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Topic Review
Traveling Across Life Sciences with Acetophenone
Each metabolite, regardless of its molecular simplicity or complexity, has a mission or function in the organism biosynthesizing it.  The biological, allelochemical, and chemical properties of acetophenone, as a metabolite involved in multiple interactions with various (mi-cro)organisms.
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Use of Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
The Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy method is a method of bond characterization that could be used quantitatively and qualitatively with X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, and electron energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) to study the chemical composition, compound composition, microstructural morphology, and their elemental compositions in CB applications, respectively.
  • 1.5K
  • 14 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Air Quality in Mainland Southeast Asia
Air pollution, notably particulate matter pollution, has become a serious concern in Southeast Asia. The combustion of biomass has been recognized to considerably increase air pollution problems from particulate matter in this region. Consequently, its effect on people in this area is significant. 
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Jun 2023
Topic Review Video Peer Reviewed
The Domestication of Humans
The domestication of humans is not an issue of domesticity but of the effects of the domestication syndrome on a hominin species and its genome. These effects are well expressed in the ‘anatomically modern humans’, in their physiology, behavior, genetic defects, neuropathology, and distinctive neoteny. The physiological differences between modern (gracile) humans and their ancestors, robust Homo sapiens types, are all accounted for by the domestication syndrome. From deductions we can draw about early human behavior, it appears that modifications are attributable to the same cause. The domestication hypothesis ascribes the initiation of the changes to selective breeding introduced by the consistent selection of neotenous features. That would trigger genetic pleiotropy, causing the changes that are observed.
  • 1.5K
  • 31 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Methods to Eliminate Viruses from Lily
Lilies are important crops that are commonly used as cut flowers (Lilium spp.) and edible bulb crops (Lilium davidii var. unicolor). However, virus infections can significantly impact the quantity and quality of lily production. Various methods have been developed to eliminate viruses in lilies, including in vitro culture and virus detection techniques. Meristem culture is the most effective method, which can be combined with other techniques such as thermotherapy and chemotherapy. Nonetheless, virus elimination is affected by several factors, including cultivar, explants used, virus type, and duration of treatments. Efficient diagnostic methods, such as serological and molecular techniques, have been developed to detect viral infections in lilies, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR).
  • 1.5K
  • 07 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement
The incorporation of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) in new asphalt mixtures is one of the most applied recycling techniques in pavement construction and maintenance. This technique uses additives to rejuvenate the aged bitumen in RAP.  Full recycling of RAP rejuvenated with waste cooking oil (WCO) seems promising regarding the observed mechanical behaviour, except for rutting resistance. The incorporation of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) from urban waste as a low-cost polymer is promising to improve rutting resistance. Considering the adequate performance of this type of asphalt mixtures, there are good expectations about the future use of these solutions in real pavements, particularly for low and intermediate traffic levels. The findings obtained so far also show that full recycling of asphalt concrete with WCO and LDPE is a feasible and economic paving technology. 
  • 1.5K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Physical Exercise in NAFLD
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major health problem, and its prevalence has increased in recent years. Diet and exercise interventions are the first-line treatment options. The goal is to understand the complex pathophysiology underlying exercise interventions with the potential to prevent and treat NAFLD.
  • 1.5K
  • 26 Nov 2020
Topic Review
PBK/TOPK
T-lymphokine-activated killer cell-originated protein kinase (TOPK, also known as PDZ-binding kinase or PBK) plays a crucial role in cell cycle regulation and mitotic progression. Abnormal overexpression or activation of TOPK has been observed in many cancers, including colorectal cancer, triple-negative breast cancer, and melanoma, and it is associated with increased development, dissemination, and poor clinical outcomes and prognosis in cancer. Moreover, TOPK phosphorylates p38, JNK, ERK, and AKT, which are involved in many cellular functions, and participates in the activation of multiple signaling pathways related to MAPK, PI3K/PTEN/AKT, and NOTCH1; thus, the direct or indirect interactions of TOPK make it a highly attractive yet elusive target for cancer therapy. Small molecule inhibitors targeting TOPK have shown great therapeutic potential in the treatment of cancer both in vitro and in vivo, even in combination with chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Therefore, targeting TOPK could be an important approach for cancer prevention and therapy.
  • 1.5K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Peat-Free Organic Substrates
Vegetable and ornamental crops require high input demand to adequately support their standard commercial quality and yield. For these crops, a very high level of agronomic use efficiency of many productive factors can be achieved in soilless culture. The challenges that we now face: (i) making soilless systems more inclusive of sustainable and eco-friendly growing substrates, possibly available at a local level; (ii) replacing chemicals with more sustainable products (e.g., organic active compounds) as much as possible for plant nutrition and protection. This may be addressed by different approaches, among which the adoption of peat-free organic substrates may play a central role. 
  • 1.5K
  • 23 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Flavonoids as α-Glucosidase Inhibitors
Flavonoids are found ubiquitously in plants and represent ~60% of all dietary (poly)phenolic compounds. Flavonols, a sub-class of flavonoids, are present in onions, kale, apples, berries, leeks and broccoli. Some flavonols excreted in urine can be used as biomarkers of flavonol intake and are significantly associated with a lower T2D risk. Many flavonoids extracted from plants inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities in vitro, and improve postprandial glycaemia in diabetic animal models and limited human studies. Very few studies have reported on the inhibition of isomaltase, however. The disaccharide isomaltose is rarely present in nature but is commonly added as low-caloric food sweeteners in industrial-scale production, or produced from amylopectin hydrolysis to α-limit dextrins. Studies assessing the isomaltase inhibitory potential by flavonoids and acarbose are therefore of interest.
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Chitosan-Based Polyurethane Flexible Foams
Polyurethane (PUR) foam is a synthetic polymer.
  • 1.5K
  • 14 Sep 2021
Topic Review
The Gut–Brain Axis
The gut–brain axis (GBA) it is a complex network in which the CNS and the enteric nervous system (ENS) interact with each other in a bilateral manner by several mechanisms, including nervous, hormonal, metabolic, and immunological ones. Recently, this relationship has been described as the ‘microbiota–gut–brain axis’ because of the known role of the gut microbiota in maintaining a physiological brain–gut relationship and its participation in the pathogenesis of several diseases. In this complex network, a plethora of interactions take place.
  • 1.5K
  • 15 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Tendinopathies
Tendinopathy is an umbrella term used to identify a complex clinical condition characterized by molecular, cellular, and histological changes occurring in affected tendons that leads to persistent pain, swelling, and impaired physical performance. Several pathogenic mechanisms are involved in the occurrence of this condition. High load demands and repetitive mechanical exposure during exercise act as primum movens of tendinopathy.
  • 1.5K
  • 08 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles in Bridge Inspection
Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles (UAV) constitute a rapidly evolving technology field that is becoming more accessible and capable of supplementing, expanding, and even replacing some traditionally manual bridge inspections. Given the classification of the bridge inspection types as initial, routine, in-depth, damage, special, and fracture critical members, specific UAV mission requirements can be developed, and their suitability for UAV application examined.
  • 1.5K
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Label-Based Electrochemical Aptasensors for Cancer Detection Applications
Cancer is a major cause of death worldwide. With the advantages of simplicity, rapid response, reusability, and a low cost, aptamer-based electrochemical biosensors have received considerable attention as a promising approach for the clinical diagnosis of early-stage cancer.
  • 1.5K
  • 14 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Hepatic Enzyme Profile in Horses
For diagnostic purposes, liver enzymes are usually classified into hepatocellular and cholestatic. These two groups of equine liver-specific enzymes include sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). SDH and GLDH mostly reflect hepatocellular injury and cholestasis, while GGT expresses high values in biliary necrosis or hyperplasia. Likewise, AST, LDH, and ALP also reflect hepatocellular and biliary disease, but these enzymes are not liver specific. From the clinical point of view of the course of liver or biliary disease, AST and ALP are indicative of chronic disease, whereas SDH, GGT, and GLDH indicate an acute course.
  • 1.5K
  • 15 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Complex Nonlinear Biophysical Brain Dynamics
The human brain is a complex network whose ensemble time evolution is directed by the cumulative interactions of its cellular components, such as neurons and glia cells. Coupled through chemical neurotransmission and receptor activation, these individuals interact with one another to varying degrees by triggering a variety of cellular activity from internal biological reconfigurations to external interactions with other network agents. Consequently, such local dynamic connections mediating the magnitude and direction of influence cells have on one another are highly nonlinear and facilitate, respectively, nonlinear and potentially chaotic multicellular higher-order collaborations. Thus, as a statistical physical system, the nonlinear culmination of local interactions produces complex global emergent network behaviors, enabling the highly dynamical, adaptive, and efficient response of a macroscopic brain network.
  • 1.5K
  • 07 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Intrinsically Fluorescent Anti-Cancer Drugs
About one-third of the total protein targets in the pharmaceutical research sector are kinase-based. While kinases have been attractive targets to combat many diseases, including cancer, selective kinase inhibition has been challenging, because of the high degree of structural homology in the active site where many kinase inhibitors bind. Spectroscopic approaches such as infrared, Raman, NMR and fluorescence have the potential to provide significant insights into drug-target and drug-non-target interactions because of sensitivity to molecular environment. 
  • 1.5K
  • 25 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Implant
An implant is a medical device manufactured to replace a missing biological structure, support a damaged biological structure, or enhance an existing biological structure. Medical implants are man-made devices, in contrast to a transplant, which is a transplanted biomedical tissue. The surface of implants that contact the body might be made of a biomedical material such as titanium, silicone, or apatite depending on what is the most functional. In some cases implants contain electronics, e.g. artificial pacemaker and cochlear implants. Some implants are bioactive, such as subcutaneous drug delivery devices in the form of implantable pills or drug-eluting stents.
  • 1.5K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Microbial Desalination Cell Performance Indicators and Limiting Factors
Microbial desalination cells (MDCs) are promising bioelectrochemical systems for desalination using the bacteria-generated electricity from the biodegradation of organic wastes contained in the wastewater. Instead of being a sustainable and eco-friendly desalination technology, the large-scale application of MDC was limited due to the high installation cost of the metal-catalyst-coated cathode electrode and the poor performance of the cathode in long-term operation due to catalyst fouling.
  • 1.5K
  • 01 Nov 2022
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