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Topic Review
Exosomal miRNAs as Biomarkers of Ischemic Stroke
Exosomes are small lipid bilayer membrane particles released from all living cells into the extracellular environment. They carry several molecules and have a critical role in cell–cell communication under physiological and pathological conditions. Ischemic stroke due to cerebral vascular occlusion is the most common form, while hemorrhagic stroke due to cerebral bleeding accounts for about 12% of cases.
  • 762
  • 12 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Plant Lipid Metabolism Responses to Phosphate Scarcity
Low phosphate (Pi) availability in soils severely limits crop growth and production. Plants have evolved to have numerous physiological and molecular adaptive mechanisms to cope with Pi starvation. The release of Pi from membrane phospholipids is considered to improve plant phosphorus (P) utilization efficiency in response to Pi starvation and accompanies membrane lipid remodeling. Researchers summarize recent discoveries related to this topic and the molecular basis of membrane phospholipid alteration in response to Pi depletion in plants at different subcellular levels. These findings will help to further elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying plant adaptation to Pi starvation and thus help to develop crop cultivars with high P utilization efficiency.
  • 762
  • 09 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Homology-Mediated Gene Editing
Homology-directed gene editing of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) is a promising strategy for the treatment of inherited blood disorders, obviating many of the limitations associated with viral vector-mediated gene therapies.
  • 761
  • 22 Feb 2021
Topic Review
PGC1α
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1α) is a protein that promotes transcription of numerous genes, particularly those responsible for the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis. Evidence for a key role of PGC1α in bone metabolism is very recent. In vivo studies showed that PGC1α deletion negatively affects cortical thickness, trabecular organization and resistance to flexion, resulting in increased risk of fracture. 
  • 761
  • 18 May 2021
Topic Review
Antigen Presentation and Autophagy in Teleost Adaptive Immunity
Infectious diseases are a burden for aquaculture. Antigen processing and presentation (APP) to the immune effector cells that fight pathogens is key in the adaptive immune response. At the core of the adaptive immunity that appeared in lower vertebrates during evolution are the variable genes encoding the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). MHC class I molecules mainly present peptides processed in the cytosol by the proteasome and transported to the cell surface of all cells through secretory compartments. Professional antigen-presenting cells (pAPC) also express MHC class II molecules, which normally present peptides processed from exogenous antigens through lysosomal pathways. Autophagy is an intracellular self-degradation process that is conserved in all eukaryotes and is induced by starvation to contribute to cellular homeostasis. Self-digestion during autophagy mainly occurs by the fusion of autophagosomes, which engulf portions of cytosol and fuse with lysosomes (macroautophagy) or assisted by chaperones (chaperone-mediated autophagy, CMA) that deliver proteins to lysosomes. Thus, during self-degradation, antigens can be processed to be presented by the MHC to immune effector cells, thus, linking autophagy to APP.
  • 761
  • 10 May 2022
Topic Review
Viral Non-Coding RNAs as Transcriptional Weapons
Viral non-coding RNAs are gaining much value and interest for the potential impact played in host gene regulation, acting as fine tuners of host cellular defense mechanisms. Several viruses are able to produce v-ncRNAs that are frequently expressed at high copy numbers in infected cells. V-ncRNAs are capable of interacting with different host cell pathways leading to the modulation of different biological processes including: 1. regulation of viral and host gene expression; 2. cell survival; 3. viral infection/replication; 4. cell transformation; 5 virus proliferation/propagation . On the other hand, host cells regulate their own ncRNAs expression in order to activate defense mechanisms against virus infection.
  • 761
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Neprilysin Inhibition
Angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI) treatment reduces functional mitral regurgitation (MR) to a greater extent than angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) treatment alone, but the mechanism is unclear.
  • 760
  • 18 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Cancer-Testis and Developmental Genes in Keratinocyte Carcinomas
Keratinocyte carcinomas are among the most prevalent malignancies worldwide. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) are the two cancers recognized as keratinocyte carcinomas. The standard of care for treating these cancers includes surgery and ablative therapies.  Several cancer-testis antigens (CTA) and developmental genes (including embryonic stem cell factors and fetal genes) are ectopically expressed in BCC and cSCC. When ectopically expressed in malignant tissues, functions of these genes may be recaptured to promote tumorigenesis. CTAs and developmental genes are emerging as important players in the pathogenesis of BCC and cSCC, positioning themselves as attractive candidate biomarkers and therapeutic targets requiring rigorous testing. 
  • 760
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Imaging Biomarkers for Neuroinflammation
Inflammation is one key process in driving cellular redox homeostasis toward oxidative stress, which perpetuates inflammation. In the brain, this interplay results in a vicious cycle of cell death, the loss of neurons, and leakage of the blood–brain barrier. Hence, the neuroinflammatory response fuels the development of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. Interrogation of the interplay between inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell death in neurological tissue in vivo is very challenging. The complexity of the underlying biological process and the fragility of the brain limit our understanding of the cause and the adequate diagnostics of neuroinflammatory diseases. Notable redox biomarkers for imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) tracers are the 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) and monoamine oxygenase B (MAO–B).
  • 760
  • 20 May 2021
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Calcium in Pancreatic β-Cell
β-cell mitochondria sense and shape calcium signals, linking the metabolism of glucose and other secretagogues to the generation of signals that promote insulin secretion during nutrient stimulation.
  • 759
  • 23 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Metabolic Phenotype Alterations in AN through Metabolomics
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a mental disorder characterized by an intense fear of weight gain that affects mainly young women. It courses with a negative body image leading to altered eating behaviors that have devastating physical, metabolic, and psychological consequences for the patients. Metabolomics is the comprehensive analysis of the metabolites included in a specific biological compartment at a specific time (metabolome). Metabolomics is proposed as a powerful tool for the elucidation of disease mechanisms and to provide new insights into the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of AN. 
  • 759
  • 17 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Conductive Polymer in the Triboelectric Nanogenerator
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have revolutionized energy harvesting and active sensing, holding tremendous potential in personalized healthcare, sustainable diagnoses, and green energy applications. In these scenarios, conductive polymers play a vital role in enhancing the performance of both TENG and TENG-based biosensors, enabling the development of flexible, wearable, and highly sensitive diagnostic devices.
  • 759
  • 06 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Dysregulated Signalling Pathways Driving Anticancer Drug Resistance
One of the leading causes of death worldwide, in both men and women, is cancer. Despite the significant development in therapeutic strategies, the inevitable emergence of drug resistance limits the success and impedes the curative outcome. Intrinsic and acquired resistance are common mechanisms responsible for cancer relapse. Several factors crucially regulate tumourigenesis and resistance, including physical barriers, tumour microenvironment (TME), heterogeneity, genetic and epigenetic alterations, the immune system, tumour burden, growth kinetics and undruggable targets. Moreover, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), Notch, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), integrin-extracellular matrix (ECM), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), phosphoinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR), wingless-related integration site (Wnt/β-catenin), Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) and RAS/RAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathways are some of the key players that have a pivotal role in drug resistance mechanisms.
  • 759
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Biomolecule Visualization
The structural characteristics of biomolecules are a major focus in the field of structural biology. Molecular visualization plays a crucial role in displaying structural information in an intuitive manner, aiding in the understanding of molecular properties. 
  • 759
  • 09 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Immune cell response during Sepsis
Sepsis is a life-threatening medical condition that occurs when the host has an uncontrolled or abnormal immune response to overwhelming infection. It is now widely accepted that sepsis occurs in two concurrent phases, which consist of an initial immune activation phase followed by a chronic immunosuppressive phase, leading to immune cell death. Depending on the severity of the disease and the pathogen involved, the hosts immune system may not fully recover, leading to ongoing complications proceeding the initial infection. As such, sepsis remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality world-wide, with treatment options limited to general treatment in intensive care units (ICU). Lack of specific treatments available for sepsis is mostly due to our limited knowledge of the immuno-physiology associated with the disease. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms and cell types involved in eliciting infection-induced immune activation from both the innate and adaptive immune system during sepsis. In addition, the mechanisms leading to immune cell death following hyperactivation of immune cells will be explored. The evaluation and better understanding of the cellular and systemic responses leading to disease onset could eventuate into the development of much needed therapies to combat this unrelenting disease. 
  • 759
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Deregulated Metabolic Pathways in Ovarian Cancer
Cancer cells thrive on cellular metabolism to facilitate their growth, uncontrolled proliferation, invasiveness, and metastasis. In cancer cells, multiple metabolic pathways were altered compared to their normal counterparts so that these cancer cells survive and sustain themselves against the changing conditions in the tumor microenvironment.
  • 759
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Metadherin and RKIP
Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP), also known as a phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein 1 (PEBP1), functions as a tumor suppressor and regulates several signaling pathways, including ERK and NF-κκB. RKIP is severely downregulated in human malignant cancers, indicating a functional association with cancer metastasis and poor prognosis. The transcription regulation of RKIP gene in human cancers is not well understood. In this study, we suggested a possible transcription mechanism for the regulation of RKIP in human cancer cells. We found that Metadherin (MTDH) significantly repressed the transcriptional activity of RKIP gene. 
  • 758
  • 15 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Inflammation, Mitochondria and Natural Compounds
Human diseases are characterized by the perpetuation of an inflammatory condition in which the levels of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are quite high. Excessive ROS production leads to DNA damage, protein carbonylation and lipid peroxidation, conditions that lead to a worsening of inflammatory disorders. In particular, compromised mitochondria sustain a stressful condition in the cell, such that mitochondrial dysfunctions become pathogenic, causing human disorders related to inflammatory reactions. Indeed, the triggered inflammation loses its beneficial properties and turns harmful if dysregulation and dysfunctions are not addressed. Thus, reducing oxidative stress with ROS scavenger compounds has proven to be a successful approach to reducing inflammation. Among these, natural compounds, in particular, polyphenols, alkaloids and coenzyme Q10, thanks to their antioxidant properties, are capable of inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and the expression of target genes, including those involved in inflammation.
  • 758
  • 30 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Hydrogen Sulfide and Polysulfide Signaling
We discovered H2S as a signaling molecule which is produced by enzymes to modulate the synaptic transmission and relax vasculature. The cytoprotective effect, anti-inflammatory activity, energy formation, and oxygen sensing by H2S have been subsequently demonstrated. Two additional pathways for the production of H2S with 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3MST) from l- and d-cysteine have been identified. We also discovered that hydrogen polysulfides (H2Sn, n ≥ 2) are potential signaling molecules produced by 3MST. H2Sn regulate the activity of ion channels and enzymes, as well as even the growth of tumors. S-Sulfuration (S-sulfhydration) proposed by Snyder is the main mechanism for H2S/H2Sn underlying regulation of the activity of target proteins. 
  • 757
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Circulating Tumor Cell
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been studied using multiple technical approaches for interrogating various cancers, as they allow for the real-time assessment of tumor progression, disease recurrence, treatment response, and tumor molecular profiling without the need for a tumor tissue biopsy.
  • 757
  • 23 Feb 2022
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