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Topic Review
Homo-Oligomeric Proteins
Protein homo-oligomerization is a very common phenomenon, and approximately half of proteins form homo-oligomeric assemblies composed of identical subunits. Many proteins have a natural tendency to self-associate into homo-oligomeric protein complexes, also termed homomers, which are composed of two or more identical subunits. According to the estimation, 30–50% of all proteins oligomerize. In addition, analysis of protein crystal structures demonstrated that roughly 45% of eukaryotic proteins and 60% of prokaryotic proteins that are deposited as single polypeptide chains also exist in a form of homo-oligomeric complex. 
  • 2.1K
  • 23 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Biosynthesis Pathway and Metabolism of Isoflavones
Isoflavones have been widely studied and have attracted extensive attention in fields ranging from chemotaxonomy and plant physiology to human nutrition and medicine. Isoflavones are often divided into three subgroups: simple O-substituted derivatives, prenylated derivatives, and glycosides. Simple O-substituted isoflavones and their glycosides, such as daidzein (daidzin), genistein (genistin), glycitein (glycitin), biochanin A (astroside), and formononetin (ononin), are the most common ingredients in legumes and are considered as phytoestrogens for daily dietary hormone replacement therapy due to their structural similarity to 17-β-estradiol. On the basis of the known estrogen-like potency, these above isoflavones possess multiple pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-angiogenetic, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, antilipidemic, anti-osteoporotic, and neuroprotective activities. 
  • 2.0K
  • 22 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Src Non-Receptor Tyrosine Kinase
Src non-receptor tyrosine kinase phosphorylates a variety of protein substrates that perform specific cellular functions. Activity of Src is regulated by a variety of stimuli and the Src protein is subjected to several types of post-translational modifications including lipidation, phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitylation, sumoylation and oxidation. In particular, p-Tyr416 Src has been known to be an active form while p-Tyr527 Src is an inactive form through autoinhibition by binding to Src SH2 own domain.
  • 2.0K
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
Development of Single-cell RNA Sequencing
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology provides a powerful tool for understanding complex biosystems at the single-cell and single-molecule level. The application of droplet- and microwell-based microfluidics in scRNA-seq has contributed greatly to improving sequencing throughput. 
  • 2.0K
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Nucleotide Excision Repair
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is the most versatile DNA repair pathway, which can remove diverse bulky DNA lesions destabilizing a DNA duplex. NER substrates are UV photoproducts, e.g., cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), pyrimidine-pyrimidone-(6-4)-photoproducts (6-4PPs), intrastrand crosslinks, and bulky adducts of DNA bases with reactive metabolites of some chemical carcinogens or chemotherapeutic agents. These kinds of lesions can be substrates for two NER sub-pathways—global genome NER (GG-NER) and transcription-coupled NER (TC-NER)—that overlap, except for the mode of DNA damage recognition. NER defects cause several autosomal recessive genetic disorders. Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is one of the NER-associated syndromes characterized by low efficiency of the removal of bulky DNA adducts generated by ultraviolet radiation. XP patients have extremely high ultraviolet-light sensitivity of sun-exposed tissues, often resulting in multiple skin and eye cancers.
  • 2.0K
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Enzyme-Induced Carbonate Precipitation
Enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) is a relatively new bio-cementation technique for ground improvement. In EICP, calcium carbonate (CaCO3) precipitation occurs via urea hydrolysis catalysed by the urease enzyme sourced from plants. EICP offers significant potential for innovative and sustainable engineering applications, including strengthening of soils, remediation of contaminants, enhancement of oil recovery through bio-plugging and other in situ field applications. Given the numerous potential applications of EICP, theoretical understanding of the rate and quantity of  precipitation via the ureolytic chemical reaction is vital for optimising the process.
  • 2.0K
  • 24 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Practical Methods for Liver Biology
Molecular and cellular research modalities for the study of liver pathologies have been tremendously improved over the recent decades. Advanced technologies offer novel opportunities to establish cell isolation techniques with excellent purity, paving the path for 2D and 3D microscopy and high-throughput assays (e.g., bulk or single-cell RNA sequencing). The use of stem cell and organoid research will help to decipher the pathophysiology of liver diseases and the interaction between various parenchymal and non-parenchymal liver cells. Furthermore, sophisticated animal models of liver disease allow for the in vivo assessment of fibrogenesis, portal hypertension and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and for the preclinical testing of therapeutic strategies.
  • 2.0K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Natural compounds for wood protection
Natural compounds for wood protection against fungi - all natural substances (or their mixtures) of plant or animal origin with proven antifungal activity and possibility to be applied into wood structure or on its surface to protect wood against wood decaying fungi, blue stain and mold, e.g. essential oils, tannins, wood extractives, alkaloids, propolis or chitosan.
  • 2.0K
  • 02 May 2021
Topic Review
Thin-Layer Chromatography Bioautography
Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) bioautography is a methodological technique that integrates the separation and analysis technology of TLC with biological activity detection technology, which is used to isolate, locate and evaluate the active constituents of natural creatures based on the guidance of activity.
  • 2.0K
  • 06 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Lysine Acetylation
Acetylation of lysine residues is a key post-translational modification for protein functions in all eukaryotic organisms. Acetylation of lysine residues can be catalyzed by lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) or modified by abundant Ac-CoA through nonenzymatic mechanisms. Conversely, lysine deacetylation is catalyzed by lysine deacetylases (KDACs).
  • 2.0K
  • 20 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Calcium Transport Systems in Mitochondria
Calcium (Ca2+) is a divalent cation and a universal second messenger that regulates the most important functions and facets of all eukaryotic cells, including: gene expression, proliferation, regulation of bioenergetics, contraction of muscles, mediation of fertilization, and many other cellular functions. Regulation of free intracellular concentration of Ca2+ is an important mechanism for intracellular signaling, and it is a key component in the mediation of many cell functions and biochemical reactions, being crucial for signal transduction in cells. On top of all that, intra-mitochondrial Ca2+ regulates a cascade of physiological and pathophysiological processes in cells The normal level of intra-mitochondrial Са2+ is essential for the correct functioning of mitochondria; whereas Ca2+ overload is typical for a wide range of mitochondrial dysfunctions and pathophysiological processes. Homeostasis of Ca2+ in the mitochondria is determined by the delicate balance of mitochondrial Ca2+ transport systems in both the inner (IMM) and outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM). Ca2+ influx and efflux systems are composed of different components, including: channels, pumps, antiporters, or Ca2+ binding proteins that cooperate to maintain intra-mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis.
  • 2.0K
  • 18 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Diversity and Role of Latex in Plant Physiology
Latex, a sticky emulsion produced by specialized cells called laticifers, is a crucial part of a plant’s defense system against herbivory and pathogens. It consists of a broad spectrum of active compounds, which are beneficial not only for plants, but for human health as well, enough to mention the use of morphine or codeine from poppy latex.
  • 2.0K
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
A Bioinformatics Workflow of Metabolomics Analysis
Metabolomics is an emerging field that quantifies numerous metabolites systematically. The key purpose of metabolomics is to identify the metabolites corresponding to each biological phenotype, and then provide an analysis of the mechanisms involved. Although metabolomics is important to understand the involved biological phenomena, the approach’s ability to obtain an exhaustive description of the processes is limited. Thus, an analysis-integrated metabolomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and other omics approach is recommended. Such integration of different omics data requires specialized statistical and bioinformatics software. 
  • 2.0K
  • 25 May 2022
Topic Review
Rice Bran Arabinoxylan Compound
Rice bran arabinoxylan compound (RBAC) is derived from defatted rice bran hydrolyzed with Lentinus edodes mycelial enzyme. It has been marketed as a functional food and a nutraceutical with health-promoting properties. Some research has demonstrated this rice bran derivative to be a potent immunomodulator, which also possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-angiogenic properties. To date, research on RBAC has predominantly focused on its immunomodulatory action and application as a complementary therapy for cancer. Nonetheless, the clinical applications of RBAC can extend beyond cancer therapy.
  • 2.0K
  • 18 May 2021
Topic Review
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen causing devastating acute and chronic infections in individuals with compromised immune systems. Its highly notorious persistence in clinical settings is attributed to its ability to form antibiotic-resistant biofilms. Biofilm is an architecture built mostly by autogenic extracellular polymeric substances which function as a scaffold to encase the bacteria together on surfaces, and to protect them from environmental stresses, impedes phagocytosis and thereby conferring the capacity for colonization and long-term persistence.
  • 1.9K
  • 03 Dec 2020
Topic Review
LINC Complex in Sperm Development
The LINC (LInker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton) complex is localized within the nuclear envelope and consists of SUN (Sad1/UNc84 homology domain-containing) proteins located in the inner nuclear membrane and KASH (Klarsicht/Anc1/Syne1 homology domain-containing) proteins located in the outer nuclear membrane, hence linking nuclear with cytoplasmic structures. While the nucleoplasm-facing side acts as a key player for correct pairing of homolog chromosomes and rapid chromosome movements during meiosis, the cytoplasm-facing side plays a pivotal role for sperm head development and proper acrosome formation during spermiogenesis. A further complex present in spermatozoa is involved in head-to-tail coupling. An intact LINC complex is crucial for the production of fertile sperm, as mutations in genes encoding for complex proteins are known to be associated with male subfertility in both mice and men.
  • 1.9K
  • 04 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Bacterial Signal Transduction Systems
Bacteria possess a large number of signal transduction systems that sense and respond to different environmental cues. Most frequently these are transcriptional regulators, two-component systems and chemosensory pathways. A major bottleneck in the field of signal transduction is the lack of information on signal molecules that modulate the activity of the large majority of these systems. 
  • 1.9K
  • 23 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Naturally alkaloids as Antimicrobial agents
Antibiotic resistance is a serious threat to public health and new antimicrobial compounds are urgently needed. One of the most promising classes for the development of new antimicrobials are plant-derived alkaloids.
  • 1.9K
  • 25 Aug 2020
Topic Review
(1,3;1,4)-β-D-Glucans
(1,3;1,4)-β-D-Glucans, also named as mixed-linkage glucans, are unbranched non-cellulosic polysaccharides containing both (1,3)- and (1,4)-β-linkages. The linkage ratio varies depending upon species origin and has a significant impact on the physicochemical properties of the (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucans.
  • 1.9K
  • 24 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Ocotillol-Type Triterpenoids
Ginseng is one of the most widely consumed herbs in the world and plays an important role in counteracting fatigue and alleviating stress. The main active substances of ginseng are its ginsenosides. Ocotillol-type triterpenoid is a remarkably effective ginsenoside from Vietnamese ginseng that has received attention because of its potential antibacterial, anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties, among others. The semisynthesis, modification and biological activities of ocotillol-type compounds have been extensively studied in recent years.
  • 1.9K
  • 09 Dec 2020
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