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Topic Review
The Domestication and Dispersal of Large-Fruiting Prunus spp.
The Prunus genus contains many of the most economically significant arboreal crops, cultivated globally, today. Despite the economic significance of these domesticated species, the pre-cultivation ranges, processes of domestication, and routes of prehistoric dispersal for all of the economically significant species remain unresolved. Among the European plums, even the taxonomic classification has been heavily debated over the past several decades. 
  • 1.9K
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Sport During Franco’s Technocracy: From Propaganda to Development
Sport in Spain during the dictatorship of Francisco Franco (1939–1975) underwent significant evolution across three distinct political phases: autarky, the technocratic stage, and late Francoism. Each of these periods was characterized by different approaches and uses of sport within the regime’s political structure. In the early years, sport was primarily employed as a tool for propaganda and social control, aligning with the authoritarian values of the state. Subsequently, with the rise of technocrats in the 1960s, reforms were implemented to promote the structural development of the sports system, fostering its modernization and the creation of specialized institutions. Finally, in the late Francoist period, sport became an instrument for international projection, as Spain increased its participation in international competitions and hosted sporting events. This entry analyzes the primary governmental initiatives for the organization and promotion of sport during the Franco regime, with particular attention to the administrative roles played by figures such as José Antonio Elola-Olaso and Juan Antonio Samaranch in the evolving structure of the Spanish sports system. Through an analysis based on documentary sources, it provides a comprehensive overview of Francoist sports policies, their objectives, and their impact on Spanish society. In this regard, sport under Franco’s rule was not only a means of political control but also laid the foundation for the later professionalization and globalization of Spanish sport.
  • 1.9K
  • 06 Jun 2025
Topic Review
The Modified Phenanthridine PJ34
This entry summarizes recent data disclosing the efficacy of the modified phenanthridine PJ34 in exclusive eradication of a variety of human cancer cells without impairing healthy proliferating cells. Its cytotoxic activity in cancer cells is attributed to the insertion of specific un-repairable anomalies in the structure of their mitotic spindle, leading to mitotic catastrophe cell death. 
  • 1.9K
  • 19 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Proteomics Landscape of Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia; however, the precise pathophysiology of the disease has not been elucidated yet. Thus, understanding the disease pathology, as well as identification and development of valid biomarkers, are necessary for identifying therapeutic targets and early diagnosis as well as for monitoring disease progression. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics studies on clinical specimens, in-vitro and in-vivo models of AD has greatly aided such efforts.
  • 1.9K
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Anion Exchange Membranes with Inorganic Fillers
Anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFC) are clean energy conversion devices that are an attractive alternative to the more common proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), because they present, among others, the advantage of not using noble metals like platinum as catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. The AEMs are the central element of many technologically relevant devices, first and foremost alkaline membrane fuel cells (FC). These fuel cells can significantly reduce the amount of noble metal catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and may represent the future of FC development.
  • 1.9K
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Degenerated Intervertebral Discs
Degenerative disc disease (DDD) is one of the most common findings in CLBP patients. DDD is an inflammatory–catabolic process triggered by a long list of genetic, mechanical, and environmental factors that ultimately leads to the resorption of the IVD.
  • 1.9K
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Pasta-Making Process
Pasta is an increasingly popular food worldwide and different formulations have been developed to improve its nutritional profile.  When alternative raw materials are used, an understanding of the relationship between processing variables and pasta quality is crucial in order to optimize the redesign of the production process. 
  • 1.9K
  • 22 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Silver Nanoparticles for Waste Water Management
Rapidly increasing industrialisation has human needs, but the consequences have added to the environmental harm. The pollution caused by several industries, including the dye industries, generates a large volume of wastewater containing dyes and hazardous chemicals that drains industrial effluents. The growing demand for readily available water, as well as the problem of polluted organic waste in reservoirs and streams, is a critical challenge for proper and sustainable development. Remediation has resulted in the need for an appropriate alternative to clear up the implications. Nanotechnology is an efficient and effective path to improve wastewater treatment/remediation. The effective surface properties and chemical activity of nanoparticles give them a better chance to remove or degrade the dye material from wastewater treatment. AgNPs (silver nanoparticles) are an efficient nanoparticle for the treatment of dye effluent that have been explored in many studies. The antimicrobial activity of AgNPs against several pathogens is well-recognised in the health and agriculture sectors.
  • 1.9K
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a hematopoetic growth factor that is released in response to infection or inflammation to stimulate hematopoetic stem cells to proliferate and generate colonies of differentiated neutrophils. In the therapeutic setting major applications of administration of recombinant G-CSG include: 1) treatment of cyclic and chronic neutropenias; 2) attenuation of the magnitude and duration of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in cancer patients and 3) mobilization of hematopoetic progenitor cells into peripheral blood to be harvested for stem cell transplantation.
  • 1.9K
  • 02 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Layers
Molecular imprinting (MI) is the most available and known method to produce artificial recognition sites, similar to antibodies, inside or at the surface of a polymeric material.
  • 1.9K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Equinox (Celestial Coordinates)
In astronomy, an equinox is either of two places on the celestial sphere at which the ecliptic intersects the celestial equator. Although there are two intersections of the ecliptic with the celestial equator, by convention, the equinox associated with the Sun's ascending node is used as the origin of celestial coordinate systems and referred to simply as "the equinox". In contrast to the common usage of spring/vernal and autumnal equinoxes, the celestial coordinate system equinox is a direction in space rather than a moment in time. In a cycle of about 25,800 years, the equinox moves westward with respect to the celestial sphere because of perturbing forces; therefore, in order to define a coordinate system, it is necessary to specify the date for which the equinox is chosen. This date should not be confused with the epoch. Astronomical objects show real movements such as orbital and proper motions, and the epoch defines the date for which the position of an object applies. Therefore, a complete specification of the coordinates for an astronomical object requires both the date of the equinox and of the epoch. The currently used standard equinox and epoch is J2000.0, which is January 1, 2000 at 12:00 TT. The prefix "J" indicates that it is a Julian epoch. The previous standard equinox and epoch was B1950.0, with the prefix "B" indicating it was a Besselian epoch. Before 1984 Besselian equinoxes and epochs were used. Since that time Julian equinoxes and epochs have been used.
  • 1.9K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Virtual Synchrony
Virtual synchrony is an interprocess message passing (sometimes called ordered, reliable multicast) technology. Virtual synchrony systems allow programs running in a network to organize themselves into process groups, and to send messages to groups (as opposed to sending them to specific processes). Each message is delivered to all the group members, in the identical order, and this is true even when two messages are transmitted simultaneously by different senders. Application design and implementation is greatly simplified by this property: every group member sees the same events (group membership changes and incoming messages) in the same order. A virtually synchronous service is typically implemented using a style of programming called state machine replication, in which a service is first implemented using a single program that receives inputs from clients through some form of remote message passing infrastructure, then enters a new state and responds in a deterministic manner. The initial implementation is then transformed so that multiple instances of the program can be launched on different machines, using a virtually synchronous message passing system to replicate the incoming messages over the members. The replicas will see the same events in the same order, and are in the same states, hence they will make the same state transitions and remain in a consistent state. The replication of the service provides a form of fault-tolerance: if a replica fails (by crashing), the others remain and can continue to provide responses. Different members of the replica group can also be programmed to subdivide the workload, typically by using the group membership to determine their respective roles. This permits a group of N members to run as much as N times faster than a single member, or to handle N times as many requests, while continuing to offer fault-tolerance in the event of a crash. Virtual synchrony is distinguished from classical state machine replication because the model includes features whereby a programmer can request early (optimistic) delivery of messages, or relaxed forms of ordering. When used appropriately, these features can enable substantial speedup. However, the programmer needs to be sure that the relaxation of guarantees will not compromise correctness. For example, in a service that uses locking to protect concurrently updated data, the messaging system can be instructed to use an inexpensive form of message ordering, in which the messaging system respects the ordering in which individual senders send messages (FIFO guarantee) but does not attempt to impose an agreed order if messages are sent concurrently by different senders. Provided that the sender indeed held locks on the data, it can be shown that FIFO ordering suffices for correctness. The benefit is that FIFO ordering is much less costly to implement than total ordering for concurrent messages. To give another example, by delivering messages optimistically, virtual synchrony systems can outperform the Paxos that is normally required for implementation of state machine replication: Paxos normally requires a 2-phase protocol, whereas optimistic virtual synchrony protocols can deliver messages immediately upon their arrival. However, this could result in a violation of the safety property of the state machine replication model. To prevent such problems, the programmer who uses this feature is required to invoke a primitive called flush, which delays the caller until any optimistically delivered messages have reached all of the group members. Provided that the programmer understands this behavior and is careful to call flush before interacting with external clients or persistent storage, higher performance can be achieved without loss of safety. The flexibility associated with these limited forms of event reordering and optimistic early delivery permit virtual synchrony platforms to achieve extremely high data rates while still preserving very strong fault-tolerance and consistency guarantees.
  • 1.9K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Nature-Based Solutions
Application of Nature-based solutions face challenges and barriers. It is a recent concept that includes social and economic factors besides the environmental factors for successful and rapid implementation. Thus, the human component—indeed, stakeholder engagement is essential to the success of such initiatives. This literature review provide a complete picture of public participation in NBS processes. The objective was to understand the perceptions, preferences, and perspectives of different actors, the participation drivers and motivations, the participation methods and frameworks, the collaborative governance, and the participation challenges and opportunities in implementation of nature-based solutions in urban areas. 
  • 1.9K
  • 20 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Barley Grass
Barley grass (Hordeum murinum L. spp. glaucum and Hordeum murinum L. subsp. leporinum) typically invades southern Australian cropland, pastures, and disturbed sites, especially on high-phosphorus and -nitrogen soils and competes successfully against common pasture legumes, such as lucerne, reducing the productive life of these pastures and of subsequent grain crops.
  • 1.9K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway
The PI3K/AKT/mTOR complex is a signaling pathway with a major role in essential cellular activities, such as: cell metabolism, cell growth, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis.
  • 1.9K
  • 12 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Big Data
Big data has become a very frequent research topic, due to the increase in data availability. Here we make the linkage between the use of big data and Econophysics, a research field which uses a large amount of data and deals with complex systems.
  • 1.9K
  • 25 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Phytogenic Substances for Gut Health
The gut microbiota has been designated as a hidden metabolic ‘organ’ because of its enormous impact on host metabolism, physiology, nutrition, and immune function. The connection between the intestinal microbiota and their respective host animals is dynamic and, in general, mutually beneficial. This complicated interaction is seen as a determinant of health and disease; thus, intestinal dysbiosis is linked with several metabolic diseases. Therefore, tractable strategies targeting the regulation of intestinal microbiota can control several diseases that are closely related to inflammatory and metabolic disorders. As a result, animal health and performance are improved. One of these strategies is related to dietary supplementation with prebiotics, probiotics, and phytogenic substances. These supplements exert their effects indirectly through manipulation of gut microbiota quality and improvement in intestinal epithelial barrier. 
  • 1.9K
  • 16 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence and Firm Performance
Developments in computer science, robotics, machine learning, and data accumulation have facilitated the application of advanced technologies in businesses. Among the cutting-edge technologies, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has gained growing attention in different sectors of society, industry, and business. The unprecedented novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has brought massive uncertainty and has negatively impacted health care, economy, population mobility, and numerous industries, including tourism, aviation, manufacturing, education, and other business sectors. The halted production, supply chain disruption, and shrinking customer activity led to a decline in company revenues and negatively affected corporate performance and the world economy.
  • 1.9K
  • 02 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Drone Cyber Attack Detection through Machine Learning
A smart city comprises a number of integrated components that enable its functioning and rendering of automated services to its citizens. Data generated by smart city components is facilitated for transmission across the ICT network to the next hop devices of the communication network topology. Data collection on a large scale is referred to as data volume. Analytics of collected data is contingent on the level of urgency and the computational capabilities of the controllers, edge devices and the geographic proximity of these to the central cloud platform. For instance, IoT data obtained from curb-side sensors will have to be communicated to the next hop edge device, whereupon further data processing can take place in the cloud. Data volume at a large scale is constantly communicated from resource-constrained devices, including drones, to a central cloud, for processing and subsequent decision making. Artificial Intelligence (AI) plays a significant role in accurate decision making from collected data in a smart city platform.
  • 1.9K
  • 02 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Zinc and Selenium Mitigate Abiotic Stresses in Plants
Abiotic stress factors are considered a serious threat to various growth parameters of crop plants. Stressors such as drought, salinity, and heavy metals (HMs) hamper the chlorophyll content in plants, resulting in low photosynthesis, hinder the integrity of cell membranes, reduce biomass, and overall growth and development of crops which ultimately results in the sharp decline of crop yield. Under such stressful conditions, various strategies are employed to overcome hazardous effects. Application of Zinc (Zn) or Selenium (Se) in different forms is an effective way to alleviate the abiotic stresses in plants. Zn and Se play a pivotal role in enhancing the chlorophyll level to improve photosynthesis, reducing oxidative stress by limiting reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, controlling HMs absorption by plant roots and their accumulation in the plant body, maintaining homeostasis, and alleviating all the detrimental effects caused by abiotic stress factors.
  • 1.9K
  • 20 Oct 2022
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