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Biography
Michael Tomasello
Michael Tomasello (born January 18, 1950) is an American developmental and comparative psychologist, as well as a linguist. He is professor of psychology at Duke University. Earning many prizes and awards from the end of the 1990s onward, he is considered one of today's most authoritative developmental and comparative psychologists. He is "one of the few scientists worldwide who is acknowledged
  • 1.6K
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Periodontitis
Periodontitis is characterized by a complex inflammatory response triggered by the presence of a dental biofilm. This bacterial biofilm is able to elicit a dysbiosis in the subgingival microbiome leading to the destruction of the periodontal supporting tissues and eventually tooth loss.
  • 1.6K
  • 05 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Pharmacological Chaperones
Pharmacological chaperones are small molecular weight drugs that are used when the primary cause of a disease is the instability of a particular protein. The hallmark of pharmacological chaperones is their ability to bind and stabilize their targets specifically. Pharmacological chaperones offer a hope to cure some genetic diseases with small drugs that can be administered orally and reach the central nervous system. This will not be possible for all the genotypes associated to a given diseases but requires a personalized approach.
  • 1.6K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Direct Arylation in Pincer Complexes
Direct arylation is an atom-economical alternative to more established procedures such as Stille, Suzuki or Negishi arylation reactions. In comparison with other palladium sources and ligands, the use of palladium pincer complexes as catalysts or pre-catalysts for direct arylation has resulted in improved efficiency, higher reaction yields, and advantageous reaction conditions. In addition to a revision of the literature concerning intra- and intermolecular direct arylation reactions performed in the presence of palladium pincer complexes, the role of these remarkably active catalysts will also be discussed.
  • 1.6K
  • 09 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Cholesterol-to-Coprostanol Conversion
Cholesterol (examples of synonyms 3β-hydroxy-5-cholestene or 5-cholesten-3β-ol) in the intestine may be either absorbed or undergo microbial conversion to different metabolites, of which non-absorbable coprostanol (examples of synonyms 5β-cholestanol or 5β-cholestan-3β-ol) is the end and predominant product found in feces. Note that multiple synonyms can be employed for a same steroid molecule, which does not help the reader to find his way. Cholesterol is a 27-carbon molecule with a structure formed by a polycyclic ring skeleton with a trans A/B ring junction, a β-hydroxyl group in the equatorial position at C3 (i.e., in plane of the molecule), a double bond at C5 (Δ5double bond), two methyl groups at C10 and C13, and a side chain at C17 (A).
  • 1.6K
  • 26 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a lethal degenerative vascular disease that affects, mostly, the elder population, with a high mortality rate (>80%) upon rupture. It features a dilation of the aortic diameter to larger than 30 mm or more than 50%. Diverse pathological processes are involved in the development of AAA, including aortic wall inflammation, elastin breakdown, oxidative stress, smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotypic switching and dysfunction, and extracellular matrix degradation. 
  • 1.6K
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Phototherapeutic Agents for Fabricating High Drug-Loading Nanomedicines
The key requirement of the chemo–photo combination therapy is the high drug-loading nanomedicines, which can load either chemotherapy drugs or phototherapy agents at the same nanomedicines and simultaneously deliver them to tumors, and play a multimode therapeutic role for tumor treatment. Many kinds of photothermal materials or photosensitizers have been used as carrier materials to construct high drug-loading nanomedicines for tumor combination therapy.
  • 1.6K
  • 26 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Capillary Leak Syndrome in COVID-19 and Cardiometabolic Disease
COVID-19 is a disease with multi-faceted clinical features, which vary from mild disease to fatal outcomes. The severity of the disease is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation and endothelial dysfunction underlying cardiometabolic diseases. Capillary leak, through endothelial hyperpermeability to proteins and the induction of pro-inflammatory, pro-coagulant pathways, has emerged as a pivotal pathogenetic factor of SARS-CoV-2 infection in cardiometabolic patients and as major etiology of hypoalbuminemia in severe COVID-19 cases. A great body of evidence supports the association of this condition with underlying metabolic derangement, and few remarkable indications regarding the role of metabolic disease in the incidence of systemic capillary leak syndrome flares have been noted. Further studies are needed to consolidate these findings and enlighten the pathophysiology behind them.
  • 1.6K
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
List of Amphibians of South Africa
This list of amphibians of South Africa contains species that form a part of the class Amphibia (phylum Chordata) fauna of South Africa. The list follows the South African National Bioinformatics Institute listing. Where common names are given, they are not the only common names in use for the species.
  • 1.6K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Biography
Yoshiyasu Takefuji
Graduated from Elec. Eng., Keio Univ. BS (1978), MS (1980), Ph.D. (1983). Asst Prof: Univ. of South Florida (1983-1985), Assoc Prof: Univ. of South Carolina (1985-1988), Assoc Prof: Case Western Reserve Univ. (1988-1996: tenured in 1992), tenured Prof: Keio Univ. (1992-2021), Emeritus Prof: Keio Univ. (2021-present), Prof: Musashino Univ. (2021-present), Docent Prof. Jyvaskyla Univ. He authors 4
  • 1.6K
  • 04 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Trained Immunity against Emerging Respiratory Pathogens
Although parental vaccines offer long-term protection against homologous strains, they rely exclusively on adaptive immune memory to produce neutralizing antibodies that are ineffective against emerging viral variants. Growing evidence highlights the multifaceted functions of trained immunity to elicit a rapid and enhanced innate response against unrelated stimuli or pathogens to subsequent triggers. Training immunity is pertinent in the advent of unprecedented respiratory infections, which are usually limited to the timeline of vaccine development.
  • 1.6K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Dub Localization
Dub localization, also often simply referred to as localization, is a form of a voice-over. It is the practice of voice-over translation altering a foreign language film, art film or television series by voice actors. Dub localization is a hot button issue active in cinephilia amongst aficionados of foreign filmmaking and television programs, particularly anime fans as dubs are still a popular form of translation of animated series. While some localization is virtually inevitable in translation, the controversy surrounding how much localization is "too much" is often much-discussed in such communities, especially when the final dub product is significantly different from the original. Some frown on any extensive localization, while others expect it and, to a degree, appreciate it. Some dub localizations are considered so extreme as to have produced a different show or film entirely.
  • 1.6K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Biography
Barry Chamish
Barry Chamish (Hebrew: ברי חמיש‎; January 13, 1952 – August 23, 2016) was a Canadian-born Israeli writer and public speaker. He was best known for promoting conspiracy theories about the death of Yitzhak Rabin[1] - Israel's prime minister who was assassinated in 1995. Barry Chamish was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.[2] In the first half of the 1970s, Chamish had three novels
  • 1.6K
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Geopolymers for Engineering Applications
Geopolymers have the impact in global warming and climate change resulting from greenhouse gas emissions. Geopolymers are an effective cementitious binder substitute for cement in various applications.
  • 1.6K
  • 30 May 2023
Topic Review
Alkaloids and Their General Applications
Alkaloids are organic chemical compounds with a cyclic ring structure containing one or more basic nitrogen atoms. They are widely distributed in nature and are found as naturally occurring secondary metabolites in both plants and animals.
  • 1.6K
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Hydrogen-Assisted Aging Applied to Storage and Sealing Materials
Hydrogen is a possible alternative to fossil fuels in achieving a sustainable energy future. Unlike other, older energy sources, the suitability of materials for storing, distributing, and sealing systems in a hydrogen environment has not been comprehensively studied. Aging, the extended exposure of a material to an environmental condition, with hydrogen causes degradation and damage to materials that differ from other technologies. Improved understanding of the physical and chemical mechanisms of degradation due to a gaseous hydrogen atmosphere allows to better select and develop materials that are best suited to carrier and sealing applications. Damage to materials from aging is inevitable with exposure to high-pressure hydrogen.
  • 1.6K
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Machine Learning and Image Processing
Images constitute one of the most important forms of communication used by society and contain a large amount of important information. The human vision system is usually the first form of contact with media and has the ability to naturally extract important, and sometimes subtle, information, enabling the execution of different tasks, from the simplest, such as identifying objects, to the more complex, such as the creation and integration of knowledge. However, this system is limited to the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum. On the contrary, computer systems have a more comprehensive coverage capacity, ranging from gamma to radio waves, which makes it possible to process a wide spectrum of images, covering a wide and varied field of applications. On the other hand, the exponential growth in the volume of images created and stored daily makes their analysis and processing a difficult task to implement outside the technological sphere. In this way, image processing through computational systems plays a fundamental role in extracting necessary and relevant information for carrying out different tasks in different contexts and application areas.
  • 1.6K
  • 17 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality in Education
Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) are poised to revolutionize education by offering immersive and interactive learning experiences. AR and VR technologies continue to evolve, and educators, researchers, and policymakers have an exciting opportunity to shape the future of education by addressing various gaps, challenges, and limitations, such as theoretical foundations, application design, impact on learning, side effects, and the full potential of AR/VR technologies to create transformative learning experiences that prepare students for the challenges and opportunities of the modern world.
  • 1.6K
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Jungle Cat
The Jungle Cat (Felis chaus) is a medium-sized wild cat species native to South and Southeast Asia, as well as parts of the Middle East and the Indian Subcontinent. Characterized by its sandy or grayish-brown fur, distinct black-tipped ears, and elongated body, the Jungle Cat thrives in a variety of habitats including grasslands, wetlands, and agricultural areas. As an adept hunter and opportunistic feeder, it preys on small mammals, birds, reptiles, and insects, playing a vital role in maintaining ecological balance within its range.
  • 1.6K
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Static Structures in Monatomic Fluids
The basic structural concepts in the study of monatomic fluids at equilibrium are presented in this entry. The scope encompasses both the classical and the quantum domains, the latter concentrating on the diffraction and the zero-spin boson regimes. The main mathematical objects for describing the fluid structures are the following n-body functions: the correlation functions in real space and their associated structure factors in Fourier space. In these studies, the theory of linear response to external weak fields, involving functional calculus, and Feynman’s path integral formalism are the key conceptual ingredients. Emphasis is placed on the physical implications when going from the classical domain (limit of high temperatures) to the abovementioned quantum regimes (low temperatures). In the classical domain, there is only one class of n-body structures, which at every n level consists of one correlation function plus one structure factor. However, the quantum effects bring about the splitting of the foregoing class into three path integral classes, namely instantaneous, total thermalized-continuous linear response, and centroids; each of them is associated with the action of a distinct external weak field and keeps the above n-level structures. Special attention is given to the structural pair level 𝑛=2, and future directions towards the complete study of the quantum triplet level 𝑛=3 are suggested.
  • 1.6K
  • 09 Sep 2025
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