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Topic Review
In Vivo Bone Tissue Engineering Advances
Bone tissue engineering (BTE) has emerged as a novel approach to guided bone tissue regeneration. BTE focuses on in vitro manipulations with seed cells, growth factors and bioactive scaffolds using bioreactors. The successful clinical translation of BTE requires overcoming a number of significant challenges.
  • 625
  • 24 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Clinical Applications of PEF in Musculoskeletal Conditions
The newer generation products, including leukocyte-platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) and advanced platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF), have shown superior biological properties in musculoskeletal regeneration than the first-generation concentrates, such as platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and plasma rich in growth factors. These newer platelet concentrates have a complete matrix of physiological fibrin that acts as a scaffold with a three-dimensional (3D) architecture. Further, it facilitates intercellular signaling and migration, thereby promoting angiogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic activities. A-PRF with higher leukocyte inclusion possesses antimicrobial activity than the first generations. both L-PRF and A-PRF are used in the management of musculoskeletal conditions, such as chondral injuries, tendinopathies, tissue regeneration, and other sports-related injuries. 
  • 614
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
CRISPR Gene Therapy
β-Thalassemia is an inherited hematological disorder that results from genetic changes in the β-globin gene, leading to the reduced or absent synthesis of β-globin. The emergence of the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing platform has opened the door for precision gene editing and can serve as an effective molecular treatment for a multitude of genetic diseases. Investigational studies were carried out to treat β-thalassemia patients utilizing CRISPR-based CTX001 therapy targeting the fetal hemoglobin silencer BCL11A to restore γ-globin expression in place of deficient β-globin.
  • 613
  • 23 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Therapy in Lung Transplantation
Lung transplantation is often the only viable treatment option for a patient with end-stage lung disease. Lung transplant results have improved substantially over time, but ischemia-reperfusion injury, primary graft dysfunction, acute rejection, and chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) continue to be significant problems. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are pluripotent cells that have anti-inflammatory and protective paracrine effects and may be beneficial in solid organ transplantation. 
  • 611
  • 30 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Exosomes as Biomarkers for Cancer Progression
In the endosome compartment, exosome synthesis occurs when multivesicular bodies mature into intraluminal vesicles. Upon fusion with the plasma membrane, intraluminal vesicles release exosomes into the extracellular space. Exosomes can be retrieved by endocytosis or receptor-mediated uptake, suggesting a selective intercellular communication between the donor and recipient cells. They are contain nucleic acids or proteins, which appear to be strategically used to modify the recipient cell’s function in a way that benefits the donor cell. This process is vital for cell-to-cell communication and for the transfer of genetic information. Uniquely positioning exosomes to serve as messengers of information which can be used to gain insight into a multitude of diseases. By isolating exosomes, researching their components and understanding their intended destination, these small vesicles of information become invaluable for diagnosing and treating conditions, making them a powerful tool in biomedical research.
  • 610
  • 14 Jun 2023
Topic Review
FGF-18 in Bone Regeneration
The fibroblast growth factor family contains 22 members. Fibroblast growth factors such as 2, 9, and 18 are mainly associated with the differentiation of osteoblasts and in bone regeneration. FGF-18 stimulates the PI3K/ERK pathway and smad1/5/8 pathway mediated via BMP-2 by blocking its antagonist, which is essential for bone formation.
  • 608
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Immunopathogenesis of COVID-19
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the infection of the novel highly contagious severe acute respiratory syndrome virus (SARS-CoV-2), viral infection can cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and, in severe cases, can even be lethal. Behind the inflammatory process lies the so-called cytokine storm (CS), which activates various inflammatory cytokines that damage numerous organ tissues.
  • 607
  • 26 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Biological Materials for Tissue-Engineered Vascular Grafts
The clinical demand for tissue-engineered vascular grafts is still rising, and there are many challenges that need to be overcome to obtain functional grafts with appropriate biological and mechanical properties. The many advances made in cell culture, biomaterials, manufacturing techniques, and tissue engineering methods have led to various promising solutions for vascular graft production, and materials from natural sources have recently gained more attention for vascular tissue engineering, as new strategies have been developed to solve the disadvantages related to their use.
  • 607
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Patient-Derived Xenografts for Cancer Research
The patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model is the in vivo standard for cancer research as a preclinical platform.
  • 605
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Soft Tissue Regenerative Medicine
Soft tissue regeneration holds significant promise for addressing various clinical challenges, ranging from craniofacial and oral tissue defects to blood vessels, muscle, and fibrous tissue regeneration. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as a promising tool in regenerative medicine due to their unique characteristics and potential to differentiate into multiple cell lineages.
  • 601
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Glycan Modifications as Regulators of Stem Cell Fate
Glycosylation is a process where proteins or lipids are modified with glycans. The presence of glycans determines the structure, stability, and localization of glycoproteins, thereby impacting various biological processes, including embryogenesis, intercellular communication, and disease progression. Glycans can influence stem cell behavior by modulating signaling molecules that govern the critical aspects of self-renewal and differentiation. Furthermore, being located at the cell surface, glycans are utilized as markers for stem cell pluripotency and differentiation state determination.
  • 597
  • 07 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Integrating Signaling Pathways in Design of Smart Hydrogels
Hydrogel biomaterials have been employed to facilitate the process of vascularization. These materials are designed to provide a supportive environment for the growth and development of blood vessels. By incorporating specific cues and factors, hydrogel biomaterials can effectively promote angiogenesis, allowing for the formation of a functional vascular network. The properties of hydrogels, such as their biocompatibility and tunable physical characteristics, make them suitable for creating a conducive microenvironment that supports vascular cell proliferation, migration, and organization. Through careful design and optimization, hydrogel biomaterials hold promise in advancing strategies for successful vascularization in various biomedical applications. Numerous hydrogel culture platforms are available, offering a variety of options for tissue growth. 
  • 596
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Electrospun Fiber-Coated Human Amniotic Membrane
Cardiac patch implantation helps maximize the paracrine function of grafted cells and serves as a reservoir of soluble proangiogenic factors required for the neovascularization of infarcted hearts. Researchers have previously fabricated a cardiac patch, EF-HAM, composed of a human amniotic membrane (HAM) coated with aligned PLGA electrospun fibers (EF).
  • 591
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Application of Microfluidic Systems for Neural Studies
Whereas the axons of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) spontaneously regenerate after an injury, the occurring regeneration is rarely successful because axons are usually directed by inappropriate cues. Therefore, finding successful ways to guide neurite outgrowth, in vitro, is essential for neurogenesis. Microfluidic systems reflect more appropriately the in vivo environment of cells in tissues such as the normal fluid flow within the body, consistent nutrient delivery, effective waste removal, and mechanical stimulation due to fluid shear forces. At the same time, it has been well reported that topography affects neuronal outgrowth, orientation, and differentiation.
  • 583
  • 07 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Bone Regeneration Medicine
Bone regenerative medicine is a clinical approach combining live osteoblast progenitors, such as mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), with a biocompatible scaffold that can integrate into host bone tissue and restore its structural integrity. 
  • 581
  • 29 May 2023
Topic Review
Advantages and Risks of Nanocomposite Hydrogels
Hydrogels can be considered as mimics of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Through integrins, the cytoskeleton is connected to the ECM, and cytoskeleton tension depends on ECM stiffness. A number of age-related diseases depend on cellular processes related to cytoskeleton function. Some examples of cancer initiation and progression and heart disease in relation to ECM stiffness have been analyzed. The incorporation of rigid particles into the ECM can increase ECM stiffness and promote the formation of internal residual stresses. Water migration, changes in water binding energy to biomactomolecules, and changes in the state of water from tightly bound water to free and loosely bound water lead to changes in the stiffness of the ECM. 
  • 579
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Clinical Applications of Amnion-Derived Membranes
Biological tissues from various anatomical sources have been utilized for tissue transplantation and have developed into an important source of extracellular scaffolding material for regenerative medicine applications. Tissue scaffolds ideally integrate with host tissue and provide a homeostatic environment for cellular infiltration, growth, differentiation, and tissue resolution. The human amniotic membrane is considered an important source of scaffolding material due to its 3D structural architecture and function and as a source of growth factors and cytokines. This tissue source has been widely studied and used in various areas of tissue repair including intraoral reconstruction, corneal repair, tendon repair, microvascular reconstruction, nerve procedures, burns, and chronic wound treatment. 
  • 579
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Stem Cells and Bone Tissue Engineering
Segmental bone defects that are caused by trauma, infection, tumor resection, or osteoporotic fractures present significant surgical treatment challenges. Host bone autograft is considered the gold standard for restoring function but comes with the cost of harvest site comorbidity. Allograft bone is a secondary option but has its own limitations in the incorporation with the host bone as well as its cost. Therefore, developing new bone tissue engineering strategies to treat bone defects is critically needed.
  • 561
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Information Transmission in G Protein-Coupled Receptors
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest class of receptors in the human genome and constitute about 30% of all drug targets. The concept of information capacity can be used to measure researcher's understanding of GPCR computation. Capacity is the maximum amount of information that can be transmitted by a system. 
  • 559
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
CAR NK Cell Therapy for Metastatic Melanoma
Melanoma is among the most lethal forms of cancer, accounting for 80% of deaths despite comprising just 5% of skin cancer cases. Treatment options remain limited due to the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms associated with melanoma heterogeneity that underlie the rapid development of secondary drug resistance. For this reason, the development of novel treatments remains paramount to the improvement of patient outcomes. Although the advent of chimeric antigen receptor-expressing T (CAR-T) cell immunotherapies has led to many clinical successes for hematological malignancies, these treatments are limited in their utility by their immune-induced side effects and a high risk of systemic toxicities. CAR natural killer (CAR-NK) cell immunotherapies are a particularly promising alternative to CAR-T cell immunotherapies, as they offer a more favorable safety profile and have the capacity for fine-tuned cytotoxic activity. 
  • 547
  • 06 Dec 2023
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