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Topic Review
DNA Methylation on Gene Expression and Climate Adaptation
Methylation occurs in both plants and animals and is an important epigenetic modification due to its role in gene regulation, transposable element (TE) silencing, chromosomal interactions, and stability of the plant genome. Epigenetic modifications, including chromatin modifications and DNA methylation, play key roles in regulating gene expression in both plants and animals. Transmission of epigenetic markers is important for some genes to maintain specific expression patterns and preserve the status quo of the cell. The implications of epigenetics are important for adaptation and phenotypic plasticity because they provide the potential for tree conservation in forest ecosystems exposed to adverse conditions resulting from global warming and regional climate fluctuations. 
  • 1.5K
  • 21 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Sperm Selection for Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is the method that has definitely revolutionized the field of ART since normal fertilization and ongoing pregnancies can be achieved even with low quality sperm samples and affected spermatozoa. By injecting a single sperm cell in the oocyte, the technique bypasses several biological barriers that naturally select the gametes to achieve optimal embryonic and fetal development.
  • 1.5K
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Alternative Fuels in Maritime Sector
The current sulfur oxide (SOx), nitrogen oxide (NOx), and greenhouse gases (GHG) regulations have pressured international maritime transportation to adopt lower-emission fuels. Alternative fuels have received strong attention due to the fact they can be cleaner and environmentally friendly and, in some options, similar to the heavy fuel oil (HFO) and marine gas oil (MGO) used. The liquefied natural gas (LNG) is undoubtedly the main low carbon alternative with many ships already operating with this source in the world. Eighty-eight percent of the papers referred to LNG as an important source in the maritime sector for greenhouse gases (GHG) reduction. Hydrogen is one of the most cited options (16.2%). In a tank-to-wheel assessment, H2 from fossil sources has nil GHG emissions, which can also be highly carbon-intensive when analyzed from a well-to-wheel perspective. Biodiesel is a renewable and low carbon source, which represented 14.5% of total mentions. This option, together with hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) (3.8%) and straight vegetable oil (SVO) (3.4%) are sources that can be blended into the current marine engines without further modification. 
  • 1.5K
  • 12 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Campylobacteriosis
Campylobacteriosis is an infection by the Campylobacter bacterium, most commonly C. jejuni. It is among the most common bacterial infections of humans, often a foodborne illness. It produces an inflammatory, sometimes bloody, diarrhea or dysentery syndrome, mostly including cramps, fever and pain.
  • 1.5K
  • 30 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder
Other specified feeding or eating disorder (OSFED) is a DSM-5 category that, along with unspecified feeding or eating disorder (UFED), replaces the category formerly called eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) in the DSM-IV-TR. It captures feeding disorders and eating disorders of clinical severity that do not meet diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), binge eating disorder (BED), avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), pica, or rumination disorder. OSFED includes five examples: atypical anorexia nervosa, atypical bulimia nervosa of low frequency and/or limited duration, binge eating disorder of low frequency and/or limited duration, purging disorder, and night eating syndrome (NES).
  • 1.5K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Facility Location and Vehicle-Routing Problem in Reverse Logistics
The concept of reverse logistics (RL) was put forward in 1992, whose essence was to transfer end-of-life (EOL) products from the consumer to the producer for processing.
  • 1.5K
  • 13 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Negative Dysphotopsia after Cataract Surgery
Dysphotopsias are unwanted visual phenomena that occur after cataract surgery. They represent some of the most common reasons for patient dissatisfaction after uncomplicated surgery for cataract phacoemulsification with in-the-bag intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. Depending on the form of the optical phenomenon and the effect it poses on vision, dysphotopsias are divided into positive and negative type. Positive dysphotopsias are usually described by patients as glare, light streaks, starbursts, light arcs, rings, haloes, or flashes of light. Negative dysphotopsias (ND) are manifested as an arc-shaped shadow or line usually located in the temporal part of the visual field, similar to a temporal scotoma. ND is evoked by an external light source that is typically temporally oriented. Patients most commonly experience this phenomenon in photopic conditions when the pupil is narrow. ND is a diagnosis of exclusion where other possible ocular and neuro-ophthalmological pathologies should be excluded. The etiology of ND is not clearly defined, and the cause seems to be multifactorial. Holladay and Simpson categorized the risk factors for ND development into three groups: anatomic characteristics (pupil size, hyperopia, and angle kappa), IOL properties (IOL surface steepness, edge design, dioptricpower, and refraction index), and surgical technique for cataract removal (optic–haptic junction orientation and position of nasal anterior capsule to the IOL surface).
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres and Cancer Treatment
Telomeres are non-coding short repeat sequences (TTAGGG in vertebrates) which in combination with shelterin proteins protect the ends of linear chromosomes from degradation, recombination, and end fusions. Human telomeres range from 5–15 kb in length. Human Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT) cancers are often present as mesenchymal or epithelial origin in subsets of osteosarcomas, liposarcomas, glioblastomas, or astrocytomas.
  • 1.5K
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
High-Dose Vitamin C for Cancer Therapy
The idea that Vitamin C (Vit-C) could be utilized as a form of anti-cancer therapy has generated many contradictory arguments. Insights into the physiological characteristics of Vit-C, its pharmacokinetics, and results from preclinical reports, however, suggest that high-dose Vit-C could be effectively utilized in the management of various tumor types. Studies have shown that the pharmacological action of Vit-C can attack various processes that cancerous cells use for their growth and development. 
  • 1.5K
  • 13 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Business Email Compromise Defender
In an era of ever-evolving and increasingly sophisticated cyber threats, protecting sensitive information from cyberattacks such as business email compromise (BEC) attacks has become a top priority for individuals and enterprises. According to the available literature, various authentication methods have been explored for validating physical documents using QR codes.
  • 1.5K
  • 18 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Indirect Effect of Pesticides
Pesticides can indirectly affect target and non-target species in ways that are often contrary to their intended use. Such effects are mediated through interactions with other species or the physical environment and depend on ecological mechanisms. Typical mechanisms are the release of herbivores from predation and release from competition among species with similar niches. 
  • 1.5K
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Capacity Sizing of Battery–Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage System
A battery–supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system is investigated as a solution to reduce the high-power delivery stress on the battery. An optimally-sized system can further enhance the storage and cost efficiency.
  • 1.5K
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
LAG3
Lymphocyte-activation gene 3, also known as LAG-3, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the LAG3 gene. LAG3, which was discovered in 1990 and was designated CD223 (cluster of differentiation 223) after the Seventh Human Leucocyte Differentiation Antigen Workshop in 2000, is a cell surface molecule with diverse biologic effects on T cell function. It is an immune checkpoint receptor and as such is the target of various drug development programs by pharmaceutical companies seeking to develop new treatments for cancer and autoimmune disorders. In soluble form it is also being developed as a cancer drug in its own right.
  • 1.5K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Membrane Fabrication Using Recycled Waste
Polymeric membranes are generally manufactured using a variety of monomers/polymers, including polystyrene, polysulfone (PSF), polyether sulfone (PES), polyaniline, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and others. The industrial manufacturing of these chemical compounds causes significant greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, the application of these monomer/polymer compounds in daily necessities has been posing a massive burden for their post-utilization disposal. The emergence of waste and its recycling potential has attracted attention to its application in membrane fabrication. The utilization of recycled waste for fabricating the membranes can help in reducing the environmental impact by 2× amount (i.e., eliminate the use of polymer for membrane fabrication and its associated environmental impact and mitigating the effect of waste on the environment via its utilization), thus helping in maintaining environmental sustainability.
  • 1.5K
  • 19 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Flow Cytometry and Spermatogenesis
Flow cytometry has become an invaluable tool for the analysis of testicular heterogeneity, and for the purification of stage-specific spermatogenic cell populations, both for basic research and for clinical applications.
  • 1.5K
  • 08 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Acute and Obtuse Triangles
An acute triangle (or acute-angled triangle) is a triangle with three acute angles (less than 90°). An obtuse triangle (or obtuse-angled triangle) is a triangle with one obtuse angle (greater than 90°) and two acute angles. Since a triangle's angles must sum to 180° in Euclidean geometry, no Euclidean triangle can have more than one obtuse angle. Acute and obtuse triangles are the two different types of oblique triangles — triangles that are not right triangles because they have no 90° angle.
  • 1.5K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Drug–Drug Interactions Involving Dexamethasone in Clinical Practice
Concomitant administration of multiple drugs frequently causes severe pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic drug–drug interactions (DDIs) resulting in the possibility of enhanced toxicity and/or treatment failure. The activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a drug efflux pump sharing localization and substrate affinities with CYP3A4, is a critical determinant of drug clearance, interindividual variability in drug disposition and clinical efficacy, and appears to be involved in the mechanism of numerous clinically relevant DDIs, including those involving dexamethasone. The recent increase in the use of high doses of dexamethasone during the COVID-19 pandemic have emphasized the need for better knowledge of the clinical significance of drug–drug interactions involving dexamethasone in the clinical setting. 
  • 1.5K
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Cryptogenic Cirrhosis
Cryptogenic cirrhosis is a condition that impairs liver function. People with this condition develop irreversible liver disease caused by scarring of the liver (cirrhosis), typically in mid- to late adulthood.
  • 1.4K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Plant-Anticancer Compounds in Cancer Treatment
Nowadays, cancer is one of the deadliest diseases in the world, which has been estimated to cause 9.9 million deaths in 2020. Conventional treatments for cancer commonly involve mono-chemotherapy or a combination of radiotherapy and mono-chemotherapy. However, the negative side effects of these approaches have been extensively reported and have prompted the search of new therapeutic drugs. In this context, scientific community started to look for innova-tive sources of anticancer compounds in natural sources, including traditional plants. Currently, numerous studies have evaluated the anticancer properties of natural compounds derived from plants, both in vitro and in vivo. In pre-clinical stages, some promising compounds could be men-tioned, such as the sulforaphane or different phenolic compounds. On the other hand, some phy-tochemicals obtained positive results in clinical stages and were further approved for cancer treatment, such as vinca alkaloids or the paclitaxel.
  • 1.4K
  • 01 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Auraptene enhances Blood brain barrier
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a selectively permeable barrier that divides the central nervous system (CNS) from the peripheral circulation, preventing infectious substances and immune cells from entering the CNS.
  • 1.4K
  • 24 Mar 2021
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