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Topic Review
Pyrometallurgical Processes
The EU steel industry accounts for a crude steel production of 140 Mt/y, provided by the integrated (57%) and electric (43%) routes, which respectively require up to 6.0 and 0.6 MWh/tCrudeSteel of energy input, and emits on average 1.85 and 0.4 tCO2/tCrudeSteel. The mitigation of such CO2 emissions is crucial, and would involve the direct avoidance of carbon, improvement of energy efficiency, and carbon capture. However, the environmental burden of the steel industry cannot be limited to this, given the very large amount (approximately 5 Mt) of residues landfilled every year in the EU. This practice cannot be sustained anymore, since it represents a detrimental waste of resources and burden to the environment. These aspects require prompt action to meet the Green Deal goals envisioned for 2030. 
  • 1.5K
  • 22 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Restoration of Soils and Groundwater Contaminated by Explosives
Soil pollution resulting from explosives represents a critical environmental challenge. While physical methods like excavation and disposal are effective, their applicability is constrained by cost and logistical challenges for large contaminated areas. Chemical methods, such as oxidation and reduction, focus on transforming explosives into less toxic byproducts. Biological remediation utilizing plants and microorganisms emerges as a cost-effective and sustainable alternative. 
  • 1.4K
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Residual Stress Measurement Techniques for Railway Components
Manufacturing and maintenance procedures in the railway industry regularly implement welding and metal deposition operations to produce joints, coatings and repair structures. During these processes, residual stresses arise through the generation of heat affected zones and plastic deformation. This makes accurate measurements of the internal stresses a critical aspect of manufacturing, monitoring, repair and model validation in the develop new metallic coating and joining technologies. Selection of an appropriate residual stress measurement method has many important factors including component size, resolution and the magnitude and location of internal stresses, often resulting in a combination of techniques required to obtain complete assessment of the stress state. 
  • 1.4K
  • 13 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Metallurgy/Weldability of High-Strength Cold-Resistant and Cryogenic Steels
Thermomechanical Controlled Processing (TMCP), the initial microstructure and mechanical properties of rolled products made of high-strength steels, have a significant influence on the properties and reliability of welded structures for low temperature and cryogenic service.
  • 1.4K
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Irradiation-Tolerant Refractory High-Entropy Alloys
Along with the globalization of environmental problems and the rapid development of the field of nuclear technologies, the severe irradiation damage of materials has become a big issue, restricting the development of advanced nuclear reactor systems. Refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) have the characteristics of a complex composition, a short-range order, and lattice distortion and possess a high phase stability, outstanding mechanical properties, and excellent irradiation resistance at elevated temperatures; thus, they are expected to be promising candidates for advanced nuclear reactors. 
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Hydrogen Embrittlement of Medium-Mn Steels
Recent research efforts to develop advanced–/ultrahigh–strength medium-Mn steels have led to the development of a variety of alloying concepts, thermo-mechanical processing routes, and microstructural variants for these steel grades. However, certain grades of advanced–/ultrahigh–strength steels (A/UHSS) are known to be highly susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement, due to their high strength levels. Hydrogen embrittlement characteristics of medium–Mn steels are less understood compared to other classes of A/UHSS, such as high Mn twinning–induced plasticity steel, because of the relatively short history of the development of this steel class and the complex nature of multiphase, fine-grained microstructures that are present in medium–Mn steels. The motivation of this paper is to review the current understanding of the hydrogen embrittlement characteristics of medium or intermediate Mn (4 to 15 wt pct) multiphase steels and to address various alloying and processing strategies that are available to enhance the hydrogen-resistance of these steel grades.
  • 1.3K
  • 04 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Innovative Application of Metallic PCMs in Metal Casting
Phase Change Materials (PCMs) are materials that release or absorb sufficient latent heat at a constant temperature or a relatively narrow temperature range during their solid/liquid transformation to be used for heating or cooling purposes. Although the use of PCMs has increased significantly in recent years, their major applications are limited to Latent Heat Storage (LHS) applications, especially in solar energy systems and buildings. Metallic PCMs appear to be the best alternative to salts and organic materials due to their high conductivity, high latent heat storage capacity and wide-ranging phase change temperature. Recent studies indicate that besides their conventional applications, metallic PCMs can be used in casting design to control the solidification microstructure as well as the feedability and defect formation in castings. Use of metallic PCM-fitted chillers is believed to open new horizons in smart control of the casting structure.
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Solid-State Welding of Steels
Welding is a joining process that permanently connects solid parts and forms components that cannot be divided without causing damage. Furthermore, welding is the most efficient and economical way to join similar or dissimilar materials with or without using filler material, heat, or external pressure. Welding can be processed in a variety of environments, including outdoors, inside, underwater, and even in outer space. The two main categories of welding methods, solid-state welding (SSW) and fusion welding, are processes to join metals. Fusion welding can be defined as the melting process of parent materials on facing surfaces with a filler material to form a weld bead. The fusion welding process comprises gas welding, arc welding, and intense-energy beam welding.
  • 1.3K
  • 06 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Influence of Cold Spray Parameters on Bonding Mechanisms
The cold spray process is governed by the impact of high velocity feedstock particles onto a substrate without melting. Hence, the bulk material properties are retained. However, it is challenging to achieve good adhesion strength. The adhesion strength depends on factors such as the cold spray process parameters, substrate conditions, coating/substrate interactions at the interface and feedstock material properties. This entry examines fundamental studies concerning the adhesion mechanisms of cold spray technology and considers the effect of cold spray input parameters such as temperature, stand-off-distance, pressure, process gas, spray angle, and traverse speed of the cold spray torch on the bonding mechanism and adhesion strength. Furthermore, the effects of substrate conditions such as temperature, hardness, roughness and material on the adhesion mechanism are highlighted. The effect of feedstock properties, such as feed rate, shape and size are summarized. Understanding the effect of these parameters is necessary to obtain the optimal input parameters that enable the best interfacial properties for a range of coating/substrate material combinations. It is expected that feedstock of spherical morphology and small particle size (<15 μm) provides optimal interfacial properties when deposited onto a mirror-finished substrate surface using high pressure cold spray. Deep insights into each parameter exposes the uncovered potential of cold spray as an additive manufacturing method.
  • 1.3K
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Abrasive Wear of Cermets
Abrasive wear occurs when hard particles or sometimes hard protuberances on a counterface are forced against and are moved along the surface. The amount of material removed depends on the normal load pressing particles against the surface and the sliding distance. A distinction is usually made between the two-body and the three-body abrasive wear and between low-stress (abrasive particles remain unbroken during abrasion) and high-stress (abrasive particles are broken during the wear process) abrasion. WC-based hardmetals (cemented carbides) are employed widely as wear-resistant ceramic-metal composites for tools and wear parts. Raw materials supply, environmental concerns and some limitations of hardmetals have directed efforts toward development of alternative wear-resistant composites-cermets. Cermets consist primarily of ceramic particles such as titanium carbonitride (Ti(C,N)), titanium carbide (TiC), and chromium carbide (Cr3C2) bonded with alloys of Ni, Co or Fe. Cermets as resistant to abrasive wear materials demonstrate their potential mainly in environmentally severe wear conditions – at elevated temperatures and corrosive envronments.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Sn on Ag-Based Brazing Filler Metals
Ag-based brazing filler metals containing Sn have been widely applied in many engineering fields. By summarizing the effects of Sn on the melting temperature, wettability and microstructure, and mechanical properties of the filler metals, the Sn element can significantly decrease the melting point and improve the wettability, and proper addition of Sn can optimize the microstructure and improve the comprehensive properties of the filler metals, while excessive addition of Sn will form brittle IMCs and decrease the mechanical properties of the filler metals.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Electrically Conductive and Thermally Conductive Lubricants
Electrically as well as thermally conductive lubricants have drawn considerable attention and are an emerging research topic because they have unique advantages and advanced lubrication performance over traditional lubricants such as corrosion protection and efficient heat dissipation. For instance, some components of electric vehicles (EVs) such as bearings, seals, pads and gears require conductive lubricants to avoid premature failure and electromagnetic interference (EMI) problems due to induced shaft voltages and currents.
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Fatigue Shear-band in Metallic Glass
Metallic glass (MG) is a class of metallic material fabricated by the fast-cooling during solidification. This alloy lacks the long-range order characteristic and the crystalline defects including grain boundaries and dislocations. The unique structural feature makes some mechanical properties of MG obviously superior than conventional crystalline alloys, such as strength, hardness, elastic limit, wear resistance, etc. It is estimated that ~90% of all mechanical failures in the structural materials are caused by fatigue. Thus, the fatigue property is an important evaluation index before a new structural material application. Without the dislocations and grain boundaries, the plastic deformation of MG occurs in the form of atomic clusters operation at room temperature, eventually leading to the generation of shear band. It is found that the fatigue damage and fracture of MGs were dominated by shear band. As a result, understanding how shear band evolution under cyclic loading is important for improving the fatigue performance of MGs.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Direct Laser Deposition of Inconel 625
The direct laser deposition (DLD) process has seen rigorous research in the past two decades due to its ability to directly manufacture products followed by minimal machining. The process input variables play a vital role in determining the properties achieved in the products manufactured by the DLD method. Inconel 625, a nickel-based superalloy with exceptional mechanical performance and corrosion resistance, has been used in critical applications within the aerospace, process, and marine industry.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 May 2023
Topic Review
Chloride-Induced Corrosion of Carbon Steel in Cracked Concrete
Corrosion is an electrochemical reaction consisting of anodic and cathodic half-cell reactions. Micro-cell corrosion refers to the situation where active dissolution and the corresponding cathodic half-cell reaction occur in adjacent parts of the same metal. For a steel reinforcing bar in concrete, the surface of the corroding steel can act as a mixed electrode containing both anode and cathode regions connected by the bar itself. Macro-cell corrosion can also form on a single bar exposed to different environments within the concrete or where part of the bar extends outside the concrete. In both cases, the concrete pore solution functions as an electrolyte.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Critical MIM + SH Processing Parameters
Metal injection molding (MIM) combined with the use of a space holder (SH) is a very attractive route for the fabrication of highly porous titanium and titanium alloy components for biomedical applications. This approach allows fine control of the morphology, architecture, and purity of very complex net-shaped components.
  • 1.2K
  • 13 May 2022
Biography
Cornelius J. Barton
Cornelius J. Barton (born 1936) is an United States metallurgical engineer, businessman and the acting president of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute from April 1998 until July 1999.[1] He received bachelor's, master's and Ph.D. degrees in metallurgical engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. He is a member of the engineering honor society Sigma Xi and is a brother of the Delta Phi so
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
High Entropy Amorphous Alloys
High entropy amorphous alloys (HEAAs) are materials that have received much attention in recent years. They exhibit many unique properties; however, research on their composition design method has not been deep enough.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining
The aim of this work is to explain the concepts of sustainability with respect to small artisanal gold mining. For this, a qualitative approach with a descriptive scope was used, for which the bibliographic review technique was conducted. In this sense, articles, theses, books and institutional documents, and any contribution related to the research topic were taken into consideration. Likewise, this documentation contributed to the delimiting aspects that allowed a contrast between the proposed definitions and small artisanal mining in the Northeast Antioquia region in Colombia. Based on the reviewed sources, different needs were recognized in artisanal small-scale gold mining in Northeast Antioquia that still need action. In conclusion, through the exposition of sustainability theories, three common factors were identified within the various positions that were raised—the environmental, economic, and sociocultural dimensions. 
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Laser Ultrasonic in a Smart Manufacturing Production Site
The advancement of laser ultrasonics has increased rapidly, providing applications for materials characterization as well as for industrial utilization, as a quality control device. The wide-ranging capabilities for high-temperature in-situ analysis of a variety of microstructural characteristics offers a multitude of possibilities for usage in R&D. One possibility to investigate in a contactless manner, in-situ, and at high temperatures is the laser ultrasonic (LUS) method. This measurement technique has been developed over the last decades for many fields of application and can be used in various different configurations. This method can be applied to a variety of analyses known from the conventional ultrasonic technique. In particular, defect detection is one of the most common applications, especially the detection of defects in terms of pores, voids, or adhesion defects, especially in castings or welds. However, such defect detections are also of great advantage in additive manufacturing. 
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Feb 2023
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