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Geometry-Based Deep Learning in the Natural Sciences
Nature is composed of elements at various spatial scales, ranging from the atomic to the astronomical level. In general, human sensory experience is limited to the mid-range of these spatial scales, in that the scales which represent the world of the very small or very large are generally apart from our sensory experiences. Furthermore, the complexities of Nature and its underlying elements are not tractable nor easily recognized by the traditional forms of human reasoning. Instead, the natural and mathematical sciences have emerged to model the complexities of Nature, leading to knowledge of the physical world. This level of predictiveness far exceeds any mere visual representations as naively formed in the Mind. In particular, geometry has served an outsized role in the mathematical representations of Nature, such as in the explanation of the movement of planets across the night sky. Geometry not only provides a framework for knowledge of the myriad of natural processes, but also as a mechanism for the theoretical understanding of those natural processes not yet observed, leading to visualization, abstraction, and models with insight and explanatory power. Without these tools, human experience would be limited to sensory feedback, which reflects a very small fraction of the properties of objects that exist in the natural world. As a consequence, as taught during the times of antiquity, geometry is essential for forming knowledge and differentiating opinion from true belief. It not only provides a framework for understanding astronomy, classical mechanics, and relativistic physics, but also the morphological evolution of living organisms, along with the complexities of the cognitive systems. Geometry also has a role in the information sciences, where it has explanatory power in visualizing the flow, structure, and organization of information in a system. This role further impacts the explanations of the internals of deep learning systems as developed in the fields of computer science and engineering.
  • 1.6K
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Jackfruit Waste Utilizd in Sustainable Energy and Biochemicals
Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) trees are known to produce huge fruits from their stems and are unique in terms of food utilization as vegetables and fruits. Jackfruit trees are cultivated throughout the lowlands in south and southeast Asian countries. In addition, it is found in east Africa, as well as throughout Brazil and Caribbean nations such as Jamaica.
  • 1.6K
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
The Soft Spreadable Cheese Xygalo Siteias
The aim of cheese manufacturers is to produce high quality and safe products. Along the food chain of “milk to cheese and food products”, milk is collected, transferred, and managed in a standardized manner; processing results in safe, ready-to-eat products, of high nutritional quality. Soft, acid cheeses are prepared in various regions of Greece, mainly from ewe milk, goat milk, or their mixtures. They are produced from the rennet and/or acid coagulation of thermally-treated, full-fat milk undergoing acidification/curdling and ripening. Xygalo Siteias is a Greek soft cheese, produced in the area of Siteia, Crete, where it was recognized as PDO in 2011. It is close—more in texture and less in taste—with other cream cheeses PDO of Greece, such as Pichtogalo of Chania, and Katiki Domokou, still it differs in the preparation technique as well as in its physicochemical, biochemical, microbiological, and organoleptic characteristics.
  • 1.6K
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Marine Algae-Derived Bioactive Compounds
Marine algae are rich in bioactive nutraceuticals (e.g., carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, fatty acids, antioxidants, and pigments). Biotic (e.g., plants, microorganisms) and abiotic factors (e.g., temperature, pH, salinity, light intensity) contribute to the production of primary and secondary metabolites by algae. Easy, profitable, and sustainable recovery methods include novel solid-liquid and liquid-liquid extraction techniques (e.g., supercritical, high pressure, microwave, ultrasound, enzymatic). The spectacular findings of algal-mediated synthesis of nanotheranostics has attracted further interest because of the availability of microalgae-based natural bioactive therapeutic compounds and the cost-effective commercialization of stable microalgal drugs. 
  • 1.6K
  • 07 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Sensing Senses: Optical Biosensors
The five basic taste modalities, sweet, bitter, umami, salty and sour induce changes of Ca2+ levels, pH and/or membrane potential in taste cells of the tongue and/or in neurons that convey and decode gustatory signals to the brain. Optical biosensors, which can be either synthetic dyes or genetically encoded proteins whose fluorescence spectra depend on levels of Ca2+, pH or membrane potential, have been used in primary cells/tissues or in recombinant systems to study taste-related intra- and intercellular signaling mechanisms or to discover new ligands. Taste-evoked responses were measured by microscopy achieving high spatial and temporal resolution, while plate readers were employed for higher throughput screening. Here, these approaches making use of fluorescent optical biosensors to investigate specific taste-related questions or to screen new agonists/antagonists for the different taste modalities were reviewed systematically. Furthermore, in the context of recent developments in genetically encoded sensors, 3D cultures and imaging technologies, we propose new feasible approaches for studying taste physiology and for compound screening.
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Ocular Cystinosis
Cystinosis is a rare autosomal recessive disease that affects about 1 in 100,000–200,000 people among the general population, characterized by high levels of cystine within the lysosomes in cells of certain types of tissues. The accumulation of this substance is caused by mutations in the CTNS gene which codes for cystinosin, the carrier that transports cystine out of the lysosome. The presence of cystine crystals in different tissues leads to the progressive impairment and dysfunction of multiple organs, such as kidneys, pancreas, brain, thyroid and eyes.
  • 1.6K
  • 16 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Phenolic Compounds in Functional Pasta
Phenolic compounds are lost during the refining of flour and semolina, hence commonly consumed pasta is not a carrier of these components. Consumption of food products rich in phenolic compounds has been associated to reduced risk of chronic disease onset. Hence, several strategies have been developed to formulate functional pasta rich in phenolic compounds.  Whole grain, legume and composite flours are the main substituents of durum wheat semolina used for this purpose. Plant by-products from industrial food wastes have been also used as functional ingredients. In addition, pre-processing technologies on raw materials such as sprouting, or the modulation of extrusion/extrusion-cooking conditions, are valuable approaches to increase phenolic content in pasta.
  • 1.6K
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
G-Quadruplex-Binding Proteins
G-quadruplexes (G4s) are non-canonical secondary nucleic acid structures. Sequences with the potential to form G4s are abundant in regulatory regions of the genome including telomeres, promoters and 5′ non-coding regions, indicating they fulfill important genome regulatory functions. In recent years, an increasing number of G-quadruplex-binding proteins have been identified with biochemical experiments. G4-binding proteins are involved in vital cellular processes such as telomere maintenance, DNA replication, gene transcription, mRNA processing. Therefore, G4-binding proteins are also associated with various human diseases.
  • 1.6K
  • 17 May 2022
Topic Review
Journalistic Knowledge Platform
A Journalistic Knowledge Platform (JKP) is an information system that employ artificial intelligence and big data techniques such as machine learning and knowledge graphs to manage and support the knowledge work needed in all stages of news production. JKPs automate the process of annotating metadata and support daily workflows like news production, archiving, monitoring, management and distribution. JKPs harvest and analyse news and social media information over the net in real time, leverage encyclopaedic sources, and provide journalists with both meaningful background knowledge and newsworthy information. JKPs can provide a digitalisation path towards reduced production costs and improved information quality while adapting the current workflows of newsrooms to new forms of journalism and readers’ demands.
  • 1.6K
  • 20 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Fetal Hemoglobin in Sickle Hemoglobinopathies
Fetal hemoglobin (HbF; α2γ2), encoded by two nearly identical γ-globin genes (HBG2, HBG1) that are part of the β-globin gene (HBB) cluster (11p15.4), comprises 70 to 90% of the hemolysate in newborns, falling to <1% after 12 months. HbF usually consists of 4 to 10% of total hemoglobin in adults of African descent with sickle cell anemia. Rarely, their HbF levels reach more than 30%. High HbF levels are sometimes a result of β-globin gene deletions or point mutations in the promoters of the HbF genes. 
  • 1.6K
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Kynurenic Acid
Kynurenic acid (KYNA), a metabolite of tryptophan, is an endogenous substance produced intracellularly by various human cells. In addition, KYNA can be synthesized by the gut microbiome and delivered in food. 
  • 1.6K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Respirator Assigned Protection Factors
The respiratory protective devices (RPD) can protect workers only if their protective properties are adequate to the conditions in the workplace. Therefore, specialists have developed criteria for the selection of proper, adequate respirators, including the Assigned Protection Factors (APF) - the decrease of the concentration of harmful substances in the inhaled air, which (is expected) to be provided with timely and proper use of a certified respirator of certain types (design) by taught and trained workers (after individual selection with a tight-fitting mask and fit testing), when the employer performs an effective respiratory protective device programme.
  • 1.6K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Biostimulants Boost Date Palm's Performance under Abiotic Stresses
Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is constantly hindered due to detrimental abiotic constraints. Thus, there is a crucial need to deal with this problem. The application of biostimulants, such as the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), and organic amendments hold tremendous potential to ameliorate the growth and yield of date palm significantly. The strengthening of biostimulants’ main common modes of action is exerted through five main functions: biostimulation (essentially), biofertilization, bioprotection, biological control, and the role of bio-effector. Moreover, synergistic and complementary effects manifest through biochemical and nutritional benefits, as well as molecular modulation. In this sense, available data provide suggestive findings that corroborate the beneficial roles of biostimulants, thereby positioning them as promising eco-friendly tools that work toward resilience to abiotic stresses in date palm.
  • 1.6K
  • 12 Dec 2022
Topic Review
SCUBA Diving in Adult Congenital Heart Disease
The classification of scuba diving as a skill sport has profound implications for the evaluation of fitness-to-dive in adult patients with congenital heart disease (ACHD). The spectrum of ACHD and its associated complications range from conditions conventionally considered as incompatible with scuba diving (e.g., pulmonary hypertension, cyanosis and ventricular hypertrophy) to other conditions which may be compatible with recreational scuba diving. 
  • 1.6K
  • 06 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Electric Vehicle Thermal Management Requirements
The burgeoning electric vehicle industry has become a crucial player in tackling environmental pollution and addressing oil scarcity. As these vehicles continue to advance, effective thermal management systems are essential to ensure battery safety, optimize energy utilization, and prolong vehicle lifespan.
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Wearables for Monitoring and Postural Feedback
Wearables offer a promising solution for simultaneous posture monitoring and/or corrective feedback. Some wearables have the feature to provide real-time corrective sensory feedback when adopting inadequate postures. This feedback can be auditory (typically conveyed through diverse auditory channels), visual (usually displayed by screens or projectors), haptic (application of vibratory stimulus), or a combination of these, providing information based on performance or outcome.
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Pharmacology of Cynomorium songaricum
Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. (CSR) belongs to the family Cynomoriaceae. It is a perennial succulent parasitic herb with a reddish-brown coloration, predominantly submerged in sand and lacking chlorophyll. 
  • 1.6K
  • 06 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Gambian Mongoose
The Gambian Mongoose, scientifically known as Mungos gambianus, is a species of mongoose native to the African continent. Recognizable by its sleek, reddish-brown fur and long, tapering tail, this mongoose species inhabits a variety of habitats including forests, savannas, and agricultural areas. Highly adaptable and social animals, Gambian Mongooses are known for their cooperative hunting behavior and tight-knit family groups.
  • 1.6K
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Adventitious Root Formation in Plants
Adventitious root formation is defined as the formation of new roots on above-ground plant parts and is considered crucial for the survival of a plant under harsh environmental conditions (i.e., flooding, salt stress, and other abiotic stresses) as well as in the nursery industry. Clonal propagation is based on the ability of a plant part to grow and generate a completely new plant, genetically identical to the mother plant, where the plant part came from.
  • 1.6K
  • 25 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Sechuran Fox
The Sechuran Fox (Lycalopex sechurae) is a small carnivorous mammal native to the arid coastal deserts of Peru and Ecuador. With its sandy-colored fur and distinctive facial markings, this fox species is adapted to the harsh and arid conditions of its habitat, where it plays a crucial role as a predator and scavenger. Despite facing threats from habitat loss and human encroachment, the Sechuran Fox demonstrates remarkable resilience in its unique desert ecosystem.
  • 1.6K
  • 08 Mar 2024
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