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Topic Review
List of Minerals I (Complete)
This list includes those recognised minerals beginning with the letter I. The International Mineralogical Association is the international group that recognises new minerals and new mineral names, however minerals discovered before 1959 did not go through the official naming procedure, although some minerals published previously have been either confirmed or discredited since that date. This list contains a mixture of mineral names that have been approved since 1959 and those mineral names believed to still refer to valid mineral species (these are called "grandfathered" species). The list is divided into groups: The data was exported from mindat.org on 29 April 2005; updated up to 'IMA2018'. The minerals are sorted by name, followed by the structural group (rruff.info/ima and ima-cnmnc by mineralienatlas.de, mainly) or chemical class (mindat.org and basics), the year of publication (if it's before of an IMA approval procedure), the IMA approval and the Nickel–Strunz code. The first link is to mindat.org, the second link is to webmineral.com, and the third is to the Handbook of Mineralogy (Mineralogical Society of America).
  • 2.8K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Pseudoplatystoma Catfishes in the Neotropics
Species of the genus Pseudoplatystoma, the long-whiskered catfishes, are important in commercial and recreational fisheries in South America, and some species have become key to regional aquaculture. Some species of the genus are under pressure due to overfishing and the negative impacts of dams. 
  • 2.8K
  • 14 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Glutathione
Glutathione refers to the small molecule protein consisting of three amino acids - glycine, cysteine, and glutamine.
  • 2.8K
  • 01 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Social Vulnerability of Landslide Hazard
Landslides represent one of the world’s most dangerous and widespread risks, annually causing thousands of deaths and billions of dollars worth of damage. Building on and around hilly areas in many regions has increased, and it poses a severe threat to the physical infrastructure and people living within such zones. Quantitative assessment of social vulnerability is worrying because it has been given less attention than hazard-related studies.
  • 2.8K
  • 15 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Early Follicles
Early follicles' development, especially the activation of primordial follicles, is strictly modulated by a network of signaling pathways. Recent advance in ovarian physiology has been allowed the development of several therapies to improve reproductive outcomes by manipulating early folliculogenesis. Among these, in vitro activation (IVA) has been recently developed to extend the possibility of achieving genetically related offspring for patients with premature ovarian insufficiency and ovarian dysfunction. This method was established based on basic science studies of the intraovarian signaling pathways: the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and the Hippo signaling pathways. These two pathways were found to play crucial roles in folliculogenesis from the primordial follicle to the early antral follicle. Following the results of rodent experiments, IVA was implemented in clinical practice. There have been multiple recorded live births and ongoing pregnancies. Further investigations are essential to confirm the efficacy and safety of IVA before used widely in clinics.
  • 2.8K
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Synthesis Procedures of Porphyrin-Based Metal–Organic Frameworks
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs)—typically formed from metal ions/clusters bridged by multidentate ligands in an extended framework—have provided solutions to tackle challenges in areas such as catalysis. By either integrating porphyrins/metalloporphyrins inside pores freely in situ or by grafting on the surface using post-synthetic methods and/or as part of the network component, porphyrin-based MOFs could be easily constructed.
  • 2.8K
  • 24 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Gender-bias in Medical Diagnosis
Gender-biased diagnosing is a controversial sociological observation which asserts that medical and psychological diagnosis may be influenced by the gender of the patient. Several studies have found evidence of differential diagnosis for patients with similar ailments but of different sexes.
  • 2.8K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Sacituzumab Govitecan in Breast Cancer
Sacituzumab govitecan (SG) is a third-generation antibody-drug conjugate, consisting of an anti-Trop-2 monoclonal antibody (hRS7), a hydrolyzable linker, and a cytotoxin (SN38), which inhibits topoisomerase 1. Specific pharmacological features, such as the high antibody to payload ratio, the ultra-toxic nature of SN38, and the capacity to kill surrounding tumor cells (the bystander effect), make SG a very promising drug for cancer treatment.
  • 2.8K
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Risk Factors of Glioblastoma Multiforme
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most aggressive malignancies and also the most common malignant primary tumor of the brain and central nervous system, accounting for 14.5% of all central nervous system tumors and 48.6% of malignant central nervous system tumors. The median overall survival (OS) of GBM patients is low, at only 15 months.
  • 2.8K
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Disability in Israel
Disability rights in Israel are based among the rest upon disabillity pensions, accessibility regulations, therapy, special education, sheltered workshop and assisted living. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the disabled people in Israel, with a population of 250,000, have managed to equalize the disability pension from the Bituah Leumi (National Insurance Institute of Israel) to the minimum wage level in Israel. As of 2017, the struggle was made by demonstrations, blocking main roads, highways and industries, activity in social networking services, petitions to the High Court of Justice, negotiations with the Government of Israel and bills in the Knesset. In 2017, a full disability pension was 2,342 ILS. The minimum wage in this year was 5,000 ILS, and in December 2017 it went up to 5,300 ILS per month.
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  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Casein Micelles for Bioactives
Caseins and casein micelles are the most prevalent amphiphilic proteins that are widely used to make stabilised emulsions. Caseins can adsorb at the oil–water interface, thus having a high surface activity during homogenisation, processing and storage by preventing coalescence in emulsions under different conditions, such as pH, temperature, structure elasticity and aggregation. Because of these properties, casein is now used to deliver different hydrophobic bioactive in emulsion-based drug delivery systems.
  • 2.8K
  • 16 Sep 2021
Biography
Petr Ufimtsev
Pyotr Yakovlevich Ufimtsev (Russian: Пётр Я́ковлевич Уфи́мцев) (born 1931 in Ust-Charyshskaya Pristan, West Siberian Krai, now Altai Krai) is a Soviet/Russian physicist and mathematician, considered the seminal force behind modern stealth aircraft technology. In the 1960s he began developing equations for predicting the reflection of electromagnetic waves from simple two-di
  • 2.8K
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Small-Scale Rice Processing in Nigeria
Rice processing is an important part of Nigeria’s agricultural sector and has the potential to bring significant value to the country. Rice is a staple food in Nigeria and an important food and calorie source for the population.
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  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Unlicensed Massive Machine Type Communications
Machine-type communications (MTC) is a non-human centric concept introduced under the umbrella of IoT for the future communications technology, 5G, which can support a high number of connectivity in the network and can provide different quality of services.
  • 2.8K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Environmental Performance Index
The Environmental Performance Index (EPI) developed by Yale University is regarded as an all-inclusive proxy to examine the country’s environmental conditions. Ozturk et al. also argued that CO2 emissions only cover a small part of the total environmental pollution. The recently revised EPI of 2020 comprises 32 performance indicators across 11 issue categories. It ranks countries under two domains, environmental health and ecosystem vitality, which demonstrate the environmental pollution impacts on human health and also the effects that ensue on the ecosystem through environmental pollution. The Environmental Health Index (HLT) measures the quality of air, water, and exposure to heavy metals. The Ecosystem Vitality Index (ECO) considers issues such as climate change and biodiversity. 
  • 2.8K
  • 16 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Additive Manufacturing of High Entropy Alloys
Alloying has been very common practice in materials engineering to fabricate metals of desirable properties for specific applications. Traditionally, a small amount of the desired material is added to the principal metal. However, a new alloying technique emerged in 2004 with the concept of adding several principal elements in or near equi-atomic concentrations. These are popularly known as high entropy alloys (HEAs) which can have a wide composition range.
  • 2.8K
  • 15 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Tanks in France
French development into tanks began during World War I as an effort to overcome the stalemate of trench warfare, and largely at the initiative of the manufacturers. The Schneider CA1 was the first tank produced by France, and 400 units were built. The French also experimented with various tank designs, such as the Frot-Laffly landship, Boirault machine and Souain experiment. Another 400 Saint-Chamond tanks were manufactured from April 1917 to July 1918, however these tanks were largely underpowered and of limited utility due to the design of the caterpillar tracks, which were too short in comparison with the tank's length and weight. The most significant French tank development during the war was the Renault FT light tank, which set the general layout for future tank designs and was used or redesigned by various military forces, including those of the United States.
  • 2.8K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Biography
Barry Voight
Barry Voight (/vɔɪt/; born 1937) is an American geologist, volcanologist, author, and engineer. After earning his Ph.D. at Columbia University, Voight worked as a professor of geology at several universities, including Pennsylvania State University, where he taught from 1964 until his retirement in 2005. He remains an emeritus professor there and still conducts research, focusing on rock mecha
  • 2.8K
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Significance of the Langat River Basin, Malaysia
Approximately 2986 river basins can be found in Malaysia, but only 189 of them are viewed as significant basins dependent on the region of the basin that is >80 km2. IRBM has many cross-cutting concerns, thus accomplishing a sound IRBM will connect practically all the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Langat is the UNESCO HELP (Hydrology for the Environment, Life, and Policy) River Basin in Malaysia, and distinct in its attributes because of its flow through three distinct constituencies. Langat River Basin is among the HELP basins from the 91 river basins globally, 26 river basins in the Asia Pacific region, and 3 from the south-east Asia region.
  • 2.8K
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
The Ecumene: A Research Program for Future Knowledge and Governance
The ecumene defines a beyond-border space of strong cultural encounters, flows, and merging, grounded within the traditions of world-systems, globalization, transnationalism, and cosmopolitanism discourses. Furthermore, the ecumene links directly with international regions as core political platforms in the making. As such, there are several ecumenes on the forefront, as evidenced by the literature, which can be clustered into ideal types. Epistemologically, it is a relevant concept and tool for a science-of-the-future that focuses on conviviality and transformation for the yet-to-come. Analytically, the ecumene has a descriptive, normative, and critical dimension, and can be empirically accessed through operational concepts such as triggers, hubs, and types of beyond-border conviviality. To apply the ecumene as a research program means to detect convivial common-sense spaces within the global context.
  • 2.8K
  • 04 Jun 2024
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