Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Submitted Successfully!
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic. For video creation, please contact our Academic Video Service.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1 handwiki Sirius Huang -- 1733 2022-10-24 01:36:23

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Academic Video Service to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
No, upload directly Yes
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
HandWiki. Structure of the Earth. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31386 (accessed on 23 September 2026).
HandWiki. Structure of the Earth. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31386. Accessed September 23, 2026.
HandWiki. "Structure of the Earth" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31386 (accessed September 23, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, October 26). Structure of the Earth. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31386
HandWiki. "Structure of the Earth." Encyclopedia. Web. 26 October, 2022.
Structure of the Earth
Edit
The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Earth:Structure_of_the_Earth

The internal structure of the Earth is layered in spherical shells: an outer silicate solid crust, a highly viscous asthenosphere and mantle, a liquid outer core that is much less viscous than the mantle, and a solid inner core. Scientific understanding of the internal structure of the Earth is based on observations of topography and bathymetry, observations of rock in outcrop, samples brought to the surface from greater depths by volcanoes or volcanic activity, analysis of the seismic waves that pass through the Earth, measurements of the gravitational and magnetic fields of the Earth, and experiments with crystalline solids at pressures and temperatures characteristic of the Earth's deep interior.

crystalline solids internal structure silicate

References

  1. ME = 5·9722×1024 kg ± 6×1020 kg. "2016 Selected Astronomical Constants" in The Astronomical Almanac Online, USNO–UKHO, http://asa.usno.navy.mil/ 
  2. A.M. Dziewonski, D.L. Anderson (1981). "Preliminary reference Earth model". Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 25 (4): 297–356. doi:10.1016/0031-9201(81)90046-7. ISSN 0031-9201. Bibcode: 1981PEPI...25..297D. https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~lzeng/papers/PREM.pdf. 
  3. Montagner, Jean-Paul (2011). "Earth's structure, global". Encyclopedia of solid earth geophysics. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 134–154. ISBN 9789048187010. 
  4. Andrei, Mihai (21 August 2018). "What are the layers of the Earth?". ZME Science. https://www.zmescience.com/other/science-abc/layers-earth-structure/. 
  5. Chinn, Lisa (25 April 2017). "Earth's Structure From the Crust to the Inner Core". Sciencing (Leaf Group Media). https://sciencing.com/earths-structure-crust-inner-core-16911.html. 
  6. Breaking News | Oldest rock shows Earth was a hospitable young planet. Spaceflight Now (2001-01-14). Retrieved on 2012-01-27. http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n0101/14earthwater/
  7. Nace, Trevor (16 January 2016). "Layers Of The Earth: What Lies Beneath Earth's Crust". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/trevornace/2016/01/16/layers-of-the-earth-lies-beneath-earths-crust/. 
  8. Evers, Jeannie (11 August 2015). "Mantle". National Geographic (National Geographic Society). https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/mantle/. Retrieved 28 June 2019. 
  9. Yu, Chunquan; Day, Elizabeth A.; de Hoop, Maarten V.; Campillo, Michel; Goes, Saskia; Blythe, Rachel A.; van der Hilst, Robert D. (28 March 2018). "Compositional heterogeneity near the base of the mantle transition zone beneath Hawaii". Nat Commun 9 (9): 1266. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03654-6. PMID 29593266. Bibcode: 2018NatCo...9.1266Y.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5872023
  10. Krieger, Kim (24 March 2004). "D Layer Demystified". Science News (American Association for the Advancement of Science). http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2004/03/d-layer-demystified. 
  11. Dolbier, Rachel. "Coring the Earth". W. M. Keck Earth Science and Mineral Engineering Museum (University of Nevada, Reno): 5. https://www.unr.edu/Documents/science/mackay/coring%20the%20earth.pdf. Retrieved 28 June 2019. 
  12. Cain, Fraser (26 March 2016). "What is the Earth's Mantle Made Of?". Universe Today. https://www.universetoday.com/40229/what-is-the-earths-mantle-made-of/. 
  13. Shaw, Ethan (22 October 2018). "The Different Properties of the Asthenosphere & the Lithosphere". Sciencing (Leaf Group Media). https://sciencing.com/different-properties-asthenosphere-lithosphere-8447830.html. 
  14. Walzer, Uwe; Hendel, Roland; Baumgardner, John. "Mantle Viscosity and the Thickness of the Convective Downwellings". Los Alamos National Laboratory (Universität Heidelberg). http://www.chemie.uni-jena.de/geowiss/geodyn/poster2.html. Retrieved 28 June 2019. 
  15. Preuss, Paul (July 17, 2011). "What Keeps the Earth Cooking?". Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (University of California, Berkeley). http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2011/07/17/kamland-geoneutrinos/. Retrieved 28 June 2019. 
  16. "Planetary Fact Sheet". Lunar and Planetary Science. NASA. http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/. Retrieved 2 January 2009. 
  17. Hutton, C. (1778). "An Account of the Calculations Made from the Survey and Measures Taken at Schehallien". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 68: 689–788. doi:10.1098/rstl.1778.0034.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1778.0034
  18. Tretkoff, Ernie (June 2008). "June 1798: Cavendish Weighs the World" (in en). APS News (American Physical Society) 17 (6). https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200806/physicshistory.cfm. Retrieved 5 June 2018. 
  19. Monnereau, Marc; Calvet, Marie; Margerin, Ludovic; Souriau, Annie (May 21, 2010). "Lopsided Growth of Earth's Inner Core". Science 328 (5981): 1014–17. doi:10.1126/science.1186212. PMID 20395477. Bibcode: 2010Sci...328.1014M.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1186212
  20. Hazlett, James S.; Monroe, Reed; Wicander, Richard (2006). Physical geology : exploring the earth (6. ed.). Belmont: Thomson. p. 346. ISBN 978-0-495-01148-4. 
  21. Stixrude, Lars; Cohen, R.E. (January 15, 1995). "Constraints on the crystalline structure of the inner core: Mechanical instability of BCC iron at high pressure". Geophysical Research Letters 22 (2): 125–28. doi:10.1029/94GL02742. Bibcode: 1995GeoRL..22..125S. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/135995/. 
  22. Benuzzi-Mounaix, A.; Koenig, M.; Ravasio, A.; Vinci, T. (2006). "Laser-driven shock waves for the study of extreme matter states". Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 48 (12B): B347. doi:10.1088/0741-3335/48/12B/S32. Bibcode: 2006PPCF...48B.347B.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0741-3335%2F48%2F12B%2FS32
  23. Remington, Bruce A.; Drake, R. Paul; Ryutov, Dmitri D. (2006). "Experimental astrophysics with high power lasers and Z pinches". Reviews of Modern Physics 78 (3): 755. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.78.755. Bibcode: 2006RvMP...78..755R. https://zenodo.org/record/1233971. 
  24. Benuzzi-Mounaix, A.; Koenig, M.; Husar, G.; Faral, B. (June 2002). "Absolute equation of state measurements of iron using laser driven shocks". Physics of Plasmas 9 (6): 2466. doi:10.1063/1.1478557. Bibcode: 2002PhPl....9.2466B.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1478557
  25. Schneider, Michael (1996). "Crystal at the Center of the Earth". Projects in Scientific Computing, 1996. Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center. http://www.psc.edu/science/Cohen_Stix/cohen_stix.html. Retrieved 8 March 2019. 
  26. Stixrude, L.; Cohen, R.E. (1995). "High-Pressure Elasticity of Iron and Anisotropy of Earth's Inner Core". Science 267 (5206): 1972–75. doi:10.1126/science.267.5206.1972. PMID 17770110. Bibcode: 1995Sci...267.1972S.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.267.5206.1972
  27. BBC News, "What is at the centre of the Earth?. Bbc.co.uk (2011-08-31). Retrieved on 2012-01-27. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14678004
  28. Ozawa, H.; al., et (2011). "Phase Transition of FeO and Stratification in Earth's Outer Core". Science 334 (6057): 792–94. doi:10.1126/science.1208265. PMID 22076374. Bibcode: 2011Sci...334..792O.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1208265
  29. Wootton, Anne (2006). "Earth's Inner Fort Knox". Discover 27 (9): 18. http://discovermagazine.com/2006/sep/innerfortknox. 
  30. Herndon, J.M. (1980). "The chemical composition of the interior shells of the Earth". Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A372 (1748): 149–54. doi:10.1098/rspa.1980.0106. Bibcode: 1980RSPSA.372..149H.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1980.0106
  31. Herndon, J.M. (2005). "Scientific basis of knowledge on Earth's composition". Current Science 88 (7): 1034–37. http://nuclearplanet.com/CS50410.pdf. 
  32. First Measurement Of Magnetic Field Inside Earth's Core. Science20.com. Retrieved on 2012-01-27. http://www.science20.com/news_articles/first_measurement_magnetic_field_inside_earths_core
  33. Buffett, Bruce A. (2010). "Tidal dissipation and the strength of the Earth's internal magnetic field". Nature 468 (7326): 952–94. doi:10.1038/nature09643. PMID 21164483. Bibcode: 2010Natur.468..952B.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature09643
  34. Chang, Kenneth (2005-08-25). "Earth's Core Spins Faster Than the Rest of the Planet". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/25/science/25cnd-core.html. Retrieved 2010-05-24. 
  35. Kerr, R.A. (2005). "Earth's Inner Core Is Running a Tad Faster Than the Rest of the Planet". Science 309 (5739): 1313a. doi:10.1126/science.309.5739.1313a. PMID 16123276.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.309.5739.1313a
  36. Chang, Kenneth (26 August 2005) "Scientists Say Earth's Center Rotates Faster Than Surface" The New York Times Sec. A, Col. 1, p. 13. https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/26/science/26core.html
More
©Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons-Attribution ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Geochemistry & Geophysics
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
HandWiki
View Times: 4.1K
Entry Collection: HandWiki
Revision: 1 time (View History)
Update Date: 26 Oct 2022
Table of Contents
    Notice
    You are not a member of the advisory board for this topic. If you want to update advisory board member profile, please contact office@encyclopedia.pub.
    OK
    Confirm
    Only members of the Encyclopedia advisory board for this topic are allowed to note entries. Would you like to become an advisory board member of the Encyclopedia?
    Yes
    No
    ${ textCharacter }/${ maxCharacter }
    Submit
    Cancel
    There is no comment~
    ${ textCharacter }/${ maxCharacter }
    Submit
    Cancel
    ${ selectedItem.replyTextCharacter }/${ selectedItem.replyMaxCharacter }
    Submit
    Cancel
    Confirm
    Are you sure to Delete?
    Yes No
    Academic Video Service
    Feedback