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Topic Review
Multiple Object Tracking and High-Speed Vision
Multiple object tracking detects and tracks multiple targets in videos, such as pedestrians, vehicles, and animals. It is an important research direction in the field of computer vision, and has been widely applied in intelligent surveillance and behavior recognition. High-speed vision is a computer vision technology that aims to realize real-time image recognition and analysis through the use of fast and efficient image processing algorithms at high frame rates of 1000 fps or more. It is an important direction in the field of computer vision and is used in a variety of applications, such as intelligent transportation, security monitoring, and industrial automation.
  • 250
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
IoT LoRa Networks
The content below is a brief overview of the Characteristics of the Specifications of IoT LoRa Communications and how Conventional LoRa network evolved from a single hop to multi-hop communication. The provided literature defines the multi-hop networks and the concerns that motivated researchers think of the solutions to overcome the drawbacks of single hop communication.
  • 250
  • 30 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Classifying Invention Objectives of Electric Vehicle Chargers
This entry focuses on the crucial role of electric vehicles (EVs) in global decarbonization and sustainable development. The study employs a combination of data extraction, data cleaning, natural language processing (NLP), statistical analysis, and unsupervised machine learning (ML) to identify and visualize themes in EV charger technology.
  • 249
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Advancements in Power Converter Technologies
Power converter technologies have become vital in various applications due to their efficient management of electrical energy. With the growing prominence of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind, the high penetration of power electronic converters has been justified. However, ensuring power quality has emerged as a significant challenge for grid-connected power converters. 
  • 245
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Nontechnical Losses of Electrical Energy
Nontechnical losses of electrical energy (NTLEE) have been a persistent issue in both the Russian and global electric power industries since the end of the 20th century. Every year, these losses result in tens of billions of dollars in damages. Promptly identifying unscrupulous consumers can prevent the onset of NTLEE sources, substantially reduce the amount of NTLEE and economic damages to network grids, and generally improve the economic climate. The contemporary advancements in machine learning and artificial intelligence facilitate the identification of NTLEE sources through anomaly detection in energy consumption data.
  • 242
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Genuine and Spoof Speech Signal Classification
Voice-controlled devices are in demand due to their hands-free controls. However, using voice-controlled devices in sensitive scenarios like smartphone applications and financial transactions requires protection against fraudulent attacks referred to as “speech spoofing”. The algorithms used in spoof attacks are practically unknown; hence, further analysis and development of spoof-detection models for improving spoof classification are required. A study of the spoofed-speech spectrum suggests that high-frequency features are able to discriminate genuine speech from spoofed speech well. Typically, linear or triangular filter banks are used to obtain high-frequency features. However, a Gaussian filter can extract more global information than a triangular filter. In addition, mel frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs) features are preferable among other speech features because of their lower covariance.
  • 238
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Path Optimization for a Surveillance Robot
The need for safety in both outdoor and indoor environments has led to growth in the development of mobile robots with the ability to explore surfaces. Surveillance robots are used to monitor the behavior, activities, and other changing information for the general purpose of managing, directing, or protecting one’s assets or position. In order to design a procedure capable of improving the quality of these tasks beyond human capabilities, it is imperative to address all the challenges that this implies. Specifically, within the scope of trajectory optimization, efficient route planning for autonomous vehicles is essential to minimize labor time while providing comprehensive spatial surveillance in the most efficient way possible.
  • 236
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Evolving Paradigms in Economic Dispatch
Economic Dispatch Problems (EDP) refer to the process of determining the power output of generation units such that the electricity demand of the system is satisfied at a minimum cost while technical and operational constraints of the system are satisfied. This procedure is vital in the efficient energy management of electricity networks since it can ensure the reliable and efficient operation of power systems. As power systems transition from conventional to modern ones, new components and constraints are introduced to power systems, making the EDP increasingly complex. This highlights the importance of developing advanced optimization techniques that can efficiently handle these new complexities to ensure optimal operation and cost-effectiveness of power systems. 
  • 235
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Cognitive Hybrid RF/VLC Systems for Sensor Networks
Building on the foundations of Cognitive Radio (CR), Visible Light Communication (VLC), and Radio Frequency (RF), this integration of Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks (CRSNs) fuses CR, VLC, and RF technologies with sensor networks. This integration navigates the complexities of dynamic and heterogeneous wireless environments, offering a novel framework to harness the combined potential of these domains. CRSNs leverage the adaptability and intelligence of CR, the high data rates and energy efficiency of VLC, and the ubiquity and range of RF. Sensor nodes in CRSNs, equipped with CR, VLC, and RF capabilities, autonomously sense, analyze, and adapt to the wireless environment. This optimizes spectrum usage, enhances network performance, and facilitates efficient data transmission.
  • 234
  • 25 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Distributed Generation Technologies in South America
Electricity plays a vital role in modern life, and its demand has experienced steady growth worldwide due to population growth, economic development, and urbanization. The electricity systems, based mainly on centralized generation and intensive use of fossil fuels, face significant energy security, sustainability, and climate change challenges. These challenges have driven the search for more sustainable and decentralized solutions for energy generation and distribution, such as distributed generation (DG). DG refers to producing electricity on a small scale and close to the point of consumption, using renewable and non-renewable energy sources. DG has become increasingly popular worldwide due to its multiple benefits, which include reducing losses in power transmission and distribution, decreasing reliance on interconnected power systems with large-scale centralized generation, and promoting clean and renewable energy adoption.
  • 234
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Protection Schemes for Electrical Distribution Networks with GDG
An amalgamation of Green Distributed Generation (GDG) with Distribution Networks (DNs) was developed because its performance became more efficient and sustainable. It increased the challenges in the design and operation of the protection scheme and changed the short circuit current (SCC), voltage profile, power losses, and power flow direction after the GDG penetration. These changes rely on the number, size, location, and environmental influence according to the GDG type. Therefore, many researchers have discussed protection system challenges and presented types of protection approaches to find a robust protection layout for DNs integrated with GDGs to prevent the electrical equipment from being destroyed during abnormal conditions.
  • 234
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Pre-Processing of Signals of Wearable Sensors
Surgery is a common first-line treatment for many types of disease, including cancer. Mortality rates after major abdominal surgery have seen significant decreases whilst postoperative complications remain a frequent occurrence. Preoperative assessment tools are used to support patient risk stratification but do not always provide a precise and accessible assessment. Wearable sensors (WS) provide an accessible alternative that offers continuous monitoring in a non-clinical setting. Pre-processing involves all changes to data that are made in order to prepare the data for analysis. Pre-processing can be the most vital stage in data processing and has a large impact on the inferences that can be made from a data set.
  • 231
  • 24 Jan 2024
Topic Review
2.5D Multi-Objective Path Planning for Ground Vehicles
Due to the vastly different energy consumption between up-slope and down-slope, a path with the shortest length in a complex off-road terrain environment (2.5D map) is not always the path with the least energy consumption. For any energy-sensitive vehicle, realizing a good trade-off between distance and energy consumption in 2.5D path planning is significantly meaningful.
  • 227
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Radio Frequency Fingerprinting in Smart Grids
Smart grids incorporate diverse power equipment used for energy optimization in intelligent cities. This equipment may use Internet of Things (IoT) devices and services in the future. To ensure stable operation of smart grids, cybersecurity of IoT is paramount. To this end, use of cryptographic security methods is prevalent in existing IoT. The potential of radio frequency fingerprinting (RFF) in wireless communication of IoT devices to augment the cybersecurity of smart grids is discussed herein.
  • 227
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Smart Grid Security
In Internet of Things-based smart grids, smart meters record and report a massive number of power consumption data at certain intervals to the data center of the utility for load monitoring and energy management. Energy theft is a big problem for smart meters and causes non-technical losses.
  • 227
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
State-of-the-Art Power Factor Correction: An Industry Perspective
On 1 January 2001, the IEC 61000-3-2 regulation became effective. Since then, mitigating current harmonics has been essential to ensure that electronic equipment connected to single-phase power distribution lines conforms to electromagnetic compatibility directives. Today, high-quality rectification, commonly known as power factor correction (PFC), is a well-established technique widely adopted by the industry for powering various devices from the ac line. The topic has been studied by academia and industry since the mid-1980s; thus, an enormous amount of research has been published and countless solutions have been proposed since then. However, only a few of those solutions have encountered wide industrial usage. So, it is not the authors’ intention to provide a comprehensive review, but to take stock of the most used PFC techniques from an industry perspective. This paper will review the power factor theory with non-sinusoidal currents, the practical and regulatory aspects of using PFC, and the most common industry solutions for power factor correction in equipment operated from the single-phase, public, low-voltage supply system, with a special focus on boost PFC pre-regulators, their control methods, design procedures, and issues.
  • 223
  • 25 Sep 2024
Topic Review
Edge Intelligent with Internet of Things
Internet of Things (IoT) connects various industrial actuators, devices, and people at work. IoT provide additional insight into industrial applications, as well as minimize human labour and time and create a path for Industry 4.0.
  • 220
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Fuel Cells Technologies
The complexity of Fuel Cell (FC) systems demands a profound and sustained understanding of the various phenomena occurring inside of it. Thus far, FCs, especially Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs), have been recognized as being among the most promising technologies for reducing Green House Gas (GHG) emissions because they can convert the chemical energy bonded to hydrogen and oxygen into electricity and heat.
  • 217
  • 09 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Interconnected Smart Transactive Microgrids
Smart transactive microgrids (STMs) are defined as specialized microgrid systems that can autonomously regulate the generation, storage, and consumption of electricity among a network of users within a localized area. They enhance both economic and environmental efficiency by employing real-time pricing mechanisms and digital technologies. In a more general sense, STMs can be considered as a subset of microgrids (MGs) that incorporate principles of transactive energy, along with energy and information sharing among consumers. The United States Department of Energy (DOE) initially conceptualized this idea in the early 2000s, inaugurating the Grid Wise program in 2005 to modernize the national electric grid, which included the advancement of transactive energy systems.
  • 215
  • 12 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Large-Scale Service Function Chaining in Smart City
Smart cities leverage the Internet of Things (IoT) to collect data from various sources and employ data-driven approaches to improve the management, evaluation, and decision-making processes. From a core network perspective, service function chaining (SFC) is an enabling paradigm for elastically controlling the massive network services (NS) from IoT-empowered smart cities. SFC can effectively enforce policies and regulations set by city authorities, including data retention policies, content filtering, compliance checks, etc. Moreover, SFC optimizes service delivery, resource efficiency, quality of experience (QoE)/quality of service (QoS), and service-specific routing. To activate all the beneficial factors, mobile network operators need solutions to reflect SFC orchestration policies while ensuring efficient resource utilization and preserving QoS in large-scale networking congestion states.
  • 213
  • 16 Oct 2023
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