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Topic Review
Development of Bottom-Blowing Copper Smelting Technology
Bottom-blowing copper smelting technology was initiated and developed in China in the 1990s. Injection of oxygen-enriched high-pressure gas strongly stirs the molten bath consisting of matte and slag. Rapid reaction at relatively lower temperatures and good adaptability of the feed materials are the main advantages of this technology. Development and optimisation of bottom-blowing copper smelting technology were supported by extensive studies on the thermodynamics of the slag and the fluid dynamic of the molten bath.
  • 4.1K
  • 26 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Blockchain Private Key Generation and Recovery
As a future game-changer in various industries, cryptocurrency is attracting people’s attention. Cryptocurrency is issued on blockchain and managed through a blockchain wallet application. The blockchain wallet manages user’s digital assets and authenticates a blockchain user by checking the possession of a user’s private key. Mnemonic codes are the most commonly used technique to generate and recover a private key in the blockchain wallet. Various studies have been conducted to improve the private key generation and recovery process.
  • 4.1K
  • 04 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Carbon Quantum Dots and Graphene Quantum Dots
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are small carbon NPs with a size less than 10 nm having excellent conductivity, chemical stability, environmental friendliness, high photostability, broadband optical absorption, low toxicity, photobleaching resistance, high surface area, and ease of modification. Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are two-dimensional nanocrystals composed of small graphene particles with lateral diameters less than 100 nm. 
  • 4.1K
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
List of Railway Electrification Systems
This is a list of the power supply systems that are, or have been, used for tramway and railway electrification systems. Note that the voltages are nominal and vary depending on load and distance from the substation. Many modern trams and trains use on-board solid-state electronics to convert these supplies to run three-phase AC induction motors. Tram electrification systems are listed here.
  • 4.1K
  • 27 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells and SOFCs Components
Solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are the leading high-temperature devices to realize the global “Hydrogen Economy”. These devices are inherently multi-material (ceramic and cermets). They have multi-scale, multilayer configurations (a few microns to hundreds of microns) and different morphology (porosity and densification) requirements for each layer. Adjacent layers should exhibit chemical and thermal compatibility and high-temperature mechanical stability. 
  • 4.1K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Zen (Microarchitecture)
Zen is the codename for a computer processor microarchitecture from AMD, and was first used with their Ryzen series of CPUs in February 2017. The first Zen-based preview system was demonstrated at E3 2016, and first substantially detailed at an event hosted a block away from the Intel Developer Forum 2016. The first Zen-based CPUs codenamed "Summit Ridge" reached the market in early March 2017, Zen-derived Epyc server processors launched in June 2017 and Zen-based APUs arrived in November 2017. Zen is a clean sheet design that differs from the long-standing Bulldozer architecture. Zen-based processors use a 14 nm FinFET process, are reportedly more energy efficient, and can execute significantly more instructions per cycle. SMT has been introduced, allowing each core to run two threads. The cache system has also been redesigned, making the L1 cache write-back. Zen processors use three different sockets: desktop and mobile Ryzen chips use the AM4 socket, bringing DDR4 support; the high-end desktop Zen-based Threadripper chips support quad-channel DDR4 RAM and offer 64 PCIe 3.0 lanes (vs 24 lanes), using the TR4 socket; and Epyc server processors offer 128 PCI 3.0 lanes and octal-channel DDR4 using the SP3 socket. But not all Socket AM4 CPUs are based on Zen microarchitecture (the 7th gen APUs and Athlon X4s are based on Excavator microarchitecture). Zen is based on a SoC design. The memory, PCIe, SATA, and USB controllers are incorporated into the same chip as the processor cores. This has advantages in bandwidth and power, at the expense of chip complexity and die area. This SoC design allows the Zen microarchitecture to scale from laptops and small-form factor mini PCs to high-end desktops and servers.
  • 4.1K
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
List of Datasets for Machine Learning Research
These datasets are used for machine-learning research and have been cited in peer-reviewed academic journals. Datasets are an integral part of the field of machine learning. Major advances in this field can result from advances in learning algorithms (such as deep learning), computer hardware, and, less-intuitively, the availability of high-quality training datasets. High-quality labeled training datasets for supervised and semi-supervised machine learning algorithms are usually difficult and expensive to produce because of the large amount of time needed to label the data. Although they do not need to be labeled, high-quality datasets for unsupervised learning can also be difficult and costly to produce.
  • 4.1K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
MSBS Rifle
The WAT-FB MSBS-5.56 (Polish: Modułowy System Broni Strzeleckiej kalibru 5,56 mm, English: Modular Firearm System 5.56 mm calibre), also known as Grot, is a modular assault rifle currently developed and manufactured by FB "Łucznik" Radom to become the next service rifle of the Polish Armed Forces. There are two basic variants currently being developed that is based on a common upper receiver: a conventional variant and a bullpup variant. With its variety of modules, both variants can be easily transformed into an assault rifle, carbine, designated marksman rifle or squad automatic weapon. A variant chambered in 7.62×39mm was also developed and designated as the MSBS-7.62S. The MSBS-7.62N is a battle rifle variant of the MSBS that has entered the prototype phase, chambered for the full-power 7.62×51mm NATO rifle round, to be featured during MSPO in the autumn of 2016. Planned variations include a designated marksman rifle, a sniper support rifle, and a support weapon for deployment with parachute infantry.
  • 4.1K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Volunteering
Volunteering is generally considered an altruistic activity where an individual or group provides services for no financial or social gain "to benefit another person, group or organization". Volunteering is also renowned for skill development and is often intended to promote goodness or to improve human quality of life. Volunteering may have positive benefits for the volunteer as well as for the person or community served. It is also intended to make contacts for possible employment. Many volunteers are specifically trained in the areas they work, such as medicine, education, or emergency rescue. Others serve on an as-needed basis, such as in response to a natural disaster.
  • 4.1K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Metabolism of Fatty Acids
Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cells, generating up to 90% of the energy within a cell in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). There is a close connection between fatty acid metabolism and mitochondria, involving a considerable number of cellular processes that go well beyond mitochondrial fatty acid metabolism. Fatty acids are essential for ATP and energy production, and are therefore highly relevant in the regulation of energy homeostasis. The processes of β-oxidation, linked to ATP production, and mitochondrial fatty acid biosynthesis (mtFAS) are both localized in the mitochondria. This last pathway, in particular, produces molecules that are used as cellular structural components for post-translational modifications of proteins and in signaling cascades.
  • 4.1K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Superoxide Radical Anion O2•−
Classically, superoxide anion O2•− and reactive oxygen species ROS play a dual role. At the physiological balance level, they are a by-product of O2 reduction, necessary for cell signalling, and at the pathological level they are considered harmful, as they can induce disease and apoptosis, necrosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis and autophagic cell death.
  • 4.1K
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
The Tyrrhenian Sea Circulation
Knowledge about marine circulation and its variability is a basic requirement for the correct management of activities aimed at exploiting marine resources and for the prevention and eventual mitigation of the risks involved. The activities of the Marine Hazard Project, to which this special number of Sustainability is dedicated, focus on geothermal resources connected with some submerged volcanic systems located in the Tyrrhenian Sea. This sea hosts delicate coastal and marine ecosystems, and is characterized by rich dynamics, both driven by the interaction of the local forcing with the complex morphology and bathymetry of the basin, and by exchanges with adjacent sub-basins which take place at all depths. 
  • 4.1K
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Non-Coding RNAs in Plants
Plant transcriptomes encompass a large number of functional non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), only some of which have protein-coding capacity. Since their initial discovery, ncRNAs have been classified into two broad categories based on their biogenesis and mechanisms of action, housekeeping ncRNAs and regulatory ncRNAs. With advances in RNA sequencing technology and computational methods, bioinformatics resources continue to emerge and update rapidly, including workflow for in silico ncRNA analysis, up-to-date platforms, databases, and tools dedicated to ncRNA identification and functional annotation.
  • 4.1K
  • 15 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Imidazoline Surfactants
Imidazoline surfactants are a class of surfactants with a hydrophobic tail and an imidazoline hydrophilic head. They are commonly used as emulsifiers, wetting agents, and cleaning agents in a variety of applications, including personal care, industrial cleaning, and agriculture. Imidazoline surfactants are known for their stability in acidic and alkaline conditions, making them a popular choice for many industrial processes. Imidazoline surfactants are mainly the cationic surfactants that contain an imidazoline ring in their chemical structure. They are commonly used as emulsifiers, corrosion inhibitors, and wetting agents in a variety of industrial and household applications. Imidazoline surfactants are typically synthesized by reacting a fatty acid or fatty amine with an imidazole or imidazoline compound. The resulting surfactants have a unique combination of properties, including excellent emulsification, wetting, and corrosion inhibition abilities.
  • 4.1K
  • 24 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Point-Of-Care or Point-Of-Need Diagnostic Tests
In the recent years, the progress of international trade and travel has led to an increased risk of emerging infections. Around 75 percent of the pathogens causing these infections are of animal origin. Point-of-care tests (POCT) and point-of-need tests (PONT) have been established in order to directly provide accurate and rapid diagnostics at field level, the patient bed-side or at the site of outbreaks. These assays can help physicians and decision makers to take the right action without delay. Typically, POCT and PONT rely on genomic identification of pathogens or track their immunological fingerprint. Recently, protocols for metagenomic diagnostics in the field have been developed.
  • 4.1K
  • 20 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Incompressible Navier Stokes Equations
A closely related problem to The Clay Math Institute "Navier-Stokes, breakdown of smooth solutions here on an arbitrary cube subset of three dimensional space with periodic boundary conditions is examined. The incompressible Navier-Stokes Equations are presented in a new and conventionally different way here, by naturally reducing them to an operator form which is then further analyzed. It is shown that a reduction to a general 2D N-S system decoupled from a 1D non-linear partial differential equation is possible to obtain. This is executed using integration over n-dimensional compact intervals which allows decoupling. Here we extract the measure-zero points in the domain where singularities may occur and are left with a pde that exhibits finite time singularity. The operator form is considered in a physical geometric vorticity case, and a more general case. In the general case, the solution is revealed to have smooth solutions which exhibit finite-time blowup on a fine measure zero set and using the Gagliardo-Nirenberg inequalities it is shown that for any non zero measure set in the form of cube subset of 3D there is finite time blowup.
  • 4.1K
  • 10 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Magnesium and Stress
Magnesium deficiency and stress are both common conditions among the general population, which, over time, can increase the risk of health consequences.  Clinical and pre-clinical evidence suggest that stress could increase magnesium loss, causing a deficiency; and in turn, magnesium deficiency could enhance the body’s susceptibility to stress, resulting in a magnesium and stress vicious circle.
  • 4.1K
  • 20 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Deep Reinforcement Learning in Economics
The popularity of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) applications in economics has increased exponentially. DRL, through a wide range of capabilities from reinforcement learning (RL) to deep learning (DL), offers vast opportunities for handling sophisticated dynamic economics systems. DRL is characterized by scalability with the potential to be applied to high-dimensional problems in conjunction with noisy and nonlinear patterns of economic data. In this paper, we initially consider a brief review of DL, RL, and deep RL methods in diverse applications in economics, providing an in-depth insight into the state-of-the-art. Furthermore, the architecture of DRL applied to economic applications is investigated in order to highlight the complexity, robustness, accuracy, performance, computational tasks, risk constraints, and profitability. The survey results indicate that DRL can provide better performance and higher efficiency as compared to the traditional algorithms while facing real economic problems in the presence of risk parameters and the ever-increasing uncertainties. View Full-Text
  • 4.1K
  • 08 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Classification of Polyphenols
Polyphenols are the secondary metabolites synthesized by the plants as a part of defense machinery. Owing to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancerous, antineoplastic, and immunomodulatory effects, natural polyphenols have been used for a long time to prevent and treat a variety of diseases. Polyphenols are plant secondary metabolites, with over 8000 polyphenolic compounds discovered to date, and have a variety of complicated structures. The most common and abundant polyphenols are phenolic acids, phenolic alcohols, flavonoids, lignans, and stiblins, which are available in the plant kingdom.
  • 4.1K
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Types of Bacterial Movement
Skin and wound infections are serious medical problems, and the diversity of bacteria makes such infections difficult to treat. Bacteria possess many virulence factors, among which motility plays a key role in skin infections. This feature allows for movement over the skin surface and relocation into the wound. The aim is to review the type of bacterial movement and to indicate the underlying mechanisms than can serve as a target for developing or modifying antibacterial therapies applied in wound infection treatment. Five types of bacterial movement are distinguished: appendage-dependent (swimming, swarming, and twitching) and appendage-independent (gliding and sliding). All of them allow bacteria to relocate and aid bacteria during infection. Swimming motility allows bacteria to spread from ‘persister cells’ in biofilm microcolonies and colonise other tissues. Twitching motility enables bacteria to press through the tissues during infection, whereas sliding motility allows cocci (defined as non-motile) to migrate over surfaces. Bacteria during swarming display greater resistance to antimicrobials. Molecular motors generating the focal adhesion complexes in the bacterial cell leaflet generate a ‘wave’, which pushes bacterial cells lacking appendages, thereby enabling movement.
  • 4.1K
  • 06 Jul 2023
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