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Topic Review
Phytocannabinoids Biosynthesis in Plants
Phytocannabinoids are a structurally diverse class of bioactive naturally occurring compounds found in angiosperms, fungi, and liverworts and produced in several plant organs such as the flower and glandular trichrome of Cannabis sativa, the scales in Rhododendron, and oil bodies of liverworts such as Radula species; they show a diverse role in humans and plants. Moreover, phytocannabinoids are prenylated polyketides, i.e., terpenophenolics, which are derived from isoprenoid and fatty acid precursors. Additionally, targeted productions of active phytocannabinoids have beneficial properties via the genes involved and their expression in a heterologous host. Bioactive compounds show a remarkable non-hallucinogenic biological property that is determined by the variable nature of the side chain and prenyl group defined by the enzymes involved in their biosynthesis. Phytocannabinoids possess therapeutic, antibacterial, and antimicrobial properties; thus, they are used in treating several human diseases. 
  • 1.6K
  • 14 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Technologies for Attaining Doubled Haploid Plants In Vivo
Haploid plants with a doubled set of chromosomes (doubled haploid (DH)) significantly speed up the selection process by the fixation of genetic traits in each locus in the homozygous state within one generation. Doubled haploids are mainly attained by the formation of plants from the cultured gametophytic (haploid) tissues and cells in vitro, or by targeted reduction in the parent chromosome during intra- or interspecific hybridization. Since then, DH has become one of the most powerful tools to support various basic research studies, as well as applied research.
  • 1.6K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Type III Secretion System Inhibitors
Many Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria rely on a functional type III secretion system (T3SS), which injects multiple effector proteins into eukaryotic host cells, for their pathogenicity. Genetic studies conducted in different host-microbe pathosystems often revealed a sophisticated regulatory mechanism of their T3SSs, suggesting that the expression of T3SS is tightly controlled and constantly monitored by bacteria in response to the ever-changing host environment. 
  • 1.6K
  • 06 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Venus Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula)
The Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) is one of the most iconic carnivorous plants known for its rapid leaf movement and unique insect-trapping mechanism. Native to nutrient-poor bogs in the southeastern United States, D. muscipula has evolved complex morphological, physiological, and ecological adaptations that facilitate carnivory. This entry provides a comprehensive academic overview of the Venus flytrap, encompassing its taxonomy, habitat, trapping mechanism, digestive physiology, reproductive biology, genetic underpinnings, ecological role, conservation status, and evolutionary significance.
  • 1.6K
  • 04 Jun 2025
Topic Review
Plasmodesmata Conductivity Regulation
Plant cells form a multicellular symplast via cytoplasmic bridges called plasmodesmata (Pd) and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that crosses almost all plant tissues. The Pd proteome is mainly represented by secreted Pd-associated proteins (PdAPs), the repertoire of which quickly adapts to environmental conditions and responds to biotic and abiotic stresses. Although the important role of Pd in stress-induced reactions is universally recognized, the mechanisms of Pd control are still not fully understood. The negative role of callose in Pd permeability has been convincingly confirmed experimentally, yet the roles of cytoskeletal elements and many PdAPs remain unclear. Here, we discuss the contribution of each protein component to Pd control. Based on known data, we offer mechanistic models of mature leaf Pd regulation in response to stressful effects.
  • 1.6K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Balanced Xylan Acetylation
Xylan is the most abundant hemicellulose, constitutes about 25–35% of the dry biomass of woody and lignified tissues, and occurs up to 50% in some cereal grains. The accurate degree and position of xylan acetylation is necessary for xylan function and for plant growth and development. The post synthetic acetylation of cell wall xylan, mainly regulated by Reduced Wall Acetylation (RWA), Trichome Birefringence-Like (TBL), and Altered Xyloglucan 9 (AXY9) genes, is essential for effective bonding of xylan with cellulose. Recent studies have proven that not only xylan acetylation but also its deacetylation is vital for various plant functions.
  • 1.6K
  • 20 Nov 2020
Topic Review
DOG1
DOG1 (Delay of Germination-1), is a master regulator of primary seed dormancy that acts in concert with ABA to delay germination. The strongly regulated expression of DOG1 increases during seed maturation, and the DOG1-mRNA disappears quickly after seed imbibition, although the DOG1 protein is more stable. DOG1 expression is notably induced by abscisic acid (ABA) and low temperature during seed maturation. The DOG1 action involves the suppression of the ABA HYPERSENSITIVE GERMINATION (AHG1/AHG3) activity to enhance ABA sensitivity and finally impose the primary dormancy (PD). This suppression needs the formation of DOG1-heme complex. Together, DOG1 function is not restricted to PD process, but that it is also required for other facets of seed maturation and plant development (e.g. flowering and drought tolerance), in part by also interfering with the ethylene signaling components.  
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Potential of Brown Algae
Brown algae have been part of the human diet for hundreds of years, however, in recent years, commercial and scientific interest in brown algae has increased due to the growing demand for healthier diet by the world population. Brown algae and its metabolites, such as carotenoids, polysaccharides, phlorotannins, and proteins, have been associated with multiple beneficial health effects for different diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, one of the main causes of death in Europe.
  • 1.6K
  • 19 Feb 2021
Topic Review
AMF and Camellia Plants
Camellia is a genus of evergreen shrubs or trees, such as C. japonica, C. sinensis, C. oleifera, etc. A group of beneficial soil microorganisms, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), inhabit the rhizosphere of these Camellia spp. A total of eight genera of Acaulospora, Entrophospora, Funneliformis, Gigaspora, Glomus, Pacispora, Scutellospora, and Sclerocystis were found to be associated with Camellia plants with Glomus and/or Acaulospora being most abundant. These mycorrhizal fungi can colonize the roots of Camellia spp. and thus form arbuscular mycorrhizal symbionts. AMF is an important partner of Camellia spp. in the field of physiological activities. Studies indicated that AMF inoculation has been shown to promote plant growth, improve nutrient acquisition and nutritional quality, and increase resistance to drought, salinity and heavy metal contamination in potted Camellia.
  • 1.6K
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Capsicum annuum L.
Capsicum annuum L. is a significant horticulture crop known for its pungent varieties and used as a spice. The pungent character in the plant, known as capsaicinoid, has been discovered to have various health benefits. However, its production has been affected due to various exogenous stresses, including diseases caused by a soil-borne pathogen, Pythium spp. Predominantly affecting the Capsicum plant in younger stages and causing damping-off, this pathogen can incite root rot in later plant growth stages. Due to the involvement of multiple Pythium spp. and their capability to disperse through various routes, their detection and diagnosis have become crucial. However, the quest for a point-of-care technology is still far from over. The use of an integrated approach with cultural and biological techniques for the management of Pythium spp. can be the best and most sustainable alternative to the traditionally used and hazardous chemical approach. The lack of race-specific resistance genes against Pythium spp. can be compensated with the candidate quantitative trait loci (QTL) genes in C. annuum L.
  • 1.6K
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Polyphenolic Compounds in Underutilized Plant Seeds for Health
Plants represent a significant part of the human diet. Humans have utilized every part of plants for survival, and seeds are no exception. Seeds offer high protein, unsaturated fats, fibre, essential vitamins, and minerals for various food applications. They are also a promising reservoir of bioactive compounds, where various phytochemicals, such as polyphenolic compounds, capable of maintaining and improving well-being, are present in abundant quantities. Plants from Malvaceae and Cannabaceae families are known for their fibre-rich stems that benefit humankind by serving numerous purposes. For many centuries they have been exploited extensively for various commercial and industrial uses. Their seeds, which are often regarded as a by-product of fibre processing, have been scientifically discovered to have an essential role in combating hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, cancer, and oxidative stress.
  • 1.6K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Insight into Phloem Sap Metabolomics
Phloem sap transport is essential for plant nutrition and development since it mediates redistribution of nutrients, metabolites and signaling molecules. However, its biochemical composition is not so well-known because phloem sap sampling is difficult and does not always allow extensive chemical analysis. Efforts have been devoted to metabolomics analyses of phloem sap using either liquid chromatography or gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Phloem sap metabolomics is of importance to understand how metabolites can be exchanged between plant organs and how metabolite allocation may impact plant growth and development.
  • 1.6K
  • 13 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Drought Stress Signaling in Plants
Drought stress restricts plant growth and development by altering metabolic activity and biological functions. However, plants have evolved several cellular and molecular mechanisms to overcome drought stress. Drought tolerance is a multiplex trait involving the activation of signaling mechanisms and differentially expressed molecular responses. Broadly, drought tolerance comprises two steps: stress sensing/signaling and activation of various parallel stress responses (including physiological, molecular, and biochemical mechanisms) in plants. At the cellular level, drought induces oxidative stress by overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), ultimately causing the cell membrane to rupture and stimulating various stress signaling pathways (ROS, mitogen-activated-protein-kinase, Ca2+, and hormone-mediated signaling). Drought-induced transcription factors activation and abscisic acid concentration co-ordinate the stress signaling and responses in cotton. The key responses against drought stress, are root development, stomatal closure, photosynthesis, hormone production, and ROS scavenging. The genetic basis, quantitative trait loci and genes of cotton drought tolerance are presented as examples of genetic resources in plants. Sustainable genetic improvements could be achieved through functional genomic approaches and genome modification techniques such as the CRISPR/Cas9 system aid the characterization of genes, sorted out from stress-related candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms, quantitative trait loci, and genes. Exploration of the genetic basis for superior candidate genes linked to stress physiology can be facilitated by integrated functional genomic approaches. We propose a third-generation sequencing approach coupled with genome-wide studies and functional genomic tools, including a comparative sequenced data (transcriptomics, proteomics, and epigenomic) analysis, which offer a platform to identify and characterize novel genes. This will provide information for better understanding the complex stress cellular biology of plants.
  • 1.6K
  • 18 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Biostimulants Boost Date Palm's Performance under Abiotic Stresses
Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is constantly hindered due to detrimental abiotic constraints. Thus, there is a crucial need to deal with this problem. The application of biostimulants, such as the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), and organic amendments hold tremendous potential to ameliorate the growth and yield of date palm significantly. The strengthening of biostimulants’ main common modes of action is exerted through five main functions: biostimulation (essentially), biofertilization, bioprotection, biological control, and the role of bio-effector. Moreover, synergistic and complementary effects manifest through biochemical and nutritional benefits, as well as molecular modulation. In this sense, available data provide suggestive findings that corroborate the beneficial roles of biostimulants, thereby positioning them as promising eco-friendly tools that work toward resilience to abiotic stresses in date palm.
  • 1.6K
  • 12 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Polyphenols from Red and White Grape Pomace
Grape pomace (GP) represents a very reliable source of polyphenols because it could be found globally as a remnant of the wine industry. During the winemaking process, two types of GP are generated: red GP and white GP, according to the produced wine, red or white. Grape pomace represents a viable source of polyphenols, mainly flavanols, procyanidins anthocyanins, and resveratrol which possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Multiple differences were observed between red and white GP in terms of their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Although most studies are focused on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of red grape pomace, there are still many variables that need to be taken into consideration, as well as extensive study of the white GP. It was observed that in both in vitro and in vivo studies, the GP polyphenols have a direct antioxidant activity by acting as a free radical scavenger or donating a hydrogen atom. It also possesses an indirect antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity by reducing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1-beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF- κβ), and inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta (Iκκβ) levels or nitrate oxide-4 (NOX4) expression and by increasing the levels of antioxidants enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) glutathione reductase (GRx) and glutathione peroxidase(GPx). Besides these activities, many beneficial effects in ischemic heart diseases were also observed, such as the maintenance of the ventricular function as close as possible to normal, and the prevention of infarcted area extension.
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is one of the most destructive diseases affecting tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cultivation and production worldwide. As defenses against TSWV, natural resistance genes have been identified in tomato, including Sw-1a, Sw-1b, sw-2, sw-3, sw-4, Sw-5, Sw-6, and Sw-7. However, only Sw-5 exhibits a high level of resistance to the TSWV. Thus, it has been cloned and widely used in the breeding of tomato with resistance to the disease. Due to the global spread of TSWV, resistance induced by Sw-5 decreases over time and can be overcome or broken by a high concentration of TSWV. How to utilize other resistance genes and identify novel resistance resources are key approaches for breeding tomato with resistance to TSWV. In this review, the characteristics of natural resistance genes, natural resistance resources, molecular markers for assisted selection, and methods for evaluating resistance to TSWV are summarized. The aim is to provide a theoretical basis for identifying, utilizing resistance genes, and developing tomato varieties that are resistant to TSWV.
  • 1.6K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
RNA-Binding Proteins
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are a special class of proteins that interact with RNA providing an imperative checkpoint to fine-tune gene expression at the RNA level, thus presenting a key component of post-transcriptional regulation. RNA-binding proteins interact with the untranslated regions of RNAs that have cis-acting regulatory functions forming dynamic ribonucleoprotein complexes that control the fate of RNA. These RBPs regulate the synthesis, editing, processing (including capping, splicing and polyadenylation), transport and localization, storage, translation and turnover of RNA in diverse systems including mammals, yeast and plants. Essentially, post-transcriptional regulation is gaining increasing momentum as a critical component in adjusting global cellular transcript levels during development and in response to environmental stresses. Despite the technical challenges faced in plants in large-scale studies, several hundreds of RBPs have been unearthed and elucidated globally over the past few years. Recent discoveries have brought into light RBPs lacking classical RNA-binding domains, which could not be revealed using in silico analysis. Uncovering the hidden RBP repertoires will advance our understanding of the RBP-RNA interaction universe and has will set the pace towards potential biotechnological applications of RBPs.
  • 1.6K
  • 17 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Target of Rapamycin
The target of rapamycin (TOR) is an evolutionarily-conserved serine/threonine kinase that senses and integrates signals from the environment to coordinate developmental and metabolic processes. In plants, TOR has been shown to be a central regulator of growth and a negative regulator of catabolic processes such as autophagy.
  • 1.6K
  • 14 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Jasmonic Acid in Plant Responses
As sessile organisms, plants must tolerate various environmental stresses. Plant hormones play vital roles in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Among these hormones, jasmonic acid (JA) and its precursors and derivatives (jasmonates, JAs) play important roles in the mediation of plant responses and defenses to biotic and abiotic stresses and have received extensive research attention. 
  • 1.6K
  • 17 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Stilbenoids
Stilbenoids are well-known phytoalexins in the group of polyphenolic compounds. Because of their potent bioactivities, including antioxidant, antityrosinase, photoprotective, and antibacterial activities, stilbenoids are utilized as pharmaceutical active ingredient in cosmetic products. Thus, the demand for stilbenoids in the cosmetic industry is increasing. 
  • 1.6K
  • 26 Sep 2022
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