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Topic Review
Screening of Medicinal Plants
Secondary metabolites, used as a single compound or as a mixture, are medicines that can be effective and safe even when synthetic drugs fail. They may even potentiate or synergize the effects of other compounds in the medicine. To meet the positive demands, heterologous expression of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of the potent compound will help in the production on the required scale. Further modifications to enhance the ADME properties of the compounds will have a significant advantage in the drug’s biological activities and bioavailability.
  • 1.4K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
HERC Ubiquitin Ligases in Cancer
HERC proteins are ubiquitin E3 ligases of the HECT family. The HERC subfamily is composed of six members classified by size into large (HERC1 and HERC2) and small (HERC3–HERC6). HERC family ubiquitin ligases regulate important cellular processes, such as neurodevelopment, DNA damage response, cell proliferation, cell migration, and immune responses. Accumulating evidence also shows that this family plays critical roles in cancer. In this review, we provide an integrated view of the role of these ligases in cancer, highlighting their bivalent functions as either oncogenes or tumor suppressors, depending on the tumor type.
  • 1.4K
  • 21 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Cerebellar Ataxias
The terminology of cerebellar ataxias (CAs) embraces a ubiquitous deficit in 3 elemental domains: (a) limbs’ motor symptoms, (b) oculomotor symptoms, and (c) cognitive/emotional symptoms occurring in patients showing cerebellar dysfunction. Patients with CAs develop inaccuracy and clumsiness limb movements, characterized by dysmetria, tremor and adiadochokinesis. Posture is irregular and gait is unstable. Ocular movements lack accuracy. Cerebellar patients also show similar deficits in executive functions, linguistic processing, spatial cognition and affect regulation. Recent physiological studies have clarified that cerebellar outputs are modified by the release or facilitation of Purkinje cell-mediated inhibition on the cerebellar nucleus neurons. Thus, impairments in the formation of output signals elicit asthenia and adventitious movements, described by Holmes. These output signals are formed under controls of the internal forward model, embedded in the cerebellum. The deficits in the predictive computation for voluntary movements explains a range of characteristics accompanied by dysmetria. We argue that the impairments in the cerebellar outputs signals and the dysfunction in the internal forward model are fundamental mechanisms explaining the deficits in the 3 domains.
  • 1.4K
  • 02 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Lodging Stress Management
Lodging is one of the most chronic restraints of the maize-soybean intercropping system, which causes a serious threat to agriculture development and sustainability. In the maize-soybean intercropping system, shade is a major causative agent that is triggered by the higher stem length of a maize plant. Many morphological and anatomical characteristics are involved in the lodging phenomenon, along with the chemical configuration of the stem. Due to maize shading, soybean stem evolves the shade avoidance response and resulting in the stem elongation that leads to severe lodging stress. However, the major agro-techniques that are required to explore the lodging stress in the maize-soybean intercropping system for sustainable agriculture have not been precisely elucidated yet.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Neuron–Glia Interaction in ENS
The enteric nervous system (ENS) constitutes the largest part of the peripheral nervous system.
  • 1.4K
  • 19 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Herbal Medicine and Pain Management
Complementary and alternative medicines such as herbal medicines are not currently part of the conventional medical system. As the popularity of and global market for herbal medicine grows among all age groups, with supporting scientific data and clinical trials, specific alternative treatments such as herbal medicine can be reclassified as a practice of conventional medicine. One of the most common conditions for which adults use herbal medicine is pain.
  • 1.4K
  • 09 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Esophageal Vagal afferent C-fibers' Functions
Heartburn and non-cardiac chest pain are the predominant symptoms in many esophageal disorders, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), non-erosive reflux disease (NERD), functional heartburn and chest pain, and eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). At present, neuronal mechanisms underlying the process of interoceptive signals in the esophagus are still less clear. Noxious stimuli can activate a subpopulation of primary afferent neurons at their nerve terminals in the esophagus. The evoked action potentials are transmitted through both the spinal and vagal pathways to their central terminals, which synapse with the neurons in the central nervous system to induce esophageal nociception. Over the last few decades, progress has been made in our understanding on the peripheral and central neuronal mechanisms of esophageal nociception. In this review, we focus on the roles of capsaicin-sensitive vagal primary afferent nodose and jugular C-fiber neurons in processing nociceptive signals in the esophagus. We briefly compare their distinctive phenotypic features and functional responses to mechanical and chemical stimulations in the esophagus. Then, we summarize activation and/or sensitization effects of acid, inflammatory cells (eosinophils and mast cells), and mediators (ATP, 5-HT, bradykinin, adenosine, S1P) on these two nociceptive C-fiber subtypes. Lastly, we discuss the potential roles of capsaicin-sensitive esophageal afferent nerves in processing esophageal sensation and nociception. A better knowledge of the mechanism of nociceptive signal processes in primary afferent nerves in the esophagus will help to develop novel treatment approaches to relieve esophageal nociceptive symptoms, especially those that are refractory to proton pump inhibitors.
  • 1.4K
  • 16 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Sustainability in Rural Tourism
Ventures in rural areas face multiple constraints, in many circumstances worsened by their reduced size and their location in the national territory. Small ventures in this specific context face a reality in which entrepreneurs have to overcome various difficulties in managing and making their business competitive, such as the access to human resources and a diversified labor pool. A recent debate on “rural entrepreneurship” suggests than one of the best opportunities to develop rural areas is linked with rural tourism, since its principles are related to the creation of jobs and income in the rural space and can also help to increase the perception of value of endogenous resources and products. Rural tourism entrepreneurs try to be embedded in the rural space, thereby increasing their chances of success and sustainability of the business. At the same time, with this attitude of embeddedness, they can contribute more easily to the sustainability of the region and help in shaping and voicing the need and aspirations of the stakeholders of the (rural) destination, one of the advocated principles of rural tourism.
  • 1.4K
  • 06 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Nanotechnology Controling Plant Pathogenic Fungi
Nanoparticles are materials with at least one or more dimensions at the scale of 1–100 nm. This definition has taken several materials to be named nanoparticles into account. Nanoparticles that are natural likewise occur in numerous forms, for example, oceanic salt sprays and volcanic dust.
  • 1.4K
  • 17 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Sprouted Grains
“Sprouted grains” are defined by the American Association of Cereal Chemists (AACC) with the endorsement of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) as follows: “malted or sprouted grains containing all of the original bran, germ, and endosperm shall be considered whole grains as long as sprout growth does not exceed kernel length and nutrient values have not diminished. These grains should be labelled as malted or sprouted whole grain”.
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Imaging of Biofilms and Diversity of Detection Methods
Bacterial biofilms are defined as complex aggregates of bacteria that grow attached to surfaces or are associated with interfaces. Bacteria within biofilms are embedded in a self-produced extracellular matrix made of polysaccharides, nucleic acids, and proteins. It is recognized that bacterial biofilms are responsible for the majority of microbial infections that occur in the human body, and that biofilm-related infections are extremely difficult to treat. This is related with the fact that microbial cells in biofilms exhibit increased resistance levels to antibiotics in comparison with planktonic (free-floating) cells. 
  • 1.4K
  • 20 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Cystine and Theanine
Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide composed of glutamic acid, cysteine, and glycine. It is one of the strongest antioxidants in the body and important for adjusting immune function. Cystine and theanine (γ-glutamylethylamide) provide substrates of GSH, cysteine and glutamic acid, promoting the synthesis of GSH.
  • 1.4K
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Silymarin
Silymarin (SLM) is a health-food active ingredient that is good for immunosuppression and tumor suppression.
  • 1.4K
  • 22 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Related Pancreatitis
The indications for immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have expanded to include carcinomas of various organs. ICIs include drugs that target programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), programmed cell death ligand 1 (PDL-1), and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4). The indications for these drugs have been expanded to include many types of cancer, as efficacies have been reported for malignant melanoma and lung, kidney, head and neck, stomach, liver, ovarian, and pancreatic cancers .
  • 1.4K
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Synthesis of Polypeptides with Activated Amino Acid Monomers
Commonly, three different synthetic pathways are used to prepare peptides in the laboratory: via the polymerization of amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides (NCAs), amino acid N-thiocarboxyanhydrides (NTAs), and N-phenoxycarbonyl amino acids (NPCs); via various stepwise coupling reactions of α-amino acids, such as during solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS); or via recombinant DNA techniques for expressing peptides in microorganisms. Polypeptides that are synthesized through SPPS have controlled primary sequences and can fulfill certain functionalities, but it is difficult to create high molecular weight polypeptides above 100 residues, due to the inevitable side reactions. Recombinant DNA techniques can create polypeptides with specific sequences and high molecular weights. Moreover, they allow for peptide production on a very large scale. However, specialized equipment, which is not readily available in most synthetic laboratories, is needed for this method. The polymerization of activated amino acid monomers enables the formation of bioactive and high molecular weight polypeptides in a facile and expedient manner. The process begins with the conversion of amino acids into the corresponding activated monomers; afterwards, polymerization is initiated in the presence of certain initiators. Although polypeptides that are synthesized in this way lack precise sequence control, their synthetic advantages make this method attractive and economical for synthesizing polypeptides in large quantities.
  • 1.4K
  • 12 May 2022
Topic Review
Common Room (University)
In some universities in the United Kingdom and Ireland — particularly collegiate universities such as Oxford, Cambridge, Dublin, Durham, York, Kent and Lancaster— students and the academic body are organised into a common room, or at Cambridge a combination room. These groups exist to provide representation in the organisation of college or residential hall life, to operate certain services within these institutions such as laundry or recreation, and to provide opportunities for socialising. Typically, though there are variations based on institutional tradition and needs, the following common rooms will exist in a college or hall: In addition to this, each of the above phrases may also refer to an actual room designated for the use of these groups. At the University of Cambridge, the term combination room (e.g., "Junior Combination Room") is also used, with the same abbreviations. As a generalisation, JCRs are associations of undergraduates and SCRs an association of tutors and academics associated with a college. Postgraduates are sometimes given their own MCR, or placed in with either of the other groups. This terminology has, in addition, been taken up in some universities in other English speaking nations.
  • 1.4K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Permafrost Carbon Cycle
The permafrost carbon cycle is a sub-cycle of the larger global carbon cycle. Permafrost is defined as subsurface material that remains below 0o C (32o F) for at least two consecutive years. Because permafrost soils remain frozen for long periods of time, they store large amounts of carbon and other nutrients within their frozen framework during that time. Permafrost represents a large carbon reservoir that is seldom considered when determining global terrestrial carbon reservoirs. Recent and ongoing scientific research however, is changing this view. The permafrost carbon cycle (Arctic Carbon Cycle) deals with the transfer of carbon from permafrost soils to terrestrial vegetation and microbes, to the atmosphere, back to vegetation, and finally back to permafrost soils through burial and sedimentation due to cryogenic processes. Some of this carbon is transferred to the ocean and other portions of the globe through the global carbon cycle. The cycle includes the exchange of carbon dioxide and methane between terrestrial components and the atmosphere, as well as the transfer of carbon between land and water as methane, dissolved organic carbon, dissolved inorganic carbon, particulate inorganic carbon and particulate organic carbon.
  • 1.4K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation
The Northern Cheyenne Tribe of the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation (Template:Lang-chy; formerly named the Tongue River) is the federally recognized Northern Cheyenne tribe. Located in southeastern Montana, the reservation is approximately 690 square miles (1,800 km2) in size and home to approximately 5,000 Cheyenne people. The tribal and government headquarters are located in Lame Deer, also the home of the annual Northern Cheyenne pow wow. The reservation is bounded on the east by the Tongue River and on the west by the Crow Reservation. There are small parcels of non-contiguous off-reservation trust lands in Meade County, South Dakota, northeast of the city of Sturgis. Its timbered ridges that extend into northwestern South Dakota are part of Custer National Forest and it is approximately 40 miles (64 km) east of the site of the 1876 Battle of the Little Bighorn. According to tribal enrollment figures as of March 2013, there were approximately 10,050 enrolled tribal members, of which about 4,939 were residing on the reservation,Template:Full short with approximately 91% of the population Native American (full or part blood quantum) and 72.8% identifying as Cheyenne. Slightly more than a quarter of the population five years or older spoke a language other than English. Members of the Crow Nation also live on the reservation.
  • 1.4K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Biography
Richard E. Berendzen
Richard Earl Berendzen (born September 6, 1932) is an United States scientist. As president of American University in the 1980s, Berendzen drastically raised the prestige of the university through a relentless public campaign. Before he was forced to resign in disgrace in the 1990s, American University saw a fourfold increase in its endowment and the Board of Trustees became the wealthiest in th
  • 1.4K
  • 29 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Prebiotics for Pregnancy and Its Complications
The term “prebiotics” was first coined by professors Emeritus Marcel Roberfroid and Glenn Gibson in a 1995 publication, where they explained the selective growth of colonic bifidobacterials boosted by the intact fibrous oligosaccharide inulin. They explained prebiotics as “nondigestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of bacterial species already resident in the colon, and thus attempt to improve host health”.
  • 1.4K
  • 22 Mar 2023
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