like symptoms to severe pneumonia, and even death. The fear is that if avian influenza viruses undergo mutations allowing for human-to-human transmission, it could lead to a global health crisis similar to the 1918 flu pandemic. Environmental Concerns The rapid spread of avian influenza in wild bird populations can disrupt ecosystems, particularly in wetlands where migratory birds play critical roles in local biodiversity. Infected birds can transmit the virus to other wildlife, further affecting the balance of natural habitats. 4. Control Measures and Prevention Given the global threat posed by avian influenza, control and prevention measures have been put in place to limit the spread of the disease. These measures include: Surveillance Continuous monitoring of both domestic and wild bird populations is essential to detect early outbreaks and contain the virus before it spreads to larger populations. Early detection can help prevent an epidemic in both avian and human populations. Culling and Quarantine In the event of an outbreak, infected flocks may be culled to prevent the virus from spreading. Additionally, quarantines are established around infected farms to restrict movement and prevent further exposure. Vaccination In some regions, poultry are vaccinated against avian influenza to reduce the risk of infection and minimize the spread. However, vaccine deployment must be carefully managed to prevent the development of resistance. Biosecurity Measures Farmers are encouraged to implement strict biosecurity practices to minimize the risk of infection. This includes limiting human contact with birds, disinfecting equipment, and ensuring that feed and water sources are clean and free of contamination. Public Awareness: Raising awareness about the risks of avian influenza and educating the public on proper handling of poultry, as well as the importance of thorough cooking, can reduce the risk of human infection. International Cooperation: The nature of avian influenza means that it does not recognize national borders. Therefore, international collaboration is key in monitoring and controlling outbreaks. The World Health Organization (WHO), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) all work together to provide guidelines, assist with outbreak containment, and share information across countries. 5. What the Future Holds While there have been significant advances in monitoring, prevention, and vaccine development, avian influenza remains a persistent threat due to its ability to mutate and spread rapidly. The rise of industrial-scale poultry farming, combined with increased international travel and trade, means that future outbreaks may be harder to control. However, continued research into vaccines, antiviral treatments, and more effective biosecurity measures will play a critical role in preventing future outbreaks and minimizing the damage they cause. Additionally, as humans continue to interact more with wildlife, addressing the environmental factors that drive these diseases—such as habitat destruction and climate change—could help mitigate future risks. For more information about topic, you can view the online infographic entitled "Avian Influenza".
Blog 06 Aug 2025
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Pathogen Pathways: Examining the Role of Wildlife and Pests in Pig Farm Health
As the global agricultural landscape evolves, so does the complexity of pathogen transmission between wildlife and domesticated animals, particularly pigs. Wild animals and pests, often unwittingly, serve as reservoirs and vectors for various pathogenic agents that can affect domestic pigs. With the increasing trends in outdoor pig production, urban expansion, and anthropogenic activities, interactions between domestic pigs and wildlife have become more frequent, making disease transmission a growing concern. 1. The Growing Threat of Pathogen Transmission to Pigs Wild animals, ranging from wild boars and rodents to wild birds and insects, are becoming important conduits for the spread of diseases to domestic pigs. The rise in outdoor farming systems, coupled with the encroachment of human activities into natural habitats, has brought wildlife into closer contact with pig farms. This has led to a greater risk of pathogen transmission, affecting both animal and human health. Studies show that wild boars are the primary culprits in transmitting diseases to pigs, accounting for about 80% of the studies analyzed. Rodents and deer follow as significant contributors, while other wild carnivores, wild birds, and insects are less frequently cited but still play a role. Even stray cats and dogs can act as carriers of pathogens, further complicating the biosecurity challenges on pig farms. The transmission of these diseases can occur through various direct and indirect pathways, including shared access to water, food sources, and environmental factors like manure or carcasses from infected animals. Source: Encyclopedia Scientific Infographics (https://encyclopedia.pub/image/3699) 2. Pathogen Pathways and Risk Factors The transmission routes from wildlife to domestic pigs can be complex and multifaceted. Direct contact between wildlife and pigs is a primary pathway, with wild animals often entering farms through insufficiently secured fences or other openings. Additionally, wild boars, rodents, and other animals can spread diseases through their feces, urine, or even on their bodies, which can come into contact with pigs or their living environments. Fomites, such as feed, bedding, and transportation vehicles, also play a crucial role in transmitting pathogens. Improper feed processing, including contamination by wildlife carcasses, has been identified as a significant factor in past outbreaks in pig farms. Furthermore, environmental factors like climate, human activity, and proximity to wildlife habitats can influence the likelihood of pathogen introduction to pig herds. 3. Importance of Biosecurity Measures A key takeaway from the findings of the systematic review is the importance of robust biosecurity protocols to safeguard domestic pigs from wildlife-associated pathogens. The studies suggest that pig farms with low biosecurity or those operating in outdoor systems are at a higher risk of pathogen introduction. Biosecurity measures, such as proper fencing, rodent and insect control, and wildlife surveillance, are essential to prevent pathogen transmission. Moreover, raising awareness among farmers about the potential risks posed by wildlife and pests can go a long way in preventing disease outbreaks. Training farm workers to recognize the signs of disease and adopt preventive measures is crucial for early detection and control. 4. Recommendations for Protection and Prevention To mitigate the risks of pathogen transmission from wildlife to domestic pigs, several key measures should be implemented: Enhance Farm Biosecurity Improve fencing, control access points for wildlife, and ensure strict hygiene protocols for both pigs and workers. Wildlife Surveillance Establish surveillance systems to monitor wildlife populations near pig farms, especially in high-risk areas. Rodent and Pest Control Regularly monitor and control rodents, insects, and stray animals on and around pig farms. Feed and Water Management Ensure that feed is stored properly and that water sources are protected from wildlife contamination. Farmer Education Provide training to farmers on wildlife-associated risks and the best practices for managing disease transmission. 5. The Path Forward While wild boars remain the most significant threat in Europe, other wildlife species, including rodents, deer, and wild carnivores, also contribute to pathogen spread. To address these concerns, it is crucial to strengthen biosecurity measures, implement effective wildlife surveillance, and increase awareness about the role of wildlife in pathogen transmission. By adopting these measures and furthering research, the pig industry can significantly reduce the risk of disease outbreaks, improve animal health, and prevent the economic losses associated with infectious diseases. For more information about topic, you can view the online video entitled "Wildlife and Pests in Pig Disease Transmission".
Blog 30 Jul 2025
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Hot Topic
Hand-Held Echocardiography in Heart Failure Care for CHF Patients
Congestive heart failure (CHF) is one of the leading causes of hospitalization worldwide, and its complex management often requires rapid assessment and treatment adjustments. While standard echocardiography (SE) has long been the gold standard for evaluating heart function, it’s not always readily available, especially in fast-paced hospital environments. That's where hand-held echocardiography (HHE) enters the picture. Recent research has shown that trained Advanced Practice Providers (APPs)—such as nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and clinical specialists—can use HHE to evaluate cardiac function in CHF patients with excellent accuracy. This innovation is not just a convenience but could transform how heart failure is managed on the hospital floor. 1. What Is Hand-Held Echocardiography (HHE)? Hand-held echocardiography (HHE) is a portable ultrasound device that allows medical professionals to quickly assess heart function at the bedside, without needing bulky equipment or specialized echocardiography rooms. These devices provide real-time images of the heart’s size, function, and pressure levels—vital information for managing CHF. 2. The Study: Training and Results Over six months, five trained APPs performed HHE on 80 hospitalized CHF patients. These APPs were trained in obtaining high-quality images and interpreting critical parameters related to heart function. The study compared their interpretations with the findings from an expert echocardiographer. Here’s what they found: LVEF: The agreement between APPs’ readings and expert interpretations was excellent (kappa 0.79). In comparison, LVEF readings from SE (the gold standard) showed a strong correlation with APP results (r = 0.88). RAP: Agreement on right atrial pressure was also strong (kappa 0.67), suggesting APPs can accurately evaluate this parameter at the bedside. LV Size: While LV size interpretation was less consistent, it still showed potential for accurate assessment in future studies. 3. Why Does This Matter for Heart Failure Patients? CHF is a progressive condition that often requires rapid decision-making to optimize care and prevent complications. For hospitalized patients, quick assessments are critical for timely treatment, including adjustments to diuretics and heart failure medications. HHE allows APPs to evaluate heart function immediately, helping to expedite care and potentially reduce hospital stays. According to the study, patients whose care was guided by HHE had an average length of stay of 5.23 days, compared to 8.1 days prior to using this method. Furthermore, early detection of issues such as low LVEF can lead to faster interventions, such as restoring sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation—a common complication in CHF. 4. How HHE Benefits Both Patients and Healthcare Systems Better Patient Outcomes Faster diagnosis: APPs can perform HHE at the point of care, allowing for quicker decision-making and treatment. Reduced hospital stays: Early intervention based on HHE findings can lead to faster recovery and shorter stays. Reduced Burden on Healthcare Resources Less reliance on expert echocardiographers: With trained APPs conducting assessments, cardiology labs are less overwhelmed, and patients don’t have to wait for specialized equipment or staff. Efficient use of resources: HHE devices are portable and can be used in various settings, making them cost-effective for healthcare systems. Improved Care Team Efficiency Trained APPs can perform HHE exams during hospital rounds, reducing delays in treatment and helping to fine-tune patient management in real-time. 5. Training APPs to Use HHE: The Key to Success The success of HHE in CHF management relies heavily on the training of APPs. With the right didactic lectures and hands-on practice, APPs can quickly become proficient in using this technology. Importantly, the quality of the images and the accuracy of the interpretations were found to be comparable to those of expert echocardiographers. 6. The Future of HHE in Heart Failure Care Looking ahead, HHE could play a larger role in managing heart failure and other cardiovascular conditions, thanks to ongoing technological advancements. The introduction of artificial intelligence (AI) may allow HHE devices to automatically guide the user in capturing the best images, further improving the efficiency and accuracy of diagnoses. Moreover, as newer HHE models allow for advanced imaging (like Doppler techniques for assessing valvular heart disease), this could expand the capabilities of APPs even further. The integration of these devices into clinical practice can revolutionize how heart failure and other cardiac conditions are diagnosed and managed. 7. Challenges and Limitations While the study demonstrated the effectiveness of HHE, there are some limitations: Limited views were obtained in this study, meaning not all cardiac issues (like valvular diseases) were assessed. Standardization of training: It’s crucial to maintain consistency in how HHE is used and interpreted. Technological barriers: While the devices are portable, challenges around image storage, documentation, and billing still need to be addressed. For more information about topic, you can view the online video entitled "Hand-Held Echocardiography by Advanced Practice Providers".
Blog 24 Jul 2025
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