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Topic Review
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in the Corneal Epithelium
It has been known for some time that the addition of epidermal growth factor (EGF) promotes the restoration of the corneal epithelium and patients using EGFR inhibitors as anti-cancer therapies are at increased risk of corneal erosions. However, the use of EGF in the clinic has been limited by downregulation of the receptor. More recent advances in EGFR signaling and trafficking in corneal epithelial cells have provided new insights in how to overcome receptor desensitization. 
  • 1.4K
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Innovative Application of Metallic PCMs in Metal Casting
Phase Change Materials (PCMs) are materials that release or absorb sufficient latent heat at a constant temperature or a relatively narrow temperature range during their solid/liquid transformation to be used for heating or cooling purposes. Although the use of PCMs has increased significantly in recent years, their major applications are limited to Latent Heat Storage (LHS) applications, especially in solar energy systems and buildings. Metallic PCMs appear to be the best alternative to salts and organic materials due to their high conductivity, high latent heat storage capacity and wide-ranging phase change temperature. Recent studies indicate that besides their conventional applications, metallic PCMs can be used in casting design to control the solidification microstructure as well as the feedability and defect formation in castings. Use of metallic PCM-fitted chillers is believed to open new horizons in smart control of the casting structure.
  • 1.4K
  • 23 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Architecture of E-Textiles
E-textiles are the traditional textiles of different hierarchies embedded with multifunctional nanomaterials to be utilized in different areas, for instance, human motion monitoring, i.e., joints bending, walking, running, facial expression, vocal vibration, pulse, breathing, laughing, etc., healthcare applications, i.e., EMG, ECG, EEG, sleep monitoring, drug delivery, cell culture, etc., thermal heating, electromagnetic shielding, antimicrobial protection, self-cleaning, energy storage/harvesting, fire alarm, electronic display, color-changing, etc. with a wide spectrum of functions by mitigating the wear complexities associated with non-flexible and bulky wearable electronics. 
  • 1.4K
  • 29 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Medical-Waste Blockchain Technology
Blockchain-based systems developed for waste management mainly focus on solid waste such as electronics, household waste, and agricultural waste. Implemented systems for the treatment and segregation of waste in the medical environment are few and need to be developed in detail.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Scalable Production of Extracellular Vesicles
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are minute vesicles with lipid bilayer membranes. EVs are secreted by cells for intercellular communication. Recently, EVs have received much attention, as they are rich in biological components such as nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins that play essential roles in tissue regeneration and disease modification. In addition, EVs can be developed as vaccines against cancer and infectious diseases, as the vesicle membrane has an abundance of antigenic determinants and virulent factors. EVs for therapeutic applications are typically collected from conditioned media of cultured cells. However, the number of EVs secreted by the cells is limited. Thus, it is critical to devise new strategies for the large-scale production of EVs.
  • 1.4K
  • 29 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Encapsulated Probiotics for Non-Dairy Food Applications
The incorporation of probiotics in non-dairy matrices is challenging, and probiotics tend to have a low survival rate in these matrices and subsequently perform poorly in the gastrointestinal system. Encapsulation of probiotics with a physical barrier could preserve the survivability of probiotics and subsequently improve delivery efficiency to the host.
  • 1.4K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Emergency Airway Management
Emergency airway management (EAM) is a commonly performed procedure in the critical care setting. Despite clinical advances that help practitioners identify patients at risk for having a difficult airway, improved airway management tools, and algorithms that guide clinical decision-making, there remains significant morbidity and mortality associated with EAM.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Ecoagriculture
Eco friendly agriculture describes landscapes that support both agricultural production and biodiversity conservation, working in harmony together to improve the livelihoods of rural communities. While many rural communities have independently practiced eco-agriculture for thousands of years, over the past century many of these landscapes have given way to segregated land use patterns, with some areas employing intensive farming practices without regard to biodiversity impacts, and other areas fenced off completely for habitat or watershed protection. A new eco-agriculture movement is now gaining momentum to unite land managers and other stakeholders from diverse environments to find compatible ways to conserve biodiversity while also enhancing agricultural production.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Paternal Leadership on Employee Retention during COVID-19
The leadership style that is most appropriate for the given circumstance will determine whether or not a leader is successful. It means what great leaders should do while working with a diverse workforce. They should be emotionally intelligent in order to understand their team members and modify their leadership style in order to achieve the best out of them. Employee engagement in the workplace is crucial for firms, but different factors can keep employees motivated. Work engagement activities, particularly those supported by the human resource department, have typically been observed as the primary factors that motivate employees. The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about a number of adjustments.
  • 1.4K
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Tupaia (Genus)
Tupaia is a treeshrew genus in the family Tupaiidae that was first described by Thomas Stamford Raffles in 1821. The name of this genus derives from the Malay word tupai meaning squirrel or small animal resembling a squirrel.
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Hepatitis B and Hepatitis D Viruses
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis delta virus (HDV) are highly prevalent viruses estimated to infect approximately 300 million people and 12–72 million people worldwide, respectively. HDV requires the HBV envelope to establish a successful infection. Concurrent infection with HBV and HDV can result in more severe disease outcomes than infection with HBV alone. These viruses can cause significant hepatic disease, including cirrhosis, fulminant hepatitis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, and represent a significant cause of global mortality.
  • 1.4K
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Pharmacology of Lactoferrin Formulations
Lactoferrin is an 80 kDa monomeric glycoprotein that exhibits multitask activities of interest in the pharmaceutical field for the design of products with therapeutic potential including nanoparticles, liposomes, among many others. Lactoferrin has been included in delivery systems to transport and protect drugs from enzymatic degradation in the intestine favoring the bioavailability for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer. Moreover, nanoparticles loaded with lactoferrin have been formulated as delivery system to transport drugs for neurodegenerative diseases, which cannot cross the blood-brain barrier to enter toward the central nervous system. Pharmaceutical products containing lactoferrin as either bioactive or on those products formulated with lactoferrin as carrier have been designed considering their interaction with receptors expressed in tissues as targets of drugs delivered via parenteral or mucosal administration. These lactoferrin preparations may be sustainable approaches that may contributed decreasing resistance of antimicrobials and enhancing the bioavailability of first-hand drugs for intestinal chronic inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases.
  • 1.4K
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Physiological Role of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase in Eye
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways represent ubiquitous cellular signal transduction pathways that regulate all aspects of life (such as development of eye) and are frequently altered in disease. Once activated through phosphorylation, these MAPKs in turn phosphorylate and activate transcription factors present either in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus, leading to the expression of target genes and, as a consequence, they elicit various biological responses. 
  • 1.4K
  • 08 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Non-Steroid Anti-Inflammatory Drugs/Acetylsalicylic Acid-Associated Gastropathy
Drugs are widely used to treat different diseases in modern medicine, but they are often associated with adverse events. Those located in the gastrointestinal tract are common and often mild, but they can be serious or life-threatening and determine the continuation of treatment. The stomach is often affected not only by drugs taken orally but also by those administered parenterally. The first description of the endoscopic picture of the damage to the gastric mucosa associated with the use of aspirin was published by A. Douthwait and J. Lintoff in 1938.
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Sulfide Solid-State Electrolytes
Sulfide solid-state electrolytes are particularly promising for the development of high-energy all-solid-state Li metal batteries because of their high ionic conductivity and deformability. However, their unstable interface and interphase formation with electrode materials remain a great challenge.
  • 1.4K
  • 16 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Applications of Electrosorption Technology in Water Treatment
The salt removal from water by using electrosorption has been studied since 1960s, and the application of this technology began in the mid-1990s when Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory developed the first set of electrosorption application devices in 1996.
  • 1.4K
  • 19 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Accuracy Improvement in Double-Sided Incremental Forming Process
Low geometric accuracy is one of the main limitations in double-sided incremental forming (DSIF) with a rough surface finish, long forming time, and excessive sheet thinning. The lost contact between the support tool and the sheet is considered the main reason for the geometric error. Toolpath compensations strategies improve geometric precision without adding extra tooling to the setup. It relies on formulas, simulation, and algorithm-based studies to enhance the part accuracy. Toolpath adaptation improves the part accuracy by adding additional equipment such as pneumatically or spring-loaded support tools or changing the conventional toolpath sequence such as accumulative-DSIF (ADSIF) and its variants. It also includes forming multi-region parts with various arrangements. Toolpath adaptation mostly requires experimental trial-and-error experiments to adjust parameters to obtain the desired shape with precision. Material redistribution strategies are effective for high-wall-angle parts.
  • 1.4K
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Cellulolytic Enzymes for Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Feedstocks
Cellulolytic enzyme synergism is essential for deconstructing cellulose substrates in the biorefinery sector. Therefore, research on cellulolytic enzyme synergistic interactions has attracted extensive interest worldwide. Cellulases, consisting of endo-glucanases, exoglucanases and beta-glucosidases, were thought to be the main enzymes that degrade or modify cellulosic substrates. However, an accumulation of information on the modes of action and substrate hydrolysis mechanisms of expansins, swollenis (SWOs) and lytic polysaccharide mono-oxygenases (LPMOs) revealed that they significantly improve cellulolytic enzyme synergism. An up-to-date model of cellulose deconstruction, including these novel proteins, is required for effective cellulose degradation and advancement of cellulose-based biorefineries. 
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Luso-Flemish Master of Lourinhã
The Master of Lourinhã masterpieces are the best that Renaissance painting produced in Portugal during the governance of King D. Manuel I, in the Luso-Flemish period. The paintings were commissioned c. 1515 by Queen D. Maria, second wife of King D. Manuel I. Its underdrawing, the fineness of the landscapes and the transparency of chromatic material, reveal the talent of a great flemish artist following Bruges and Antuerpian models.
  • 1.4K
  • 30 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Thermal Characterization of Low-Dimensional Materials
Heat dissipation and thermal management are central challenges in various areas of science and technology and are critical issues for the majority of nanoelectronic devices. In this review, we focus on experimental advances in thermal characterization and phonon engineering that have drastically increased the understanding of heat transport and demonstrated efficient ways to control heat propagation in nanomaterials.
  • 1.4K
  • 02 Feb 2021
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