Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Organogold Chemistry
Organogold chemistry is the study of compounds containing gold–carbon bonds. They are studied in academic research, but have not received widespread use otherwise. The dominant oxidation states for organogold compounds are I with coordination number 2 and a linear molecular geometry and III with CN = 4 and a square planar molecular geometry. The first organogold compound discovered was gold(I) carbide Au2C2, which was first prepared in 1900.
  • 1.4K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Transboundary Animal Diseases of Viral Origin
The Transboundary Animal Diseases (TADs) are highly transmissible epidemic diseases of livestock which have the capability for rapid spread to new areas and regions regardless of national borders. The TADs are a major threat to livestock of any nation as they have the potential to cause large-scale damage, staking the food security of the country, and can cripple the nation’s economy significantly by direct loss in the form of disease conditions and deaths in affected population or indirectly due to required counter epizootic measures, loss in trade and probable zoonotic transmission.
  • 1.4K
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Property
In logic and philosophy (especially metaphysics), a property is a characteristic of an object; a red object is said to have the property of redness. The property may be considered a form of object in its own right, able to possess other properties. A property, however, differs from individual objects in that it may be instantiated, and often in more than one object. It differs from the logical/mathematical concept of class by not having any concept of extensionality, and from the philosophical concept of class in that a property is considered to be distinct from the objects which possess it. Understanding how different individual entities (or particulars) can in some sense have some of the same properties is the basis of the problem of universals.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Extended Reality for Civil Engineering Structures
Utilization of emerging immersive visualization technologies such as Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), and Mixed Reality (MR) in the architectural, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry has demonstrated that these visualization tools can be paradigm-shifting. Extended Reality (XR), an umbrella term for VR, AR, and MR technologies, has found many diverse use cases in the AEC industry. 
  • 1.4K
  • 19 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Crab-eating Fox
The Crab-eating Fox (Cerdocyon thous) is a canid species native to South America, recognized for its specialized diet and adaptable behavior. Despite its name, the Crab-eating Fox primarily consumes a wide variety of foods, including small mammals, birds, insects, fruits, and carrion. With its distinctive reddish-brown fur and bushy tail, the Crab-eating Fox occupies diverse habitats ranging from forests and grasslands to urban areas across its range.
  • 1.4K
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Hoffman's Consciousness Realism and Obidi's Theory of Entropicity(ToE)
Donald Hoffman turns perception on its head by arguing that what we see isn’t a window onto reality but a species-specific user interface shaped by evolution. His Interface Theory of Perception likens our senses to icons on a computer desktop: they’re simplified tools for survival, not accurate portrayals of the world. According to his Fitness-Beats-Truth theorem, organisms whose perceptions prioritize reproductive fitness always outcompete those tuned to objective reality. Building on this, Hoffman’s Multimodal User Interface framework shows how different senses combine to construct our seamless “reality,” even though each modality hides the true complexity beneath. He then takes a radical step with Conscious Realism: the claim that consciousness is fundamental and that what we call the physical world is a network of interacting conscious agents. In his view, brains don’t produce consciousness; consciousness gives rise to brains and the very objects we believe populate space-time. Together, these ideas form a form of philosophical idealism. Hoffman borrows from Berkeley and Leibniz but adds mathematical rigor and evolutionary theory to argue that our everyday world is an evolved illusion—powerful and consistent, yet hiding the deeper truth of a universe built on mind rather than matter.
  • 1.4K
  • 11 Aug 2025
Topic Review
Thermal Characterization of Low-Dimensional Materials
Heat dissipation and thermal management are central challenges in various areas of science and technology and are critical issues for the majority of nanoelectronic devices. In this review, we focus on experimental advances in thermal characterization and phonon engineering that have drastically increased the understanding of heat transport and demonstrated efficient ways to control heat propagation in nanomaterials.
  • 1.4K
  • 02 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Internal Iliac Artery Anatomy
The internal iliac artery (IIA), previously referred to the hypogastric artery, is the primary arterial vessel of the pelvis. It supplies the pelvic viscera, pelvic walls, perineum, and the gluteal region. The blood supply to the uterus comes from some of the IIA divisions and their anastomoses
  • 1.4K
  • 15 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Measles
Measles is a highly contagious viral infection caused by the measles virus (Morbillivirus genus, Paramyxoviridae family). It is characterized by fever, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, and a distinctive maculopapular rash. Measles can lead to severe complications, including pneumonia, encephalitis, and death, particularly in unvaccinated populations.
  • 1.4K
  • 19 Mar 2025
Topic Review
Fabry Nephropathy
Fabry disease (FD; OMIM#301500) is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder associated with inherited or de novo disease causing variants in the α-galactosidase A gene (GLA; OMIM*300644). Reduced or even absent α-galactosidase A (α-Gal A; EC 3.2.1.22) activity leads to accumulation of glycosphingolipids with terminal α-D-galactosyl residues, especially globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) and globotriaosylsphingosine (lyso-Gb3) in plasma, urine and different organ systems, mainly cardiac, renal, endothelial and neuronal. The major physiological source of Gb3 is globoside, a glycolipid of erythrocytes and cells membranes found in different tissues. Kidneys are very frequently affected in patients with Fabry disease regardless of gender. Most important manifestations of Fabry nephropathy are proteinuria and slowly progressive chronic kidney disease, which can in some cases lead to end stage renal disease.
  • 1.4K
  • 27 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Insights from Circular Economy Literature
The circular economy (CE) has become one of the prominent topics in both natural science and management literature over the last few decades. CE is a dual-loop regenerative system that focuses on the effective and efficient utilization of resources in the ecosystem, which is beneficial to environmental and economic performance optimization. Dual CE initiatives allow firms to increased resource eco-efficiency, as well as resource effectiveness. 
  • 1.4K
  • 20 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Graphene-Based Environmental Sensors
Graphene-Based Environmental Sensors means use graphene as a sensing platform for environmental applications. Especially, we highlight the electrical and optical sensing devices developed based on graphene and its derivatives.
  • 1.4K
  • 04 May 2021
Topic Review
Herbal Biomedicines for Dermatological Disorders
Herbal extracts and isolated plant compounds play an increasing role in the treatment of skin disorders and wounds. Several new herbal drugs, medicinal products and cosmetic products for the treatment of various skin conditions have been developed in recent years. 
  • 1.4K
  • 01 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Radiomics/Deep Learning for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is one of the most common malignant tumours of the head and neck, and improving the efficiency of its diagnosis and treatment strategies is an important goal. With the development of the combination of artificial intelligence (AI) technology and medical imaging in recent years, an increasing number of studies have been conducted on image analysis of NPC using AI tools, especially radiomics and artificial neural network methods.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Tobacco Carbohydrates as Bioactive Compounds
Carbohydrates are important compounds in natural products where they primarily serve as a source of energy, but they have important secondary roles as precursors of aroma or bioactive compounds. They are present in fresh and dried (cured) tobacco leaves as well. The sugar content of tobacco depends on the tobacco variety, harvesting, and primarily on the curing conditions (temperature, time and moisture). If the process of curing employs high temperatures (flue-curing and sun-curing), final sugar content is high. In contrast, when air curing has a lower temperature, at the end of the process, sugar level is low. Beside simple sugars, other carbohydrates reported in tobacco are oligosaccharides, cellulose, starch, and pectin. Degradation of polysaccharides results in a higher yield of simple sugars, but at the same time reduces sugars oxidization and transfer into carbon dioxide and water. Loss of sugar producers will compensate with added sugars, to cover undesirable aroma properties and achieve a better, pleasant taste during smoking.
  • 1.4K
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
The Medicinal Mushroom Cordyceps militaris
Cordyceps militaris is an entomopathogenic ascomycete with similar pharmacological importance to that of the wild caterpillar fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis C. militaris has attracted significant research and commercial interest due to its content in bioactive compounds beneficial to human health and the relative ease of cultivation under laboratory conditions. 
  • 1.4K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Hypothermic and Normothermic Perfusion in Kidney Transplantation
Hypothermic and normothermic machine perfusion in kidney transplantation are purported to exert a beneficial effect on post-transplant outcomes compared to the traditionally used method of static cold storage. Kidney perfusion techniques provide a window for organ reconditioning and quality assessment.
  • 1.4K
  • 03 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Health Attributes of Trametes versicolor
Several bioactive compounds are present in the mushroom, and they attribute effective therapeutic and medicinal values to humans. Traditionally, Trametes versicolor has been consumed for its potential health attributes, and researchers have explored the health attributes of the mushroom using several in vitro, in vivo, and chemical methods [31,34]. Herein, the bioactive components responsible for the therapeutic importance are described.
  • 1.4K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Metabolic Action of Metformin
Metformin, a cheap and safe biguanide derivative, due to its ability to influence metabolism, is widely used as a first-line drug for type 2 diabetes (T2DM) treatment. 
  • 1.4K
  • 08 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Scalable Production of Extracellular Vesicles
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are minute vesicles with lipid bilayer membranes. EVs are secreted by cells for intercellular communication. Recently, EVs have received much attention, as they are rich in biological components such as nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins that play essential roles in tissue regeneration and disease modification. In addition, EVs can be developed as vaccines against cancer and infectious diseases, as the vesicle membrane has an abundance of antigenic determinants and virulent factors. EVs for therapeutic applications are typically collected from conditioned media of cultured cells. However, the number of EVs secreted by the cells is limited. Thus, it is critical to devise new strategies for the large-scale production of EVs.
  • 1.4K
  • 29 Jul 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 2728
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback