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Topic Review
Role of  Altered Gut Microbiome in Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a debilitating multisystemic disorder affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Accumulating evidence suggests a potential interaction between gut microbiota and the pathophysiology of the disease. As a result of the degradation of dopaminergic neurons, PD patients develop motor impairments such as tremors, rigidity, and slowness of movement. These motor features are preceded by gastrointestinal issues, including constipation. Given these gastrointestinal issues, the gut has emerged as a potential modulator of the neurodegenerative cascade of PD. 
  • 513
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Male Germ Cell Telomeres and Chemical Pollutants
Telomerase activity in male germ cells ensures that the telomere length is maintained at maximum levels during spermatogenesis, despite telomere shortening due to DNA replication or other genotoxic factors such as environmental pollutants. An emerging body of evidence has associated an exposure to pollutants with male infertility. Although telomeric DNA may be one of the important targets of environmental pollutants, only a few authors have considered it as a conventional parameter for sperm function.
  • 506
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Engineered Extracellular Vesicles in Cancers and Cardiovascular Diseases
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small, membrane-bound vesicles used by cells to deliver biological cargo such as proteins, mRNA, and other biomolecules from one cell to another, thus inducing a specific response in the target cell and are a powerful method of cell to cell and organ to organ communication, especially during the pathogenesis of human disease. 
  • 502
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Basis of HER2-Targeted Therapy
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) amplification has emerged as a biomarker in colorectal cancer (CRC), occurring in 1–4% of metastatic CRC (mCRC). In addition to conventional methods, such as immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization, next-generation sequencing-based tissue or circulating tumor DNA analysis has been used to identify HER2 amplification and assess HER2 overexpression. Prospective clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of HER2-targeted therapies in HER2-positive mCRC. The TRIUMPH study, a phase II study of dual HER2 antibodies, i.e., pertuzumab plus trastuzumab, demonstrated promising efficacy for patients with HER2-positive mCRC confirmed by tissue-and/or blood-based techniques, which led to the regulatory approval of this combination therapy in Japan. The mechanisms associated with efficacy and resistance have also been explored in translational studies that incorporate liquid biopsy in prospective trials. In particular, HER2 copy number and co-alterations have repeatedly been reported as biomarkers related to efficacy.
  • 499
  • 06 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Cell Death versus Cell Communication
Although every type of cell death proceeds through different stages, it is when it has reached the point of no return, where the decay inflicted to it is irreversible, that a cell would be considered dead. However, determining the point of irreversible decay is not an easy task. Cell–cell communication can be realized by many different modes. In addition to secreted chemicals such as growth factors, cells can interact via direct contact between their cytoplasmic membranes. All these modes have been implicated, in one way or another, either in responding to or conveying cell death signals. 
  • 489
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Proteome of Extracellular Vesicles in Breast Cancer
Breast cancer (BC) accounts for the highest incidence of tumor-related mortality among women worldwide, justifying the growing search for molecular tools for the early diagnosis and follow-up of BC patients under treatment. Circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous nanocompartments produced by all human cells, including tumor cells. 
  • 479
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Connexins in Fibrosis, EMTs, and Wound Healing
Fibrosis initially appears as a normal response to damage, where activated fibroblasts produce large amounts of the extracellular matrix (ECM) during the wound healing process to assist in the repair of injured tissue. However, the excessive accumulation of the ECM, unresolved by remodeling mechanisms, leads to organ dysfunction. Connexins, a family of transmembrane channel proteins, are widely recognized for their major roles in fibrosis, the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), and wound healing. Efforts have been made in recent years to identify novel mediators and targets for this regulation. Connexins form gap junctions and hemichannels, mediating communications between neighboring cells and inside and outside of cells, respectively. Recent evidence suggests that connexins, beyond forming channels, possess channel-independent functions in fibrosis, the EMT, and wound healing. One crucial channel-independent function is their role as the primary functional component for cell adhesion. Other channel-independent functions of connexins involve their roles in mitochondria and exosomes.
  • 479
  • 26 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Anatomopathology in Animal Models
Anatomopathology in animal models is a critical discipline that involves the study of tissue and organ changes in animals, often mammals, to advance our understanding of diseases and assess potential treatments. Through the examination of tissues and organs, researchers gain insights into disease mechanisms, validate therapeutic targets, and ensure the safety of new drugs. Ethical considerations regarding the humane treatment of animals and the responsible use of animal models are paramount. Emerging trends, such as non-invasive imaging techniques, genetically engineered models, and the integration of multi-omic data, promise to refine and expand the scope of anatomopathological research. This field plays a pivotal role in bridging the gap between basic science discoveries and clinical applications, ultimately contributing to improved healthcare for both humans and animals.
  • 471
  • 09 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Genomic Profiling for Breast Cancer Heterogeneity Analysis
Breast cancer continues to pose a significant healthcare challenge worldwide for its inherent molecular heterogeneity. 
  • 470
  • 28 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Neurobiology of Pathogen Avoidance and Mate Choice
The risk of parasitic infection has a major influence on animal behaviour. Organisms must adjust their behaviour to avoid various modes of parasitic infection and pathogen acquisition. Social species are at an increased risk of parasitic transmission as they spend more time in the proximity of others that may carry parasites. The detection of parasitic risk is also critical in mate assessment and choice. Perceptual systems and behavioural responses have evolved to detect individuals who are parasitized and pose the risk of parasitic transmission. This includes the integration of inputs from various sensory modalities (e.g., olfaction), brain regions and networks, and neuromodulatory systems. Understanding the neurobiological systems involved in detecting the parasite infection risk and the expression of disgust will allow us to better understand the evolution and regulation of pathogen avoidance and mate choice.
  • 464
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Bioactive Molecules in Ascidians
The study of bioactive molecules of marine origin has created an important bridge between biological knowledge and its applications in biotechnology and biomedicine. Studies in different research fields, such as biomedicine, aim to discover marine molecules characterized by biological activities that can be used to produce potential drugs for human use. Increasing attention has been paid to a particular group of marine invertebrates, the Ascidians, as they are a source of bioactive products. 
  • 460
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Crosstalk between Lipids and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a complex liver disorder that can result in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer, is the accumulation of fat in the liver seen in people due to metabolic dysfunction. The pathophysiology of NAFLD is influenced by several variables, such as metabolic dysregulation, oxidative stress, inflammation, and genetic susceptibility. This illness seriously threatens global health because of its link to obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and other metabolic disorders. In recent years, lipid–NAFLD crosstalk has drawn a lot of interest. Through numerous methods, lipids have been connected to the onset and advancement of the illness. 
  • 459
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
The Structure of the Biosphere from the Point of View of the Concept of the Biogeome
The authors propose considering the structure and evolutionary changes in the biosphere from the standpoint of a biogeomics approach. It is necessary to study biogeomes as systems of ecosystems that are similar in their structural and functional organization. Biogeomes are structural units of the biosphere and elements of biospheromerons. Based on an analysis of the concept of the “biome”, it is concluded that its primary use is limited, since it is only based on the phytocenotic approach; however, it should be noted that it is this aspect that is currently developing most successfully. The authors note that A. Tansley (1935), critically examining the concept of the biome, essentially introduced the concept of the biogeome, which is broader than the concept of the “ecosystem”. The authors consider the characteristics of five main terrestrial and atmobiontic biogeomes (hylea, grass biogeome, tundra, and desert biogeome), as well as seven hydrosphere biogeomes (shelf, pelagic ocean biogeome, bathyal–abyssal bottom, hydrothermal, bioherm, limnobiogeome, and rheobiogeome). They are grouped, based on the physiognomic approach and an analysis of the “biogeomic formulas”, into the following three types: biotic (the appearance of ecosystems is determined by the biome), oligobiotic (the appearance of ecosystems is determined by both the biome and abiotic elements, as well as the geome), and nanobiotic, where the general appearance of ecosystems is determined by the elements of the geome. The biogeomic approach allows us to consider the organization of terrestrial and hydrosphere ecosystems in a general way and to introduce important elements into the structure of the Earth’s biosphere, which has gone through complex and lengthy stages during its evolution.
  • 456
  • 17 Jul 2025
Topic Review
Androgen Receptor’s Role in Triple Negative Breast CancerBC
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) comprises 10–20% of diagnosed breast cancers. TNBCs are devoid of common biomarkers such as an estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Research is being conducted to determine the androgen receptor’s (AR) role in TNBC and determine its ability to be utilized as an effective drug target in the absence of the commonly targeted receptors. 
  • 453
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Hydrogel as Delivery System in Spinal Cord Injury
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe neurological injury caused by traffic accidents, trauma, or falls, which leads to significant loss of sensory, motor, and autonomous functions and seriously affects the patient’s life quality. Although considerable progress has been made in mitigating secondary injury and promoting the regeneration/repair of SCI, the therapeutic effects need to be improved due to drug availability. Given their good biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low immunogenicity, injectable hydrogels can be used as delivery systems to achieve controlled release of drugs and other substances (cells and proteins, etc.), offering new hope for SCI repair. 
  • 451
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Nrf2 in Obesity-Related Insulin Resistance and T2D Prevention
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced mainly by mitochondrial respiration and function as signaling molecules in the physiological range. However, ROS production is also associated with the pathogenesis of various diseases, including insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes (T2D).
  • 441
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Cell-Based Therapeutics for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene that cause an almost complete lack of the dystrophin protein in the patient. The dystrophin gene is found on the X-chromosome, causing the disease to be X-linked and almost exclusively affecting young boys and young men. Two novel techniques were recently utilized which identify muscle cell transplantation as a viable treatment for DMD. The first is to generate chimeric cells, fussing the patient's cells with donor cells. The patient's cells identify the fused cells as self, thus avoiding the expected immune response. The donor cells provide dystrophin, the mutated and absent protein. The second novel technique is to inject these fused cells via intraosseous injection. This iliac crest, bone marrow route has proven to be a true systemic delivery route. These two techniques have been successfully utilized in the mdx mouse to decrease pathology. The two techniques are now also being investigated in a clinical trial.
  • 437
  • 27 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Incidence of Otolaryngological Manifestations in Individuals with ASD
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments with social interaction as well as restricted and stereotyped behaviors. Other hallmarks of ASD include a delay in speech and language development, delay in developmental milestones, and eye contact avoidance.
  • 404
  • 22 Feb 2024
Topic Review
microRNAs for Treatment of Ewing’s Sarcoma
Ewing’s sarcoma (ES) is a rare type of cancer that forms in bones and soft tissues in the body, affecting mostly children and young adults. microRNAs have shown favourable results as latent diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in various cancers. microRNAs that might have therapeutic potential as target molecules in the treatment of ES.
  • 403
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing
The complexity of CRISPR-Cas9 applications in GBM research is highlighted, providing unique insights into apoptosis, cell proliferation, and immune responses within the tumor microenvironment. The studies challenge conventional perspectives on specific genes, emphasizing the potential therapeutic implications of manipulating key molecular players in cell cycle dynamics. Exploring CRISPR/Cas9 gene therapy in GBMs yields significant insights into the regulation of cellular processes, spanning cell interphase, renewal, and migration. Researchers, by precisely targeting specific genes, uncover the molecular orchestration governing cell proliferation, growth, and differentiation during critical phases of the cell cycle. The findings underscore the potential of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in unraveling the complex dynamics of the GBM microenvironment, offering promising avenues for targeted therapies to curb GBM growth. 
  • 386
  • 30 Jan 2024
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