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Topic Review
Respiratory Control of Crop Yield under High Temperature
Respiration and photosynthesis are indispensable plant metabolic processes that are affected by elevated temperatures leading to disruption of the carbon economy of the plants. Increasing global temperatures impose yield penalties in major staple crops that are attributed to increased respiratory carbon loss, through higher maintenance respiration resulting in a shortage of non-structural carbohydrates and an increase in metabolic processes like protein turnover and maintenance of ion concentration gradients.
  • 1.5K
  • 18 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Salicylic Acid and Mitochondrial ROS
Different abiotic and biotic stresses lead to the production and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in various cell organelles such as in mitochondria, resulting in oxidative stress, inducing defense responses or programmed cell death (PCD) in plants. In response to oxidative stress, cells activate various cytoprotective responses, enhancing the antioxidant system, increasing the activity of alternative oxidase and degrading the oxidized proteins. Oxidative stress responses are orchestrated by several phytohormones such as salicylic acid (SA). The biomolecule SA is a key regulator in mitochondria-mediated defense signaling and PCD, but the mode of its action is not known in full detail.
  • 1.5K
  • 11 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Seed Dormancy
The seed is the propagule of higher plants and allows its dissemination and the survival of the species. Seed dormancy prevents premature germination under favourable conditions. Dormant seeds are only able to germinate in a narrow range of conditions. During after-ripening (AR), a mechanism of dormancy release, seeds gradually lose dormancy through a period of dry storage. Part of this review focuses on how the methylation of mRNA and genomic DNA affects gene expression upon late stages of seed development, especially during dormancy. DNA methylation is a well-known epigenetic mechanism of controlling gene expression. In Arabidopsis thaliana, while there is a global increase in CHH-context methylation through embryogenesis, global DNA methylation levels remain stable during seed dormancy, decreasing when germination occurs. The biological significance of nucleic acid methylation upon seed development is discussed.
  • 1.4K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Direct-Seeded Rice Root System Architecture
Direct-seeded rice (DSR) is such a system of rice cultivation that has the potential to decrease water consumption, in addition to lessening labor requirements and at the same time enhance resource-use efficiency and system productivity, and check greenhouse gas emissions. Identifying ideal traits and breeding new rice varieties with efficient root system architecture (RSA) has great potential to increase resource-use efficiency and grain yield, especially under direct-seeded rice, by adapting to aerobic soil conditions. 
  • 1.4K
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Corona and Ayurveda
Abstract: Globalized hunger or having less food production due to Corona is one of the results of unorganized vast development, lack of knowledge within the series of event in a fraction of century for the economic upgrade which hampers health, environment, the consciousness of the public too and increase marginalized life which covers poverty, lack of health knowledge. Ayurveda explains the condition of the body and variation of food with Dosha, Desha, Dinacharya, Ritucharya which for quality of life which refers to the balance of multi-functional part of the body for having multi-benefit which is the basis of quality life. 
  • 1.4K
  • 09 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Chestnuts
Chestnuts (Castanea spp.) are trees of relevant economic interest in the agro-sylvicultural contexts of mountain regions throughout the temperate zone, particularly in the northern hemisphere.
  • 1.4K
  • 18 May 2021
Topic Review
Seed Deterioration and Ageing
Seeds are classified as either: orthodox, seeds that tolerate dehydration; recalcitrant, seeds that are high in moisture content and cannot withstand intensive desiccation; or intermediate, seeds that survive dehydration but die during dry storage at low temperatures. Seed lifespan depends on the seed category and also varies from one species to another. The rate of loss of vigor and viability of orthodox seeds depends mainly on temperature and seed moisture content (MC); the lower the MC and storage temperature, the longer the longevity. Ultimately, storage in liquid nitrogen or seed ultra-drying by well-adapted processes should allow for long-term storage. 
  • 1.4K
  • 24 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Plant Circadian Clock of Brassicaceae
The circadian clock serves to coordinate metabolism and physiology with the diurnal cycles derived from the daily rotation of the earth. In Brassicaceae, circadian rhythms contribute to the temporal daily variation in diverse phytochemicals and, hence, to both resistance to biotic stress and edible crop health value. Evidence that levels of specialized metabolites present in Brassica crops can oscillate rhythmically during a day has begun to accumulate. Consistently, circadian clock also seems to play an essential role in the immunity timing coordination by ensuring appropriate chemical defenses in the right tissue and at the right time, controlling their biosynthesis, transport, and storage. In addition, it has been shown that circadian periodicity during the post-harvest period can also improve the longevity of tissue integrity and phytochemical content in diverse Brassica vegetables. Thus, temporal variation in metabolite concentrations can alter the accumulation of diverse phytochemicals and thereby the overall edible crop health value.
  • 1.4K
  • 07 May 2021
Topic Review
Anacardium Plants
Anacardium plants are native to the American tropical regions, and Anacardium occidentale L. (cashew tree) is the most recognized species of the genus. These species contain a rich content of secondary metabolites in their leaf and shoot powder, fruits and other plant parts, with a plethora of biological applications.
  • 1.4K
  • 21 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Pseudomonas syringae as a Bacterial Plant Pathogen
Plant diseases caused by the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae are serious problems for various plant species worldwide. Accurate detection and diagnosis of P. syringae infections are critical for the effective management of these plant diseases.
  • 1.4K
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Pomegranate Peel Extracts
Pomegranate Peel Extracts as a source of bioactive components are natural alternative means to control plant diseases and prevent food spoilage. 
  • 1.4K
  • 23 Mar 2021
Topic Review
DNA Methylation on Gene Expression and Climate Adaptation
Methylation occurs in both plants and animals and is an important epigenetic modification due to its role in gene regulation, transposable element (TE) silencing, chromosomal interactions, and stability of the plant genome. Epigenetic modifications, including chromatin modifications and DNA methylation, play key roles in regulating gene expression in both plants and animals. Transmission of epigenetic markers is important for some genes to maintain specific expression patterns and preserve the status quo of the cell. The implications of epigenetics are important for adaptation and phenotypic plasticity because they provide the potential for tree conservation in forest ecosystems exposed to adverse conditions resulting from global warming and regional climate fluctuations. 
  • 1.4K
  • 21 Dec 2021
Topic Review
CRISPR/Cas9 for Functional Analysis in Soybean
CRISPR/Cas9 is the most powerful reverse genetics approach for fast and precise functional analysis of candidate genes/mutations of interest. Rapid and large-scale analyses of CRISPR/Cas-induced mutagenesis is achievable through Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated hairy root transformation. The combination of A. rhizogenes hairy root-CRISPR/Cas provides an extraordinary platform for rapid, precise, easy, and cost-effective “in root” functional analysis of genes of interest in legume plants, including soybean.
  • 1.4K
  • 26 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Hovenia dulcis Thumberg
Hovenia dulcis Thunberg is an herbal plant, belonging to the Rhamnaceae family, widespread in west Asia, USA, Australia and New Zealand, but still almost unknown in Western countries. H. dulcis has been described to possess several pharmacological properties, such as antidiabetic, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective, especially in the hangover treatment, validating its use as an herbal remedy in the Chinese Traditional Medicine. These biological properties are related to a variety of secondary metabolites synthesized by the different plant parts. Root, bark and leaves are rich of dammarane-type triterpene saponins; dihydrokaempferol, quercetin, 3,3′,5′,5,7-pentahydroflavone and dihydromyricetin are flavonoids isolated from the seeds; fruits contain mainly dihydroflavonols, such as dihydromyricetin (or ampelopsin) and hovenodulinol, and flavonols such as myricetin and gallocatechin; alkaloids were found in root, barks (frangulanin) and seeds (perlolyrin), and organic acids (vanillic and ferulic) in hot water extract from seeds. Finally, peduncles have plenty of polysaccharides which justify the use as a food supplement.
  • 1.4K
  • 02 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Mycorrhizae and Changing Climate
Mycorrhizae and changing climate refers to the effects of climate change on mycorrhizae, a fungus which forms an endosymbiotic relationship between with a vascular host plant by colonizing its roots, and the effects brought on by climate change. Climate change is any lasting effect in weather or temperature. It is important to note that a good indicator of climate change is global warming, though the two are not analogous. However, temperature plays a very important role in all ecosystems on Earth, especially those with high counts of mycorrhiza in soil biota. Mycorrhizae are one of the most widespread symbioses on the planet, as they form a plant-fungal interaction with nearly eighty percent of all terrestrial plants. The resident mycorrhizae benefits from a share of the sugars and carbon produced during photosynthesis, while the plant effectively accesses water and other nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, crucial to its health. This symbiosis has become so beneficial to terrestrial plants that some depend entirely on the relationship to sustain themselves in their respective environments. The fungi are essential to the planet as most ecosystems, especially those in the Arctic, are filled with plants that survive with the aid of mycorrhizae. Because of their importance to a productive ecosystem, understanding this fungus and its symbioses is currently an active area of scientific research.
  • 1.4K
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
Ceratozamia aurantiaca (Zamiaceae)
Ceratozamia aurantiaca, a new cycad species from Oaxaca, Mexico, is endemic to lowland karst tropical rainforests of the northern mountains (Sierra Norte region).
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Plant Mitochondria: Fusion and Fission
Plant mitochondria have large genomes to house a small number of key genes. Most mitochondria do not contain a whole genome. To maintain the mitochondrial genes, so important for energy production, the fusion and fission of mitochondria is critical. The dynamin related proteins DRP 3A and 3B drive the fission process. Fusion is less well understood but the MIRO2 gene appears to have a significant role. Massive mitochondrial fusion and subsequent fission prior to flowering, in the enlarging zygote and at germination aids genome repair, conservation of critical genes and may give an energy boost to key stages of the life cycle.
  • 1.4K
  • 31 May 2021
Topic Review
Acacia Catechu Willd. for CRC
The research for innovative treatments against colon adenocarcinomas is still a great challenge. Acacia catechu Willd. heartwood extract (AC) has health-promoting qualities, especially at gastrointestinal level. This study characterized AC for its catechins content and investigates the apoptotic-enhancing effect in human colorectal adenocarcinoma HT-29 cells, along with its ability to spare healthy tissue. Results showed that AC  induced an increase in apoptotic cells and ROS formation, reduction in mitochondria membrane potential as well as increase in caspase-9 and -3 activity. AC did not affect rat ileum and colon rings viability and functionality, suggesting its safe profile toward healthy tissue. The present findings outline the potential of AC for colon cancer treatment.
  • 1.4K
  • 14 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Drought/Salt Tolerance in Wheat
Drought and salinity are major constraints to agriculture. Here, we present an overview of the global situation and the consequences of drought and salt stress connected to climatic changes. 
  • 1.4K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Salicylic Acid and Wheat
Salicylic acid (SA) promotes the formation axile roots and surface adventitious roots that originate from basal stem nodes of wheat grown under waterlogged conditions, but inhibits their elongation, leading to the formation of a shallow root system. The SA treatment also enhances the formation of axile roots in non-waterlogged plants but with only slight reductions in their length and branch root formation. 
  • 1.4K
  • 16 Mar 2022
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