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Topic Review
Types of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Devices
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) was originally conceptualized in the early 1990s, largely inspired by the pioneering experiences in the field of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.
  • 6.8K
  • 03 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 and mRNA Vaccines
The SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 disease) uses the Spike proteins of its envelope for infecting target cells expressing on the membrane the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) enzyme that acts as a receptor. To control the pandemic, genetically engineered vaccines have been designed for inducing neutralizing antibodies against the Spike proteins. These vaccines do not act like traditional protein-based vaccines, as they deliver the message in the form of mRNA or DNA to host cells that then produce and expose the Spike protein on the membrane (from which it can be shed in soluble form) to alert the immune system. Since the genetically engineered vaccines have been modified to be more stable and because they are distributed via liponanoparticles to various tissues and organs, this type of products may cause unforeseen serious adverse effects.
  • 4.4K
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Folic Acid, Vitamin B12 and Chronic Kidney Disease
Patients affected by chronic kidney disease (CKD) or end-stage renal disease (ESRD) experience a huge cardiovascular risk and cardiovascular events represent the leading causes of death. Folic acid and vitamin B12 could not only be mere cofactors in the homocysteine metabolism; they may have a direct action in determining tissue damage and cardiovascular risk. 
  • 3.6K
  • 15 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Blood Pressure Sensors
In our unique transdisciplinary approach, we studied the fundamentals of blood pressure and examined its measuring modalities while focusing on their clinical use and sensing principles to identify material functionalities. Then, we carefully reviewed various categories of functional materials utilized in sensor building blocks allowing for comparative analysis of the performance of a wide range of materials throughout the sensor operational-life cycle. Not only this provides essential data to enhance the materials’ properties and optimize their performance, but also, it highlights new perspectives and provides suggestions to develop the next generation pressure sensors for clinical use.
  • 3.1K
  • 10 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Tricuspid Atresia
Tricuspid atresia (TA) is a cyanotic, congenital heart defect (CHD) and is defined as congenital absence or agenesis of the morphologic tricuspid valve. It is the third most common cyanotic CHD, and is the most common cause of cyanosis with left ventricular hypertrophy. The prevalence of TA is estimated to be 2.9% of autopsy cases and 1.4% to 1.5% of the clinical cases of CHD.
  • 2.9K
  • 20 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Warfarin
Warfarin has been utilized for decades as an effective anticoagulant in patients with a history of strong risk factors for venous thromboembolism (VTE).
  • 2.7K
  • 05 May 2021
Topic Review
Thyroid and Heart
The thyroid–heart relationship has a long and articulated history of its own, a history that encompasses physiological and pathophysiological knowledge. Molecular biology studies, in an experimental context, have highlighted the extraordinary dialogue that exists among the two systems in the field of cardioprotection, which is an extremely important area for the treatment of cardiac diseases in both acute and chronic phases. In addition, in the last few years, several studies have been carried out on the prognostic impact of alterations in thyroid function, including subclinical ones, in heart disease, in particular in heart failure and acute myocardial infarction, with evidence of a negative prognostic impact of these and, therefore, with the suggestion to treat these alterations in order to prevent cardiac events, such as death.  A comprehensive summary of the heart–thyroid relationship is provided.
  • 2.4K
  • 03 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Statins in High Cardiovascular Risk Patients
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) morbidity and mortality are decreasing in high-income countries, but ASCVD remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in high-income countries. Over the past few decades, major risk factors for ASCVD, including LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), have been identified. Statins are the drug of choice for patients at increased risk of ASCVD and remain one of the most commonly used and effective drugs for reducing LDL cholesterol and the risk of mortality and coronary artery disease in high-risk groups. Unfortunately, doctors tend to under-prescribe or under-dose these drugs, mostly out of fear of side effects. The latest guidelines emphasize that treatment intensity should increase with increasing cardiovascular risk and that the decision to initiate intervention remains a matter of individual consideration and shared decision-making.
  • 2.3K
  • 31 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Heart Rate Variability in Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Heart Rate Variability (HRV) is a non-invasive biomarker that can measure autonomic tone. Autonomic Nervous System deregulation is considered the leading cause of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), which is associated with decreased parasympathetic tone. HRV can measure the parasympathetic tone and changes in autonomic tone caused by therapeutic intervention in IBS. Further research is needed to confirm the efficacy of using HRV to measure the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions in IBS.
  • 2.2K
  • 10 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Sphingolipid Catabolism
In the plasma membrane and other cellular compartments (endosome/lysosome), sphingomyelin can be hydrolyzed to ceramide by sphingomyelinases.  Ceramide generated by this pathway is further degraded into sphingosine by ceramidases. Shingosine can also be phosphorylated by sphingosine kinases to sphingosine-1-phosphate. Changes in the profiles of sphingomyelin and its metabolites ceramide, sphingosine, and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) can result in a pathological condition triggered by accumulation or by altering cell signaling.
  • 2.1K
  • 16 May 2022
Topic Review
Hypobaric Hypoxia and Heart
Under hypobaric hypoxia contidition, the principal impact on humans is due to the low atmospheric pressure  and the subsequent proportional decrease in partial oxygen pressure (PO2)  in the inspired air, generating a reduction in the bioavailability of oxygen in organs, tissues and cells at high altitude.
  • 2.1K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Glutathione and Cardiovascular Diseases
Cardiovascular diseases such as coronary artery occlusion, hypertensive heart disease and stroke, high blood pressure, myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular disease, heart failure, rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart disease and cardiomyopathies generate thousands of patients with high mortality and morbidity worldwide. The appearance of these diseases increases with the aging of the population. In addition, these diseases are complicated by some comorbidity that patients present (overweight, obesity, diabetes mellitus, etc.). The installation and development of these diseases are closely linked to metabolic changes that generate a state of oxidative stress, due to the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS).
  • 2.0K
  • 09 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Polyurethanes in Biomedicine
Due to their mechanical properties, ranging from flexible to hard materials, polyurethanes (PUs) have been widely used in many industrial and biomedical applications. PU characteristics, along with their biocompatibility, make them successful biomaterials in short and medium time applications.  The most important biomedical applications of PUs include antibacterial surfaces and catheters, blood oxygenators, dialysis devices, stents, cardiac valves, vascular prostheses, bioadhesives/surgical dressings/pressure sensitive adhesives, drug delivery systems, tissue engineering scaffolds and electrospinning, nerve generation, pacemaker lead insulation and coatings for breast implants. The diversity of polyurethane properties due to the ease of bulk and surface modification plays a vital role in their applications. 
  • 1.9K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Sex Dimorphism in Body Fat Distribution
Body fat distribution is a well-established predictor of adverse medical outcomes, independent of overall adiposity. Studying body fat distribution sheds insights into the causes of obesity and provides valuable information about the development of various comorbidities. Compared to total adiposity, body fat distribution is more closely associated with risks of cardiovascular diseases.
  • 1.9K
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Nitric Oxide Synthase
Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) plays important roles within the cardiovascular system in physiological states as well as in pathophysiologic and specific cardiovascular (CV) disease states, such as hypertension (HTN), arteriosclerosis, and cerebrovascular accidents.
  • 1.8K
  • 07 May 2022
Topic Review
Basal Septal Hypertrophy
Hypertension plays a dominant role in the development of left ventricular (LV) remodeling and heart failure, in addition to being the main risk factor for coronary artery disease.
  • 1.7K
  • 18 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Diagnosis of Postural Tachycardia Syndrome and vasovagal Syncope
In children, vasovagal syncope and postural tachycardia syndrome constitute the major types of orthostatic intolerance. The clinical characteristics of postural tachycardia syndrome and vasovagal syncope are similar but their treatments differ. Therefore, their differential diagnosis is important to guide the correct treatment. Children suffering from vasovagal syncope or postural tachycardia syndrome might be treated using water, β-blockers, salt, or midodrine. However, the effificacy of the drugs varies. Biomarkers or certain hemodynamic parameters that can predict the treatment effects of individualized treatment for POTS or VVS have been used.
  • 1.7K
  • 08 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Patent Foramen Ovale
A patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a commonly discovered potential opening between the right atrium (RA) and left atrium (LA) on routine echocardiographic surveillance in an otherwise asymptomatic infant or child. The importance of a PFO in some critical congenital heart defects (CHD), especially in neonates, is well recognized. 
  • 1.7K
  • 24 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Endothelial Cell Dysfunction
Endothelial Cell (EC) dysfunction is one of the first triggers initiating the process of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH). EC dysfunction leads to the activation of several cellular signalling pathways in the endothelium, resulting in the uncontrolled proliferation of ECs, pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts, and eventually leads to vascular remodelling and the occlusion of the pulmonary blood vessels. Other factors that are related to EC dysfunction in PAH are an increase in endothelial to mesenchymal transition, inflammation, apoptosis, and thrombus formation.
  • 1.6K
  • 18 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Pathophysiology of Coronary Artery Disease in Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus (DM) significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality. According to the Framingham study, patients with DM have a two-fold to four-fold increased risk of developing coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction (MI) and a four-fold to six-fold increased risk of developing congestive heart failure (HF). Hyperglycemia represents the main initiating factor in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications.
  • 1.6K
  • 13 May 2022
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