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Topic Review
WRKY Transcription Factors
The WRKY gene family is a plant-specific transcription factor (TF) group, playing important roles in many different response pathways of diverse abiotic stresses (drought, saline, alkali, temperature, and ultraviolet radiation, and so forth). In recent years, many studies have explored the role and mechanism of WRKY family members from model plants to agricultural crops and other species. Abiotic stress adversely affects the growth and development of plants.
  • 2.8K
  • 24 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Nuda
Nuda is a class of ctenophores or comb jellies. The class contains a single family, Beroidae, with two genera, Beroe and Neis, and the group is more commonly referred to as the "beroids". They are distinguished from other comb jellies by the complete absence of tentacles, in both juvenile and adult stages. Beroe is found in all the world's oceans and seas, and the monotypic Neis occurs only near Australia; all beroids are free-swimmers that form part of the plankton.
  • 2.8K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Bradykinin
Bradykinin (BK) (Greek brady-, slow; -kinin, kīn(eîn) to move) is a peptide that promotes inflammation. It causes arterioles to dilate (enlarge) via the release of prostacyclin, nitric oxide, and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor and makes veins constrict, via prostaglandin F2, thereby leading to leakage into capillary beds, due to the increased pressure in the capillaries. Bradykinin is a physiologically and pharmacologically active peptide of the kinin group of proteins, consisting of nine amino acids. A class of drugs called angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) increase bradykinin levels by inhibiting its degradation, thereby increasing its blood pressure lowering effect. ACE inhibitors are FDA approved for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.
  • 2.8K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Electric Vehicles in Hong Kong
The adoption of electric vehicles in Hong Kong is actively supported by the HK government, which recognizes battery electric vehicles, plug-in hybrids, and conventional hybrid electric vehicles to be environmentally friendly and eligible for financial incentives. As of 31 October 2017, there were 11,039 electric vehicles in Hong Kong, up from less than 100 in 2010. At present, 73 EV models from eight countries have been approved by the Transport Department to be eligible for the incentives. These include 51 models for private cars and motorcycles and 22 models for public transport and commercial vehicles.
  • 2.8K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Electric Vehicle Charging Systems
The high-voltage battery is a crucial element for electric vehicles (EVs) traction systems. It is the primary energy source that must be regularly recharged to reach the autonomy declared by the manufacturer. Therefore, an EV charging system is required to ensure the battery charging process. 
  • 2.8K
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles vs. Nanostructured Lipid Carriers
Solid–lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers are delivery systems for the delivery of drugs and other bioactives used in diagnosis, therapy, and treatment procedures. These nanocarriers may enhance the solubility and permeability of drugs, increase their bioavailability, and extend the residence time in the body, combining low toxicity with a targeted delivery. Nanostructured lipid carriers are the second generation of lipid nanoparticles differing from solid lipid nanoparticles in their composition matrix. The use of a liquid lipid together with a solid lipid in nanostructured lipid carrier allows it to load a higher amount of drug, enhance drug release properties, and increase its stability. Therefore, a direct comparison between solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers is needed. 
  • 2.8K
  • 30 May 2023
Topic Review
Sacituzumab Govitecan in Breast Cancer
Sacituzumab govitecan (SG) is a third-generation antibody-drug conjugate, consisting of an anti-Trop-2 monoclonal antibody (hRS7), a hydrolyzable linker, and a cytotoxin (SN38), which inhibits topoisomerase 1. Specific pharmacological features, such as the high antibody to payload ratio, the ultra-toxic nature of SN38, and the capacity to kill surrounding tumor cells (the bystander effect), make SG a very promising drug for cancer treatment.
  • 2.8K
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Guttation and Growth of Bamboo Shoots
Guttation is the process of exudating droplets from the tips, edges, and adaxial and abaxial surfaces of the undamaged leaves. Guttation is a natural and spontaneous biological phenomenon that occurs in a wide variety of plants. Despite its generally positive effect on plant growth, many aspects of this cryptic process are unknown.
  • 2.8K
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Vanadium Redox Flow Battery
Large-scale energy storage systems (ESS) are nowadays growing in popularity due to the increase in energy production by renewable energy sources, which in general have a random intermittent nature. Currently, several redox flow batteries have been presented as an alternative of the classical ESS; the scalability, design flexibility and long life cycle of the vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) have made it to stand out. In a VRFB cell, which consists of two electrodes and an ion exchange membrane, the electrolyte flows through the electrodes where the electrochemical reactions take place. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are a very powerful tool to develop feasible numerical models to enhance the performance and lifetime of VRFBs. 
  • 2.8K
  • 20 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Application of the IoT in Disaster Risk Management
Taiwan is in a hazard-exposed area where people often suffer through typhoons, earthquakes, and landslides, and must face the challenges of environmental and climate changes in ongoing and future developments. Taiwan has implemented an integrated and interdisciplinary project, which is titled Civil IoT Taiwan, for better disaster risk management and risk communication with all stakeholders by cooperating closely with authorities, scientists, and industry. 
  • 2.8K
  • 30 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Acinonychini
The feline tribe Acinonychini contains three genera, each with one extant species: the cougar in Puma, the jaguarundi in Herpailurus, and the cheetah in Acinonyx. In addition, a handful of extinct fossil species have been found in Eurasia and the Americas. The evolutionary relationships of these cats still needs to be worked out, with the main focus being the placement of the extinct species in relation to the extant species, and where cheetahs evolved. While cheetahs and cougars are sometimes considered big cats, as felines, they are more closely related to domestic cats than they are to pantherines such as lions and leopards.
  • 2.8K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Mentha piperita
Mentha species are famous as therapeutic herbs and have long served as natural herbal formulations. Mentha piperita L. (peppermint) is regarded as one of the best potential sources of biologically active substances for the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. M. piperita, a hybrid mint, is a cross-species between watermint (Mentha aquatica L.) and spearmint (Mentha spicata L.). Other Mentha species are also cultivated around the world for essential oil production.
  • 2.8K
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Távora Affair
The Távora affair was a political scandal of the 18th century Portuguese court. The events triggered by the attempted assassination of King Joseph I of Portugal in 1758 ended with the public execution of the entire Távora family and its closest relatives in 1759. Some historians interpret the whole affair as an attempt by the prime minister Sebastião de Melo (later Marquis of Pombal) to limit the growing powers of the old aristocratic families.
  • 2.8K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Heat Dissipation Model of TIMs in High-Power Electronics
To improve the heat dissipation capability of high-power electronic systems, advanced thermal interface materials (TIMs) with high thermal conductivity and low interfacial thermal resistance are urgently needed in the structural design of advanced electronics. Metal-, carbon- and polymer-based TIMs can reach high thermal conductivity and are promising for heat dissipation in high-power electronics. 
  • 2.8K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Microorganisms
Microorganisms are a diverse group of microscopic organisms including archaea, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, and viruses. Microbial diversity produces a massive pool of unique chemicals, which have become a valuable source for innovative biotechnology. About 23,000 secondary metabolites from microorganisms are known, out of which actinomycetes exclusively produce approximately 42%, whereas fungi form almost similar amounts (42%), and the remaining 16% is produced by eubacteria.
  • 2.8K
  • 27 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Jyotisha
Jyotisha (Sanskrit: ज्योतिष, IAST: Jyotiṣa), now the term for traditional Hindu astrology, historically was the branch of knowledge dedicated to the observation of astronomical bodies in order to keep the right time for the Vedic sacrifices. It is one of the six Vedangas, or ancillary science connected with the Vedas that developed . This field of study was concerned with fixing the days and hours of Vedic rituals. Hindu astrology from the 3rd century BCE was greatly influenced by Greek tradition,. But the concept of Vedanga predates Greek contact, and there have also been later independent developments. Hindu astrology as it stands today is inherently a study of karma, which gives it a very different foundation compared to Greek astrology. In addition to this, the predictive techniques such as Dashas (planetary and sign-based time periods), Vargas (harmonic divisions of the horoscope) are not that evolved in Greek astrology.
  • 2.8K
  • 27 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Significance of the Langat River Basin, Malaysia
Approximately 2986 river basins can be found in Malaysia, but only 189 of them are viewed as significant basins dependent on the region of the basin that is >80 km2. IRBM has many cross-cutting concerns, thus accomplishing a sound IRBM will connect practically all the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Langat is the UNESCO HELP (Hydrology for the Environment, Life, and Policy) River Basin in Malaysia, and distinct in its attributes because of its flow through three distinct constituencies. Langat River Basin is among the HELP basins from the 91 river basins globally, 26 river basins in the Asia Pacific region, and 3 from the south-east Asia region.
  • 2.8K
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Social Mobility
Social mobility refers to the movement of individuals or groups within a social hierarchy, typically involving changes in socioeconomic status, occupational attainment, or educational attainment across generations or within a single lifetime. It encompasses upward mobility, where individuals ascend to higher social positions, as well as downward mobility, where individuals experience a decline in social status. Social mobility reflects the fluidity and dynamism of social structures, influenced by factors such as meritocracy, education, economic opportunity, and social policies.
  • 2.8K
  • 26 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Contaminations in Ion-Adsorption Type Rare Earths Tailings
Rare earth elements, particularly middle and heavy rare earth, are among the most valuable resources in the pursuit of a greener economy. The production of middle and heavy rare earth elements heavily relies on ion adsorption, which constitutes over 80% of global output and is centered in southern China. Unfortunately, the extensive mining activities have led to severe environmental pollution, resource depletion, and risks to human health.
  • 2.8K
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Blank and Null Voting Paradox
The Blank and Null Voting Paradox or the Blank and Null Support is a generalized suboptimal support of invalid votes and deliberate abstentions misrepresenting the results in a plurality runoff (two-round) election by choosing a pseudo-Condorcet loser candidate. Nepomuceno and Costa (2019) provided some evidence of this suboptimal support in the 2014 Brazilian national elections by constructing a pairwise comparison with 3,010 voting intension interviews conducted in 204 Brazilian cities. The authors suggested that the 2016 historical impeachment of the Brazilian president Dilma Rousseff can be associated with this weak legitimate representation. This should not be confused with Fishburn and Brams (1983) no-show paradox, which states that the removal of a ballot, or the absence of a voter, might change the outcome of an election to a more preferable choice for that voter than if he or she decided to vote sincerely according to his/her preferences. In the Blank and Null Support, some results end up a worse outcome for the voter, and this outcome hardly could have been made by a strategic decision.
  • 2.8K
  • 02 May 2021
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