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Topic Review
Translation Arrest
Plants evolved several mechanisms to protect themselves against viruses. Besides recessive resistance, where compatible host factors required for viral proliferation are absent or incompatible, there are (at least) two types of inducible antiviral immunity: RNA silencing (RNAi) and immune responses mounted upon activation of nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors. RNAi is associated with viral symptom recovery through translational repression and transcript degradation following recognition of viral double-stranded RNA produced during infection. NLR-mediated immunity is induced upon (in)direct recognition of a viral protein by an NLR receptor, triggering either a hypersensitive response (HR) or an extreme resistance response (ER).
  • 589
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Genotype-Mediated Transposable Element Transposition Reactivation
Genetic diversity is a key factor for plant breeding. The birth of novel genic and genomic variants is also crucial for plant adaptation in nature. Therefore, the genomes of almost all living organisms possess natural mutagenic mechanisms. Transposable elements (TEs) are a major mutagenic force driving genetic diversity in wild plants and modern crops. The relatively rare TE transposition activity during the thousand-year crop domestication process has led to the phenotypic diversity of many cultivated species. The utilization of TE mutagenesis by artificial and transient acceleration of their activity in a controlled mode is an attractive foundation for a novel type of mutagenesis called TE-mediated biological mutagenesis.
  • 588
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Latin American Plants against Microorganisms
Antimicrobial resistance is a severe and developing clinical issue that has reduced the therapeutic effectiveness of conventional antibiotics and narrowed the treatment choices for bacterial infections. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are generally difficult to treat due to reduced membrane penetration, efflux pump overexpression, target site shifting, inactive subpopulations, biofilm growth, and enzymatic destruction. Resistant bacteria are strains resistant to several medicines, resulting in increased infections.
  • 585
  • 12 Dec 2023
Topic Review
New Roles of Plant ARGONAUTE Proteins
ARGONAUTE (AGO) proteins are a conserved family of eukaryotic proteins that act as core components of RNA silencing by loading small RNAs (sRNAs) derived from plants and other interacting organisms. sRNAs associate with AGOs to form RNA-induced silencing complexes (RISCs), which target complementary RNA or DNA sequences to repress gene expression by post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) or transcriptional gene silencing (TGS), respectively.
  • 584
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Plant Leaf Gas Exchange to Plant Phenotyping
Plant physiological status reflects the interaction between the plant genome and the prevailing growth conditions. Accurate characterization of plant physiology is, therefore, fundamental to effective plant phenotyping studies; particularly those focused on identifying traits associated with improved yield, lower input requirements, and climate resilience. Leaf gas exchange is a core component of plant physiological research. The exchange of gases between a part of the leaf, the whole leaf, or the entire plant with the atmosphere underpins photosynthetic CO2 uptake and transpiration.
  • 582
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Nitric Oxide and S-nitrosoglutathione in Plants
Iron (Fe) is abundant in soils but with a poor availability for plants, especially in calcareous soils. To favor its acquisition, plants develop morphological and physiological responses, mainly in their roots, known as Fe deficiency responses. Most of these substances, including auxin, ethylene, glutathione (GSH) and nitric oxide (NO), increase their production in Fe-deficient roots while S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), derived from GSH and NO, decreases its content. This paradoxical result could be explained with the increased expression and activity in Fe-deficient roots of the GSNO reductase (GSNOR) enzyme, which decomposes GSNO to oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and NH3. The fact that NO content increases while GSNO decreases in Fe-deficient roots suggests that NO and GSNO do not play the same role in the regulation of Fe deficiency responses. 
  • 574
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Gene AaPG18 in Actinidia arguta
Actinidia arguta (A. arguta) is a kind of climacteric fruit that quickly softens and limits fruit shelf-life and commercial value. Therefore, it is of great significance to develop kiwifruit genotypes with an extended shelf-life of fruit. However, the ripening and softening mechanisms remain unclear in A. arguta. The mining of key gene involving in fruit ripening process is the basic of revealing ripening mechanism. With the help of transcriptome technology, combined with the results of gene differential expression profile and transient expression, we have completed the identification of the ripening-related gene AaPG18, which will help to understand the mechanism of fruit ripening in the future.
  • 572
  • 02 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Role of Epigenetic Factors in Response to Stress
All species are well adapted to their environment. Stress causes a magnitude of biochemical and molecular responses in plants, leading to physiological or pathological changes. The response to various stresses is genetically predetermined, but is also controlled on the epigenetic level. Most plants are adapted to their environments through generations of exposure to all elements. Many plant species have the capacity to acclimate or adapt to certain stresses using the mechanism of priming. In most cases, priming is a somatic response allowing plants to deal with the same or similar stress more efficiently, with fewer resources diverted from growth and development. Priming likely relies on multiple mechanisms, but the differential expression of non-coding RNAs, changes in DNA methylation, histone modifications, and nucleosome repositioning play a crucial role. 
  • 572
  • 02 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Nitric Oxide for Heavy Metal Stress in Plants
Since the time of the Industrial Revolution, the accumulation of various heavy metals (HMs), such as cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni) and so on, has increased substantially in the soil, causing a real risk to all kinds of consumers in the food chain. Moreover, excess HM accumulation is considered a major factor in decreasing plant growth and productivity. A number of studies have exhibited the astonishing impact of nitric oxide (NO), a multifunctional, gaseous signal molecule, on alleviating the destructive effects of HMs.
  • 567
  • 14 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Histological Features of Primary Morphogenic Calli
The use of in vitro callus cultures as experimental model systems allows us to get closer to understanding the patterns and features of morphogenesis in intact plants. In this regard, the problem of realizing the morphogenetic potential of callus cells due to their pluri- and totipotency properties is of great interest. To solve this problem, it is important to use the histological approach, which involves studying the structures of developing tissues, organs and organisms in their interactions and relationships. 
  • 567
  • 26 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Geranium sanguineum L.
Bloody cranesbill (Geranium sanguineum L.) is a flowering perennial herb with a natural range extending over Europe. The herb is used in the ethnopharmacological practice in Bulgaria. Infusions and decoctions from the roots and aerial parts can be used as a rinse for inflamed mucous membranes of the mouth and respiratory tract, a wash for wounds or skin eruptions, for its astringent, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, hypotensive, and immunostimulant activity, as well as for supportive treatment of diarrhea, dysentery, and enterocolitis. 
  • 563
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Improvement of Photosynthetic Efficiency
Photosynthesis is the largest mass- and energy-conversion process on Earth, and it is the material basis for almost all biological activities. The efficiency of converting absorbed light energy into energy substances during photosynthesis is very low compared to theoretical values. The main way to improve photosynthetic efficiency is to optimize the light reactions, including increasing light absorption and conversion, accelerating the recovery of non-photochemical quenching, modifying enzymes in the Calvin cycle, introducing carbon concentration mechanisms into C3 plants, rebuilding the photorespiration pathway, de novo synthesis, and changing stomatal conductance.
  • 562
  • 09 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Triticeae CBF Gene Cluster for Frost Resistance
The pivotal role of CBF/DREB1 transcriptional factors in Triticeae crops involved in the abiotic stress response has been highlighted. The CBFs represent an important hub in the ICE-CBF-COR pathway, which is one of the most relevant mechanisms capable of activating the adaptive response to cold and drought in wheat, barley, and rye. Understanding the intricate mechanisms and regulation of the cluster of CBF genes harbored by the homoeologous chromosome group 5 entails significant potential for the genetic improvement of small grain cereals. 
  • 554
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Temperatures and Light Effect on Dormancy
Dormancy is defined as the sum of processes that create a situation wherein embryonic tissues are unable to grow, even under environmental conditions that generally favor growth and development. The effects of temperature to break dormancy, from work done on peach, can be summarized as follows: Effective temperatures are between −2 °C and 13 °C, and the most effective being 4–8 °C with reduced efficiency at higher and lower temperatures. Moderate temperatures between 13 °C and 16 °C that will not break dormancy alone, when occurring in a daily cycle after previous chilling, enhance the effect of chilling. On the other hand, temperatures higher than 18 °C in a daily cycle will nullify former chilling. This negative effect of high temperatures increases the longer the duration and the higher the temperature. However, when cycles are longer than a day, the chilling effect is final and cannot be nullified by high temperatures. Apart from the effects of temperature on dormancy, light effects on dormancy in peach trials had also been detected Clearly, the dormant vegetative buds perceive light signals and react to light during dormancy and bud breaks. On the other hand, flower buds in peach were found to be non-responsive to light. Dormancy in vegetative buds is induced by short days. During endodormancy, the limitation of light and even total darkness enhance bud breaks in spring, compared to buds receiving natural light. But darkness in spring will prevent vegetative bud break even following sufficient chilling during winter.  So, there is an analogy between chilling and darkness.
  • 549
  • 22 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Antioxidant Activities of Mentha spp. Essential Oils
Plant essential oils (EOs) are produced predominantly using steam distillation, but can also be generated using fermentation, crushing, extraction, hydrolysis, and airing. EOs are used extensively in cosmetics in many different aspects as perfumes, in antiseptic applications, and in domestic cleaning products. The essential oils of Mentha (the Lamiaceae family) have been extensively studied for their biological actions.
  • 544
  • 13 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Root-to-Shoot Long-Distance Mobile miRNAs Identified from Nicotiana Rootstocks
Root-derived mobile signals play critical roles in coordinating a shoot’s response to underground conditions. However, the identification of root-to-shoot long-distance mobile signals has been scant. 
  • 542
  • 22 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Noncoding RNAs Involved in Diverse Flowering Pathways
Noncoding RNAs constitute a substantial portion of the transcriptome and play pivotal roles in plant growth and development. Among these processes, flowering stands out as a crucial trait, ensuring reproductive success and seed set, and is meticulously controlled by genetic and environmental factors. With remarkable advancements in the identification and characterization of noncoding RNAs in plants, it has become evident that noncoding RNAs are intricately linked to the regulation of flowering time. The regulation of flowering encompasses a complex network of interconnected pathways influenced by both internal and external factors. Early investigations in model plants unveiled several key pathways governing flowering time, including the photoperiodic, autonomous and vernalization, age, and GA pathways. Among the pivotal regulators of flowering, noncoding RNAs have emerged as participants in various flowering pathways.
  • 540
  • 05 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Polyamine Metabolism under Different Light Regimes in Wheat
Although the relationship between polyamines and photosynthesis has been investigated at several levels, the main aim of this experiment was to test light-intensity-dependent influence of polyamine metabolism with or without exogenous polyamines. First, the effect of the duration of the daily illumination, then the effects of different light intensities (50, 250, and 500 μmol m–2 s–1) on the polyamine metabolism at metabolite and gene expression levels were investigated. In the second experiment, polyamine treatments, namely putrescine, spermidine and spermine, were also applied. The different light quantities induced different changes in the polyamine metabolism. In the leaves, light distinctly induced the putrescine level and reduced the 1,3-diaminopropane content. Leaves and roots responded differently to the polyamine treatments. Polyamines improved photosynthesis under lower light conditions. Exogenous polyamine treatments influenced the polyamine metabolism differently under individual light regimes. The fine-tuning of the synthesis, back-conversion and terminal catabolism could be responsible for the observed different polyamine metabolism-modulating strategies, leading to successful adaptation to different light conditions. 
  • 522
  • 05 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Key Compounds for Management of Seedborne Pathogens
Seedborne pathogens represent a critical issue for successful agricultural production worldwide. Seed treatment with plant protection products constitutes one of the first options useful for reducing seed infection or contamination and preventing disease spread. Basic substances are regulated in the EU according to criteria presented in Article 23 of Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009. Basic substances and potential basic substances are a useful tool  be used for seed treatment as a safe and ecological alternative to synthetic pesticides against the major seedborne pathogens of crops.
  • 509
  • 21 Nov 2023
Topic Review
7-Methyljuglone in Tuberculosis Treatment
7-Methyljuglone (7-MJ) is a pure compound isolated from the roots of Euclea natalensis A. DC., a shrub indigenous to South Africa. It exhibits significant promise as a potential treatment for the highly communicable disease tuberculosis (TB), owing to its effective antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 
  • 509
  • 01 Mar 2024
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