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Topic Review
Polymer Flooding Principles and Mechanisms
Polymer flooding is an enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method used to increase oil recovery from oil reservoirs beyond primary and secondary recovery. Although it is one of the most well-established methods of EOR, there are still continuous new developments and evaluations for this method. This is mainly attributed to the diverse polymers used, expansion of this method in terms of application, and the increase in knowledge pertaining to the topic due to the increase in laboratory testing and field applications. 
  • 1.8K
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Industry Guidance on Pipeline Integrity Management
For operators of oil and gas to save the cost of unforeseen events and risks, and to avoid unnecessary shutdowns, there is a need to have an effective subsea pipeline integrity management system. Currently a large number of subsea pipelines around the globe have already exceeded their design lives; nevertheless, they are still being operated safely, effectively and with diligent consideration towards Environmental, Health and Safety regulations, as well as international standards and best practices. In addition, many older flowlines have no permanent pigging facilities due to various design and operational limitations. For the unpiggable pipeline, the vast majority of the oil and gas operators use different inspection and monitoring techniques to provide essential integrity management data such as product chemistry, cathodic protection, electrical resistance probes and coupons, etc. However, translating such essential integrity management data into meaningful information to make crucial integrity-based decisions can be challenging.
  • 1.8K
  • 10 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Friction Challenge in Hydraulic Fracturing
Hydraulic fracturing has become one of the most popular techniques for exploring sustainable energy sources. However, friction is associated with the entire fracturing process, presenting significant challenges for development. 
  • 1.6K
  • 27 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Enhanced Oil Recovery Techniques
Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes are technologies used in the oil and gas industry to maximize the extraction of residual oil from reservoirs after primary and secondary recovery methods have been carried out. EOR processes involve various methods, including thermal, chemical, gas and microbial methods.
  • 1.5K
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Snap-Off during Imbibition in Porous Media
The phenomenon of snap-off during imbibition in porous media, a fundamental two-phase fluid flow phenomenon, plays a crucial role in both crude oil production and carbon dioxide (CO2) utilization and storage. In porous media where two phases coexist, the instability of the phase interface may give rise to various displacement phenomena, including pore–body filling, piston-like displacement, and snap-off. Snap-off, characterized by the generation of discrete liquid droplets or gas bubbles, assumes paramount significance. 
  • 1.5K
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
CO2 Sequestration in Geological Formations
The geological storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most effective and, in many cases, the only viable short- to medium-term alternative for considerably moving towards CO2 sequestration in geological sinks and, thus, lowering net carbon emissions into the atmosphere.
  • 1.4K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Guideline for the Decommissioning/Abandonment of Subsea Pipelines
The operating lifespan of pipelines is limited, defined by their specific design codes and specifications, with the economic justification for this being determined primarily by the pipeline owner. During its operational lifespan, a pipeline’s integrity is affected mainly by the quality of the hydrocarbons being transported. The integrity of a pipeline can be maintained with regular inspections and maintenance/cleaning programmes followed from installation to commissioning. As production matures and declines, operators face several decisions concerning the pipeline’s future. There are several potential scenarios, and each should be assessed on a case-by-case basis for any specific pipeline in question. The industry best practices outline the minimum requirements for the safe decommissioning of pipelines. 
  • 1.4K
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Probabilistic Decline Curve Analysis Approaches
The decline curve analysis (DCA) technique is the simplest, fastest, least computationally demanding, and least data-required reservoir forecasting method. Assuming that the decline rate of the initial production data will continue in the future, the estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) can be determined at the end of the well/reservoir lifetime based on the declining mode. Many empirical DCA models have been developed to match different types of reservoirs as the decline rate varies from one well/reservoir to another. In addition to the uncertainties related to each DCA model’s performance, structure, and reliability, any of them can be used to estimate one deterministic value of the EUR, which, therefore, might be misleading with a bias of over- and/or under-estimation. To reduce the uncertainties related to the DCA, the EUR could be assumed to be within a certain range, with different levels of confidence. Probabilistic decline curve analysis (pDCA) is the method used to generate these confidence intervals (CIs), and many pDCA approaches have been introduced to reduce the uncertainties that come with the deterministic DCA.
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
EOR's Significance in Emission Reduction
Limiting the increase in CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere, and at the same time, meeting the increased energy demand can be achieved by applying carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technologies, which hold potential as the bridge for energy and emission-intensive industries to decarbonization goals. At the moment, the only profitable industrial large-scale carbon sequestration projects are large-scale carbon dioxide enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR) projects. This paper gives a general overview of the indirect and direct use of captured CO2 in CCUS with a special focus on worldwide large-scale CO2-EOR projects. On the basis of scientific papers and technical reports, data from 23 contemporary large-scale CO2-EOR projects in different project stages were aggregated, pointing out all the specificities of the projects. The specificities of individual projects, along with the lack of standardized methodologies specific for estimating the full lifecycle emissions resulting from CO2-EOR projects, pose a challenge and contribute to uncertainties and wide flexibilities when estimating emissions from CO2-EOR projects, making the cross-referencing of CO2-EOR projects and its comparison to other climate-mitigation strategies rather difficult. Pointing out the mentioned project’s differentiations and aggregating data on the basis of an overview of large-scale CO2-EOR projects gives useful information for future work on the topic of a CO2-EOR project’s lifecycle emissions.
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing Technique of Oil Pipelines
Magnetic flux leakage testing (MFL) is the most widely used nondestructive testing technology in the safety inspection of oil and gas pipelines. 
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Polymer Biodegradation for Oilfield Applications
Polymers including guar gum and related compounds, cellulose-based gels, and acrylamide-based polymers (PAM and HPAM) are used in the petroleum industry mainly for increasing viscosity and reducing friction in the reservoirs during water flooding and hydraulic fracturing.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
Methods for Chemico-Physical Characterization of Refineries Solid Wastes
In the delayed coker the residues of the vacuum distillation units are cracked into lighter hydrocarbons, producing coker gas oil, but also a solid carbonaceous byproduct which is called “pet-coke”. This is a highly viscous, black, sticky material, it remains liquid as long as it is transported hot, but solidifies otherwise. Its insoluble fraction in n-heptane is called asphaltene, which thus represents the heaviest fraction of crude oil.  The detailed and complete analysis of heavy petroleum fractions requires the use of many different analytical tools because of their chemical complexity and low volatility. However, the molecular weight (MW), the aromaticity and, in general, the chemical functionalities, are the key properties to determine for guiding their processing technology development. In particular, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and mass spectrometry (MS) are the most eligible techniques for MW determination, while Raman and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy can provide information on aromaticity and chemical functionalities, respectively.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Forward and Reverse Combustion
In situ combustion or fire flooding is a promising enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technique designed to produce heavy oils and bitumen. This method involves the in-place heating and combustion of hydrocarbons, resulting in reduced viscosity and increased mobility for improved flow toward the production wellbore. Despite its potential, widespread commercial implementation of in situ combustion has been hindered due to technical and economic challenges like inadequate project design and improper reservoir selection.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis Catalysts
The Fischer–Tropsch process is considered one of the most promising eco-friendly routes for obtaining synthetic motor fuels. Fischer–Tropsch synthesis is a heterogeneous catalytic process in which a synthesis gas (CO/H2) transforms into a mixture of aliphatic hydrocarbons, mainly linear alkanes. An important research direction has been to increase the selectivity of the process for the diesel fraction. Diesel fuel synthesized via the Fischer–Tropsch method has a number of advantages over conventional fuel, including the high cetane number, the low content of aromatic, and the practically absent sulfur and nitrogen impurities. One of the possible ways to obtain a high yield of diesel fuel via the Fischer–Tropsch process is the development of selective catalysts.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Data-Driven Modeling in Drilling in Well Operations
Swab and surge pressure fluctuations are decisive during drilling for oil. The axial movement of the pipe in the wellbore causes pressure fluctuations in wellbore fluid; these pressure fluctuations can be either positive or negative, corresponding to the direction of the movement of the pipe. For example, if the drill string is lowering down in the borehole, the drop is positive (surge pressure), and if the drill string is pulling out of the hole, the drop is negative (swab pressure). The intensity of these pressure fluctuations depends on the speed of the lowering down (tripping in) or withdrawing the pipe out (tripping out). High tripping speed corresponds to higher pressure fluctuations and can lead to fracturing the well formation. Low tripping speed leads to a slow operation, causing non-productive time, thus increasing the overall well budget. 
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Influence of Axial Compressive Stress on Pipeline Network
Due to their exceptional structural integrity, steel pipelines are the main component for oil and gas transmission. However, these pipelines are often affected by corrosion, despite corrosion protection, because of harsh working conditions. In addition to corrosion defects, pipelines are often subjected to multiple external loads. The combination of corrosion defects and external loads can significantly reduce the failure pressure, resulting in various failure behaviors. This reduction in failure pressure is especially critical in pipe bends as they are the weakest link in a pipeline. 
  • 950
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Carbon Storage in Oil and Gas Industry
As a rapidly evolving technology, carbon capture and storage (CCS) can potentially lower the levels of greenhouse gas emissions from the oil and gas industry. A comprehensive review of different aspects of CCS technology is presented herein, including its key components, the methods and stages of carbon storage, implied environmental effects, and its pros and cons. It also investigates the utilization of CCS as an alternative method to water injection into oil reservoirs. It also probes the technical and operational challenges of implementing CCS technology in the oil and gas industry. Additionally, it examines the regulatory and policy issues associated with CCS, including incentives and frameworks for promoting the deployment of CCS technology. Finally, the potential benefits of CCS are discussed, including reducing the carbon footprint of the oil and gas industry, enhancing energy security, and supporting the transition to a low-carbon economy.
  • 934
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Fracture Characterization of Naturally Fractured Reservoirs
Recent developments in fracture characterization, modeling, and the impact of fracture networks on oil recovery in naturally carbonate-fractured reservoirs have been reviewed. The pivotal role of fracture identification and characterization in understanding production mechanisms and developing realistic fracture modeling approaches has been highlighted. This concludes that improved fracture network modeling requires considering various factors, such as data collection, fracture characterization, reservoir simulation, and model updating based on newly acquired field data. Integrating multiple techniques and data sources is recommended for obtaining a reliable reservoir model to optimize primary and enhanced oil recovery methods.
  • 872
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Date-Leaf Carbon Particles for Green Enhanced Oil Recovery
Carbon nanomaterials such as graphene, carbon nanotube (CNT), and carbon dots have gained interest for their superior ability to increase oil recovery. These particles have been successfully tested in enhanced oil recovery (EOR), although they are expensive and do not extend to green enhanced oil recovery (GEOR).
  • 859
  • 21 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Approaches of Offshore Inspection
Operators of offshore production units (OPUs) employ risk-based assessment (RBA) techniques in order to minimise inspection expenses while maintaining risks at an acceptable level. However, when human divers and workers are involved in inspections conducted at high heights, the operational risks can be significant. There has been a growing trend towards the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), autonomous surface vehicles (ASVs), remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) for inspections of offshore structures as a means to reduce exposure to human risk.
  • 837
  • 24 Nov 2023
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