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Biography
Daina Taimina
Daina Taimiņa (born August 19, 1954)[1] is a Latvian mathematician, currently adjunct associate professor at Cornell University, known for crocheting objects to illustrate hyperbolic space. Taimina received all her formal education in Riga, Latvia, where in 1977 she graduated summa cum laude from the University of Latvia and completed her graduate work in theoretical computer science (superv
  • 1.9K
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Industry 4.0 in Africa
The fourth industrial revolution presents an upspring opportunity for the African continent to adopt technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, internet-enabled industrial platforms, 3D printing, robotics, nanotechnology, and blockchains. This is more so because the past three industrial revolutions saw the African continent being left out of its opportunities despite its affluent population and natural resources. Africa stands to benefit from industrial development, digitalization, and greater integration, which would result in more excellent opportunities for the growing youthful populations.
  • 1.9K
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review
All-Solid-State Batteries
       All-solid-state batteries (SSBs) are one of the most fascinating next-generation energy storage systems that can provide improved energy density and safety for a wide range of applications from portable electronics to electric vehicles. The development of SSBs was accelerated by the discovery of new materials and the design of nanostructures. In particular, advances in the growth of thin-film battery materials facilitated the development of all solid-state thin-film batteries (SSTFBs)—expanding their applications to microelectronics such as flexible devices and implantable medical devices. However, critical challenges still remain, such as low ionic conductivity of solid electrolytes, interfacial instability and difficulty in controlling thin-film growth. In this review, we discuss the evolution of electrode and electrolyte materials for lithium-based batteries and their adoption in SSBs and SSTFBs. We highlight novel design strategies of bulk and thin-film materials to solve the issues in lithium-based batteries. We also focus on the important advances in thin-film electrodes, electrolytes and interfacial layers with the aim of providing insight into the future design of batteries. Furthermore, various thin-film fabrication techniques are also covered in this review.
  • 1.9K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Freeze-Drying
 Freeze-dried materials are especially recommended for the production of spices, coffee, dried snacks from fruits and vegetables and food for military or space shuttles, as well as for the preparation of food powders and microencapsulation of food ingredients.
  • 1.9K
  • 14 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Pipe Fitting
Pipe fitting or pipefitting is the occupation of installing or repairing piping or tubing systems that convey liquid, gas, and occasionally solid materials. This work involves selecting and preparing pipe or tubing, joining it together by various means, and the location and repair of leaks. Pipe fitting work is done in many different settings: HVAC, manufacturing, hydraulics, refineries, nuclear-powered supercarriers and fast-attack submarines, computer chip fabrication plants, power plant construction, and other steam systems. Pipe fitters (sometimes called simply "fitters") are represented in the US and Canada by the United Association of Journeymen and Apprentices of the Plumbing and Pipe Fitting Industry of the United States and Canada. Pipefitters work with a variety of pipe and tubing materials including several types of steel, copper, iron, aluminium, and plastic. Pipe fitting is not plumbing; the two are related but separate trades. Pipe fitters who specialize in fire prevention are called Sprinklerfitters, another related, but separate trade. Materials, techniques, and usages vary from country to country as different nations have different standards to install pipe.
  • 1.9K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Beneficial Roles of Fungi
Besides plants and animals, the Fungi kingdom describes several species characterized by various forms and applications. They can be found in all habitats and play an essential role in the excellent functioning of the ecosystem, for example, as decomposers of plant material for the cycling of carbon and nutrients or as symbionts of plants. Furthermore, fungi have been used in many sectors for centuries, from producing food, beverages, and medications. 
  • 1.9K
  • 28 Jun 2023
Topic Review
The Impact of ERP on Business Efficiency
This entry examines the impact of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems on business efficiency and productivity. We will delve into how ERP streamlines workflows, improves data accessibility, and ultimately enhances a company's overall operational effectiveness. By understanding these aspects, businesses can gain valuable insights into the potential of ERP to transform their operations and achieve a competitive edge.
  • 1.9K
  • 02 Jan 2025
Topic Review
Gaseous Emissions from the Composting Process
Compost can be used in agricultural activities due to its various positive impacts on the physical and chemical properties of the soil, meanwhile reducing utilization of inorganic fertilizers. Composting has also negative environmental impacts, some of them of social concern. This is the case of composting atmospheric emissions, especially in the case of greenhouse gases (GHG) and certain families of volatile organic compounds (VOC). 
  • 1.9K
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Mineral Fertilizers
Soil is a strategic resource and a vital part of the environment, being the main source of agricultural products. The human race receives about 95% of food products in the form of crops from cultivated land. The main task of land users is to preserve and increase soil fertility and then increase the productivity of agrocenoses and protect agroecosystems from pollution. The optimal physiological development of plants is ensured by adequate nutrition, primarily mineral nutrition. In the majority of soils, mineral salts are present in sufficient quantities. If not, their need for minerals can be fulfilled with mineral fertilizers.
  • 1.9K
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
Organizational Health
Organizations are perceived as having a unique identity by their employees, and this new identity has the potential to influence employee behavior. According to the concept of organizational health, employees are dedicated to their organizations, their roles are defined and valuable, and they experience exceptional performance and a sense of belonging to their work. To build a healthy society, health organizations must be established that are defined by continuity, survival in their environment, adaptation, and upgrading and growing their adaptive potential.
  • 1.9K
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Glyoxalase System
Dicarbonyl compounds, including methylglyoxal (MGO) and glyoxal (GO), are mainly formed as byproducts of glucose metabolism. The main glyoxalase system consists of glyoxalase I and II (Glo1 and Glo2) and is the main enzyme involved in the detoxification of dicarbonyl stress, which occurs as an accumulation of MGO or GO due to decreased activity or expression of Glo1. Dicarbonyl stress is a major cause of cellular and tissue dysfunction that causes various health issues, including diabetes, aging, and cancer. 
  • 1.9K
  • 22 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Steganography and Steganalysis in VoIP
The rapid advance and popularization of VoIP (Voice over IP) has also brought security issues. VoIP-based secure voice communication has two sides: first, for legitimate users, the secret voice can be embedded in the carrier and transmitted safely in the channel to prevent privacy leakage and ensure data security; second, for illegal users, the use of VoIP Voice communication hides and transmits illegal information, leading to security incidents. Therefore, in recent years, steganography and steganography analysis based on VoIP have gradually become research hotspots in the field of information security. Steganography and steganalysis based on VoIP can be divided into two categories, depending on where the secret information is embedded: steganography and steganalysis based on voice payload or protocol. The former mainly regards voice payload as the carrier, and steganography or steganalysis is performed with respect to the payload. It can be subdivided into steganography and steganalysis based on FBC (fixed codebook), LPC (linear prediction coefficient), and ACB (adaptive codebook). The latter uses various protocols as the carrier and performs steganography or steganalysis with respect to some fields of the protocol header and the timing of the voice packet. It can be divided into steganography and steganalysis based on the network layer, the transport layer, and the application layer. Recent research results of steganography and steganalysis based on protocol and voice payload are classified in this paper, and the paper also summarizes their characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages. The development direction of future research is analyzed. Therefore, this research can provide good help and guidance for researchers in related fields. 
  • 1.9K
  • 17 Sep 2024
Topic Review
Sustainable Catalytic Pyranopyrazole Scaffolds’ Synthesis
Heterocycles are important components of many natural materials and are extremely valuable in organic and medicinal chemistry. Among the heterocyclic entities, pyranopyrazole moieties have demonstrated remarkable biochemical behaviours and activities which provide a versatile skeleton for drug innovation. Hence, many nitrogen-based, fused structures have been incorporated as building blocks of various pharmacological potent scaffolds. Pyranopyrazoles are known for their anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, cholinesterase-inhibiting, antibacterial and anticancer activities, as well as for their efficacy in treating Alzheimer’s disease. Because of this, several cost-effective synthetic protocols for synthesising pyranopyrazole derivatives—utilising less expensive substrates, reusable catalysts, and eco-friendly solvents—have been developed.
  • 1.9K
  • 10 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Definitions of BIM by Organizations and Standards
The first documented representation of the concept of BIM—“building information modelling” was a scientific article by Giles A. (Sander) van Nederveen and Frits P. Tolman, which so named the techniques for multi-faceted representation of a building using views of its model.
  • 1.9K
  • 27 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Zika Virus
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emergent arthropod-borne virus whose outbreak in Brazil has brought major public health problems. Infected individuals have different symptoms, including rash and pruritus, which can be relieved by the administration of antiallergics. In the case of pregnant women, ZIKV can cross the placenta and infect the fetus leading to congenital defects. We have identified that mast cells in the placentae of patients who had Zika during pregnancy can be infected. This led to our investigation on the possible role of mast cells during a ZIKV infection, using the HMC-1 cell line. We analyzed their permissiveness to infection, release of mediators and ultrastructural changes. Flow cytometry detection of ZIKV-NS1 expression 24h post infection in 45.3% of cells showed that HMC-1 cells are permissive to ZIKV infection. Following infection, β-hexosaminidase was measured in the supernatant of the cells with a notable release at 30 min. In addition, an increase in TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 and VEGF levels were measured at 6h and 24h post infection. Lastly, different intracellular changes were observed in an ultrastructural analysis of infected cells. Our findings suggest that mast cells may represent an important source of mediators that can activate other immune cell types during a ZIKV infection, which has the potential to being a major contributor in the spread of the virus in cases of vertical transmission.
  • 1.9K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Crossover Effect in Cement-Based Materials
Cement-based materials (CBMs) such as pastes, mortars and concretes are the most frequently used building materials in the present construction industry. Cement hydration, along with the resulting compressive strength in these materials, is dependent on curing temperature, methods and duration. A concrete subjected to an initial higher curing temperature undergoes accelerated hydration by resulting in non-uniform scattering of the hydration products and consequently creating a great porosity at later ages. This phenomenon is called crossover effect (COE). The COE may occur even at early ages between seven to 10 days for Portland cements with various mineral compositions. Compressive strength and other mechanical properties are important for the long life of concrete structures, so any reduction in these properties is of great concern to engineers.  COE phenomenon was reported in the literature. However, based on the data reported in some papers, COE could be observed while the authors did not highlight and discuss this phenomenon in the publications.  This study is a broad literature review on this phenomenon based on the existing published papers and try to identify this phenomenon in the other published papers those could not discover and discuss about it in the study. In addition, this paper tries to further explain about COE, reason and mechanisms and methods to overcome this drawback in concrete/mortar.    
  • 1.9K
  • 25 Oct 2020
Biography
Faheem Hussain
Faheem Hussain (31 July 1942 – 29 September 2009), was a Pakistani theoretical physicist and a professor of physics at the Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS). A research scientist in the field of superstring theory at the National Center for Physics,[1] Hussain made contributions to the fields of superstring and string theory. He was the first Pakistani physicist to publish a rese
  • 1.9K
  • 27 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Metal-Organic Frameworks-Based Sensors for Food Safety
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of crystalline porous materials systems structured by using metals linked together by organic bridging ligands.
  • 1.9K
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Reggiane Re.2005
The Reggiane Re.2005 Sagittario (English: Archer, Sagittarius) was an Italian monoplane fighter and fighter-bomber produced for the Regia Aeronautica during the later years of World War II. Along with the Macchi C.202/C.205 and Fiat G.55, the Reggiane Re.2005 was one of the three Serie 5 Italian fighters. The lines of the fuselage were aerodynamically efficient, and the design was intended to exploit the famous Daimler-Benz DB 605 engine. The only drawback was a certain structural weakness in the rear section of the fuselage. Only 48 examples had been delivered before the Armistice, and these fighters took part in the defence of Naples, Rome and Sicily, with the survivors battling above the crumbling ruins of Berlin, in German insignia. British ace and military observer, Group Captain Duncan Smith, DSO DFC, said that "The Re.2005 was altogether a superb, potent aeroplane".
  • 1.9K
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
BSAVE (Bitmap Format)
A BSAVE Image (aka "BSAVED Image") as it is referenced in a graphics program is an image file format created usually by saving raw video memory to disk (sometimes but not always in a BASIC program using the BSAVE command). The BASIC BSAVE command is a general command meant for dumping ranges of memory addresses to disk. Data could be recalled using the counterpart BLOAD command. Some platforms provided a BRUN command that would immediately attempt to execute the loaded RAM image as a program. BSAVE was in general use as a file format when the IBM PC was introduced. It was also in general use on the Apple II in the same time period. Although the commands were available on the Commodore PET line, they were removed from the later (and more popular) Commodore 64 and VIC-20 computers. In 1985 the Commodore 128 was released with Commodore BASIC version 7.0 which restored the BSAVE and BLOAD commands.
  • 1.9K
  • 22 Nov 2022
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