Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Jihed Hmad
 -- 1747 2023-07-15 12:07:57 |
2 format correct
Conner Chen
 Meta information modification 1747 2023-07-17 04:30:46 |

Video Upload Options

Do you have a full video?
Send video materials Upload full video

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Hmad, J.; Houari, A.; Bouzid, A.E.M.; Saim, A.; Trabelsi, H. Microgrid Frameworks. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/46837 (accessed on 27 July 2024).
Hmad J, Houari A, Bouzid AEM, Saim A, Trabelsi H. Microgrid Frameworks. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/46837. Accessed July 27, 2024.
Hmad, Jihed, Azeddine Houari, Allal El Moubarek Bouzid, Abdelhakim Saim, Hafedh Trabelsi. "Microgrid Frameworks" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/46837 (accessed July 27, 2024).
Hmad, J., Houari, A., Bouzid, A.E.M., Saim, A., & Trabelsi, H. (2023, July 15). Microgrid Frameworks. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/46837
Hmad, Jihed, et al. "Microgrid Frameworks." Encyclopedia. Web. 15 July, 2023.
Microgrid Frameworks
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/en16135062

Microgrids technologies are seen as a cost effective and reliable solution to handle numerous challenges, mainly related to climate change and power demand increase. This is mainly due to their potential for integrating available on-site renewable energy sources and their flexibility and scalability. The particularity of microgrids is related to their capacity to operate in synchronization with the main grid or in islanded mode to secure the power supply of nearby end-users after a grid failure thanks to storage solutions and an intelligent control system. 

microgrids distributed generation systems voltage source inverters islanding

1. Introduction

The operation of the electrical power system is experiencing considerable mutations due to increasing energy demand, electricity market liberalization, fossil fuel scarcity, and the environmental impact of conventional generation methods. Consequently, the conventional electrical power system is not able to meet the balance between energy demand and production and face the aforementioned challenges [1]. Moreover, the mastery and evolution of technologies related to the exploitation of different energy sources and renewable energy sources in particular are pushing ahead the development of new power system paradigms [2]. To face these challenges, a competitive solution consists of producing energy based on the integration of more Distributed Generation (DG). These power challenges are transmuting the conventional electrical power generation concept and introducing an incipient trend coming mainly from the interconnection of distributed generation resources and the electric distribution system [1][2][3][4].
Benefits of a coupled DG-electric distribution system include:
  • Reduced greenhouse gas emissions;
  • Better energy system efficiency;
  • Increased system reliability;
  • Reduced congestion in distribution and transmission on the traditional power system;
  • Services provision, such as voltage support and demand response;
  • Increased integration of micro-generation systems along with the existing power generation schemes;
  • Bidirectional power flow that offers more energy utilization flexibility.
As the characteristics of DG units are different, connecting them to a distribution system requires the use of power electronic interfaces. These interfaces allow the user to control the instantaneous injection of power. Thus, high-power quality can be achieved through an appropriate control system [5][6][7][8][9].
In order to intensify DG integration into the grid, the development of the microgrid (MG) concept is of interest, as it can integrate multiple interconnected DG types, storage systems, and loads. The microgrid concept is introduced as a promising solution to remedy many technical challenges and benefit from the potential of DGs, notably renewable energy resources [7][10][11][12][13][14][15]. Currently, the MG concept has numerous definitions; one universal definition considers MGs as a platform for incorporating various DG resources with minimum disturbances to the main utility grid or to local loads. It is also seen as a small-scale demonstrator for Smart Grid development [7][16]. It is expected that new functionalities related to grid technologies and modern electric applications will open other horizons for the development of MG systems, such as the development of MG clusters and Smart Grid applications [10][11].
Figure 1 illustrates the basic architecture of a typical grid interactive AC MG. The use of DG units and MGs offers several benefits linked mainly to environmental and techno-economic aspects [14]. In addition, it improves reliability and power supply security, especially for isolated areas [13][14][15][17][18]. Therefore, these new paradigms are rapidly developing along with the technological development of power electronics interfaces and power generation systems. Thanks to these developments, the exploitation of renewable energy sources and storage systems becomes easier within the framework of DGs and MGs.
Energies 16 05062 g001 550
Figure 1. Typical architecture of grid interactive microgrid.
Microgrids can operate in Grid-Connected “GC” or Stand-Alone “SA” mode. Thus, MGs should be able to operate in mode transition between GC and SA. In other words, MGs should be controlled to provide GC and SA functions and to ensure smooth mode transition [8][9][16][19][20][21][22][23][24][25].
In the GC mode, the amplitude and frequency of the output inverter voltage are fixed by the main grid. Under fault conditions, DG units and local loads are isolated from the rest of the grid and need to operate in SA mode. In islanded MG, i.e., SA mode, the inverter control system is responsible for regulating the voltage characteristics (frequency and amplitude) [26][27][28][29]. Nevertheless, between GC and SA, there is a short period of time where the bus voltage is neither regulated by the inverter controller nor fixed by the main grid, which may result in a decrease in power quality and load malfunction [8][9][22][23][26]. This situation may result in abrupt changes in system state variables, which can affect the whole system [22][30].
Hence, increasing electric supply resilience is a major challenge that arises especially for MG applications, which accelerates the development of advanced control and protection mechanisms. This issue presents a potential new research horizon for many research and development program directions [31][32][33][34][35][36].
Thus, the goal for MG systems is to be able to function in complement with the utility grid and thus function in GC and SA modes and achieve smooth mode transition. This enthusiasm is reflected in a significant number of studies to remedy the widespread concern about mode transition topics (i.e., relieve the undesirable transient effect). Indeed, the problems experienced during the transition phase mainly concern frequency and voltage disruptions [25]:
  • An abrupt variation at the frequency level easily drives disturbances into the output angle of the DG inverter, which is contributing to the destabilization of the total MG system;
  • An abrupt variation at the voltage or current level leads to system destruction, notably at the local critical load.
In the literature, various control strategies have been proposed in order to handle mode transition [3][4][16][24]. Developed control strategies aim to guarantee a seamless disconnection or connection between all connected DG units and the utility [8][9][22][23][24].

2. Microgrid Frameworks

This section conducts a thorough literature review on the conceptual and operational aspects related to MGs. Figure 3 presents the typical functions and components of MGs. In addition, in order to achieve high levels of robustness, resilience, and reliability throughout all operational states and transitions, different control and management strategies need to be implemented. The theoretical field of sustainable transitions has grown rapidly in recent years [37][38][39][40][41][42][43], and various disciplines such as economics, sociology, economic geography, and engineering are committed to the development of new grid paradigms. In this sense, there are many MG demonstrators deployed all over. An overview of the existing MG systems is proposed in Table 1. Different information in relation to the geographical situation, type of loads, types of generation sources used, the existence of energy storage systems, and the operation modes of the targeted MG are listed in this table. As mentioned in Table 1, some energy development organizations realized their own MG projects, such as CERTS in the US [44], NEDO in New Mexico in collaboration with Japan [45], and MG projects in Europe as simulation and demonstration platforms [46].
The microgrid market in South America is experiencing rapid growth as well. According to a research report released by Triton Market Research, the Latin American microgrid market is projected to achieve a compounded annual growth rate of 10.61% between 2022 and 2028 [47]. This explains the existence of various laboratories and test systems dedicated to microgrids in South America. In [48], a concise portrayal of each microgrids general information, characteristics, and components. Additionally, it incorporates a discourse on the progress made in distributed generation within the Latin American region (in Brazil, Ecuador, Argentina, Mexico, Chile, Peru, etc.).
Currently, multiple demonstration and pilot projects are actively integrating renewable energy sources into isolated microgrid systems. These initiatives, discussed in [49], specifically focus on incorporating renewable energy resources into microgrids that serve remote communities in Canada. For instance, ongoing initiatives in Northern Ontario, such as Deer Lake and Fort Severn, involve the deployment of photovoltaic (PV) and hybrid systems to decrease reliance on diesel fuel. Additionally, the remote mine located in Diavik, Northwest Territories, has implemented a wind farm to reduce fuel consumption, whereas the Northwest Territories Power Corporation has installed a solar and battery system in Colville Lake. Additionally, research was conducted on the utilization of ocean energy. However, in 2020, Canada launched the Ocean Energy Smart Grid Integration Project, with the aim of integrating ocean energy into isolated microgrids on remote islands. The Pacific Regional Institute for Marine Energy Discovery at the University of Victoria received a grant of USD 730,000 to develop a microgrid powered by wave energy for Nootka Island [50].
Taking into account a country’s own needs, strategies, priorities, and assets that can be different from one region to another, different MG concepts can be developed. As a result, advancements in these technologies depend on the specificities, priorities, and potential of each country. Therefore, the majority of the MGs developed have at least one of the following aims:
  • ✓ Provide an appropriate remedy for delivering electricity to remote areas where it is difficult to connect rural communities, which is the case in many developing countries and isolated areas. Some cases can be found in Africa (Lucingweni, Diakha Medina), Asia (India, Vietnam, Nepal, Koh Jik, Sri-Lanka), and Europe (Akkan, Macedonia) [45][46][51];
  • ✓ For Europeans, the major concern is to develop energy communities in terms of renewable energy integration rates, i.e., integrating as much renewable energy on a large scale [39]. To achieve this, several EU countries have ambitious goals to decarbonize their energy systems (reduce gas emissions by 80–95% compared with 1990 by 2050). To achieve these goals, new policies and directions have been made to increase renewable energy production (mostly solar and wind energy) [40]. For example, in Feldheim, Germany, the power supply is 100% renewable [37]. To achieve a transition to 100% renewable energy by 2050, in Denmark, appropriate energy policies have been made to improve the energy efficiency of the residential sector [41]. In addition, numerous research programs focused on MGs’ development have been launched within EU research frameworks, such as the DISPOWER project or the MORE MICROGRIDS project, in order to develop advanced control schemes (decentralized and centralized control) and communication protocols. In this direction, many universities and technological institutes have also developed their own MG to carry out experiments while they are self-producers (Manchester, Aalborg, Fraunhofer, Chalmers, Illinois) [42].
  • ✓ The security of supply remains a major concern in the US in case of war or disaster [52]. The US Department of Defense focuses on the deployment of MGs in hot spots. The Navigant research predicts that the annual MGs implementation spending by the US Department of Defense is expected to exceed USD 1 billion annually by 2026 [52][53]. In this sense, many communities in the US have ambitious targets for the transition toward more renewable energy production, mainly from solar and wind energy. In this context, some initiating projects have been launched within US research frameworks., e.g., Sandia National Laboratories and the University of Buffalo have applied the social burden of power outages method in two projects to date [54].

References

  1. Dagar, A.; Pankaj, G.; Vandana, N. Microgrid protection: A comprehensive review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2021, 149, 111401.
  2. Xiang, Y.; Cai, H.; Liu, J.; Zhang, X. Techno-economic design of energy systems for airport electrification: A hydrogen-solar-storage integrated microgrid solution. Appl. Energy 2021, 283, 116374.
  3. Roslan, M.; Hannan, M.; Ker, P.J.; Uddin, M. qMicrogrid control methods toward achieving sustainable energy management. Appl. Energy 2019, 240, 583–607.
  4. Andishgar, M.H.; Gholipour, E.; Hooshmand, R.-A. An overview of control approaches of inverter-based microgrids in islanding mode of operation. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2017, 80, 1043–1060.
  5. Arfeen, Z.A.; Khairuddin, A.B.; Larik, R.M.; Saeed, M.S. Control of distributed generation systems for microgrid applications: A technological review. Int. Trans. Electr. Energy Syst. 2019, 29, e12072.
  6. van der Walt, H.L.; Bansal, R.C.; Naidoo, R. PV based distributed generation power system protection: A review. Renew. Energy Focus 2018, 24, 33–40.
  7. Han, Y.; Li, H.; Shen, P.; Coelho, E.A.A.; Guerrero, J.M. Review of active and reactive power sharing strategies in hierarchical controlled microgrids. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2016, 3, 2427–2451.
  8. Zeb, K.; Uddin, W.; Khan, M.A.; Ali, Z.; Ali, M.U.; Christofides, N.; Kim, H.J. A comprehensive review on inverter topologies and control strategies for grid connected photovoltaic system. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2018, 94, 1120–1141.
  9. Hirsch, A.; Parag, Y.; Guerrero, J. Microgrids: A review of technologies, key drivers, and outstanding issues. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2018, 90, 402–411.
  10. Razavi, S.E.; Rahimi, E.; Javadi, M.S.; Nezhad, A.E.; Lotfi, M.; Shafie-khah, M.; Catalão, J.P. Impact of distributed generation on protection and voltage regulation of distribution systems: A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2019, 105, 157–167.
  11. Mohammed, A.; Refaat, S.S.; Bayhan, S.; Abu-Rub, H. Ac microgrid control and management strategies: Evaluation and review. IEEE Power Electron. Mag. 2019, 6, 18–31.
  12. Faisal, M.; Hannan, M.A.; Ker, P.J.; Hussain, A.; Mansor, M.B.; Blaabjerg, F. Review of energy storage system technologies in microgrid applications: Issues and challenges. IEEE Access 2018, 6, 35143–35164.
  13. Rajesh, K.S.; Dash, S.S.; Rajagopal, R.; Sridhar, R. A review on control of ac microgrid. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2017, 71, 814–819.
  14. Davison, M.J.; Summers, T.J.; Townsend, C.D. A review of the distributed generation landscape, key limitations of traditional microgrid concept & possible solution using an enhanced microgrid architecture. In Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Southern Power Electronics Conference (SPEC), Puerto Varas, Chile, 4–7 December 2017; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2017; pp. 1–6.
  15. Yoldaş, Y.; Önen, A.; Muyeen, S.M.; Vasilakos, A.V.; Alan, İ. Enhancing smart grid with microgrids: Challenges and opportunities. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2017, 72, 205–214.
  16. Bandeiras, F.; Pinheiro, E.; Gomes, M.; Coelho, P.; Fernandes, J. Review of the cooperation and operation of microgrid clusters. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2020, 133, 110311.
  17. Dehghanpour, K.; Nehrir, H. Real-time multiobjective microgrid power management using distributed optimization in an agent-based bargaining framework. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 2017, 9, 6318–6327.
  18. Llanos, J.; Olivares, D.E.; Simpson-Porco, J.W.; Kazerani, M.; Saez, D. A novel distributed control strategy for optimal dispatch of isolated microgrids considering congestion. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 2019, 10, 6595–6606.
  19. Wang, Y.; Li, Y.; Cao, Y.; Tan, Y.; He, L.; Han, J. Hybrid AC/DC microgrid architecture with comprehensive control strategy for energy management of smart building. Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 2018, 101, 151–161.
  20. Arif, M.; Saad, B.; Hasan, M.A. Microgrid architecture, control, and operation. In Hybrid-Renewable Energy Systems in Microgrids; Woodhead Publishing: Delhi, India, 2018; pp. 23–37.
  21. Hang, Y.; Niu, S.; Zhang, Y.; Jian, L. An integrated and reconfigurable hybrid AC/DC microgrid architecture with autonomous power flow control for nearly/net zero energy buildings. Appl. Energy 2020, 263, 114610.
  22. Lou, G.; Gu, W.; Wang, J.; Wang, J.; Gu, B. A unified control scheme based on a disturbance observer for seamless transition operation of inverter-interfaced distributed generation. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 2017, 9, 5444–5454.
  23. López, M.A.G.; de Vicuña, J.L.G.; Miret, J.; Castilla, M.; Guzmán, R. Control strategy for grid-connected three-phase inverters during voltage sags to meet grid codes and to maximize power delivery capability. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2018, 33, 9360–9374.
  24. D’Silva, S.; Shadmand, M.B.; Abu-Rub, H. Microgrid Control Strategies for Seamless Transition Between Grid-Connected and Islanded Modes. In Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Texas Power and Energy Conference (TPEC), College Station, TX, USA, 6–7 February 2020; pp. 1–6.
  25. Yadav, M.; Pal, N.; Saini, D.K. Microgrid Control, Storage, and Communication Strategies to Enhance Resiliency for Survival of Critical Load. IEEE Access 2020, 8, 169047–169069.
  26. Mahmoud, A.A.; Hafez, A.A.; Yousef, A.M.; Gaafar, M.A.; Orabi, M.; Ali, A.F. Fault-tolerant modular multilevel converter for a seamless transition between stand-alone and grid-connected microgrid. IET Power Electron. 2023, 16, 11–25.
  27. Chun, Z.; Chen, M.; Wang, Z. Study on control scheme for smooth transition of micro-grid operation modes. Power Syst. Prot. Control. 2011, 39, 1–5.
  28. Arafat, N.; Palle, S.; Sozer, Y.; Husain, I. Transition control strategy between standalone and grid-connected operations of voltage-source inverters. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 2012, 48, 1516–1525.
  29. Gonzales-Zurita, Ó.; Clairand, J.M.; Peñalvo-López, E.; Escrivá-Escrivá, G. Review on multi-objective control strategies for distributed generation on inverter-based microgrids. Energies 2020, 13, 3483.
  30. Ganjian-Aboukheili, M.; Shahabi, M.; Shafiee, Q.; Guerrero, J.M. Seamless transition of microgrids operation from grid-connected to islanded mode. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 2019, 11, 2106–2114.
  31. D’Silva, S.; Shadmand, M.; Bayhan, S.; Abu-Rub, H. Towards grid of microgrids: Seamless transition between grid-connected and islanded modes of operation. IEEE Open J. Ind. Electron. Soc. 2020, 1, 66–81.
  32. Tran, T.-V.; Chun, T.-W.; Lee, H.-H.; Kim, H.-G.; Nho, E.-C. PLL-based seamless transfer control between grid-connected and islanding modes in grid-connected inverters. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2013, 29, 5218–5228.
  33. Hou, X.; Sun, Y.; Lu, J.; Zhang, X.; Koh, L.H.; Su, M.; Guerrero, J.M. Distributed hierarchical control of AC microgrid operating in grid-connected, islanded and their transition modes. IEEE Access 2018, 6, 77388–77401.
  34. Jia, L.; Zhu, Y.; Du, S.; Wang, Y. Analysis of the transition between multiple operational modes for hybrid AC/DC microgrids. CSEE J. Power Energy Syst. 2018, 4, 49–57.
  35. Cagnano, A.; De Tuglie, E.; Mancarella, P. Microgrids: Overview and guidelines for practical implementations and operation. Appl. Energy 2020, 258, 114039.
  36. Jiang, Q.; Xue, M.; Geng, G. Energy management of microgrid in grid-connected and stand-alone modes. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 2013, 28, 3380–3389.
  37. Koirala, B.P.; Koliou, E.; Friege, J.; Hakvoort, R.A.; Herder, P.M. Energetic communities for community energy: A review of key issues and trends shaping integrated community energy systems. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2016, 56, 722–744.
  38. Eto, J.H.; Lasseter, R.; Klapp, D.; Khalsa, A.; Schenkman, B.; Illindala, M.; Baktiono, S. The Certs Microgrid Concept, as Demonstrated at the Certs/Aep Microgrid Test Bed; US Department of Energy: Berkeley, CA, USA, 2018; Volume 53.
  39. Veilleux, G.; Potisat, T.; Pezim, D.; Ribback, C.; Ling, J.; Krysztofiński, A.; Ahmed, A.; Papenheim, J.; Pineda, A.M.; Sembian, S.; et al. Techno-economic analysis of microgrid projects for rural electrification: A systematic approach to the redesign of Koh Jik off-grid case study. Energy Sustain. Dev. 2020, 54, 1–13.
  40. Warneryd, M.; Håkansson, M.; Karltorp, K. Unpacking the complexity of community microgrids: A review of institutions’ roles for development of microgrids. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2020, 121, 109690.
  41. Busch, H.; McCormick, K. Local power: Exploring the motivations of mayors and key success factors for local municipalities to go 100% renewable energy. Energy Sustain. Soc. 2014, 4, 5.
  42. Drysdale, D.; Mathiesen, B.V.; Paardekooper, S. Transitioning to a 100% renewable energy system in Denmark by 2050: Assessing the impact from expanding the building stock at the same time. Energy Effic. 2019, 12, 37–55.
  43. Hossain, A.; Pota, H.R.; Hossain, J.; Blaabjerg, F. Evolution of microgrids with converter-interfaced generations: Challenges and opportunities. Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 2019, 109, 160–186.
  44. Piesciorovsky, E.C.; Smith, T.; Ollis, T.B. Protection schemes used in North American microgrids. Int. Trans. Electr. Energy Syst. 2020, 30, e12461.
  45. Motjoadi, V.; Bokoro, P.N.; Onibonoje, M.O. A review of microgrid-based approach to rural electrification in South Africa: Architecture and policy framework. Energies 2020, 13, 2193.
  46. Ju, L.; Zhang, Q.; Tan, Z.; Wang, W.; Xin, H.; Zhang, Z. Multi-agent-system-based coupling control optimization model for micro-grid group intelligent scheduling considering autonomy-cooperative operation strategy. Energy 2018, 157, 1035–1052.
  47. Triton Market Research. Latin America Microgrid Market 2022–2028. Available online: https://www.marketresearch.com/Triton-Market-Research-v4232/LatinAmerica-Microgrid-32339072/ (accessed on 14 June 2023).
  48. Rey, J.M.; Vera, G.A.; Acevedo-Rueda, P.; Solano, J.; Mantilla, M.A.; Llanos, J.; Saez, D. A review of microgrids in latin america: Laboratories and test systems. IEEE Lat. Am. Trans. 2022, 20, 1000–1011.
  49. Ocean Energy Smart Grid Integration Project Reaches Full-Scale Testing. BMT. Available online: https://www.bmt.org/news/2022/ocean-energy-smart-grid-integration-project-reachesfull-scale-testing/ (accessed on 14 June 2023).
  50. Nasr-Azadani, E.; Su, P.; Zheng, W.; Rajda, J.; Canizares, C.; Kazerani, M.; Veneman, E.; Cress, S.; Wittemund, M.; Manjunath, M.R.; et al. The Canadian renewable energy laboratory: A testbed for microgrids. IEEE Electrif. Mag. 2020, 8, 49–60.
  51. Hartani, M.A.; Hamouda, M.; Abdelkhalek, O.; Mekhilef, S. Impacts assessment of random solar irradiance and temperature on the cooperation of the energy management with power control of an isolated cluster of DC-Microgrids. Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess. 2021, 47, 101484.
  52. Feng, W.; Jin, M.; Liu, X.; Bao, Y.; Marnay, C.; Yao, C.; Yu, J. A review of microgrid development in the United States–A decade of progress on policies, demonstrations, controls, and software tools. Appl. Energy 2018, 228, 1656–1668.
  53. Giraldez Miner, J.I.; Flores-Espino, F.; MacAlpine, S.; Asmus, P. Phase I Microgrid Cost Study: Data Collection and Analysis of Microgrid Costs in the United States. No. NREL/TP-5D00-67821; National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL): Golden, CO, USA, 2018.
  54. Navigant Research Report Finds Annual Microgrid Implementation. Available online: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20171031005328/en/Navigant-Research-Report-Finds-Annual-Microgrid-Implementation-Spending-by-US-Department-of-Defense-Expected-to-Exceed-1-Billion-in-2026 (accessed on 29 September 2022).
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Jihed Hmad
,
Azeddine Houari
,
Allal El Moubarek Bouzid
,
Abdelhakim Saim
,
Hafedh Trabelsi
View Times: 222
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 17 Jul 2023
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    Video Production Service
    Feedback