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Topic Review
Crosstalk of ADP-Ribosylation with Other Protein Post-Translational Modifications
ADP-ribosylation is a post-translational modification of proteins that plays a key role in various cellular processes, including DNA repair. ADP-ribosylation can regulate the recruitment and activity of DNA repair proteins by facilitating protein–protein interactions and regulating protein conformations. Moreover, ADP-ribosylation can influence additional post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins involved in DNA repair, such as ubiquitination, methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and SUMOylation. The interaction between ADP-ribosylation and these additional PTMs can fine-tune the activity of DNA repair proteins and ensure the proper execution of the DNA repair process.
  • 937
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Ubiquitin-Like Proteins in Ribosome Production
Ubiquitin is a small protein that is highly conserved throughout eukaryotes. It operates as a reversible post-translational modifier through a process known as ubiquitination, which involves the addition of one or several ubiquitin moieties to a substrate protein. These modifications mark proteins for proteasome-dependent degradation or alter their localization or activity in a variety of cellular processes. In most eukaryotes, ubiquitin is generated by the proteolytic cleavage of precursor proteins in which it is fused either to itself, constituting a polyubiquitin precursor, or as a single N-terminal moiety to ribosomal proteins, which are practically invariably eL40 and eS31.
  • 936
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
STIM1 in Regulation of Cardiac Energy Substrate Preference
The heart requires a variety of energy substrates to maintain proper contractile function. Glucose and long-chain fatty acids (FA) are the major cardiac metabolic substrates under physiological conditions. Upon stress, a shift of cardiac substrate preference toward either glucose or FA is associated with cardiac diseases. For example, in pressure-overloaded hypertrophic hearts, there is a long-lasting substrate shift toward glucose, while in hearts with diabetic cardiomyopathy, the fuel is switched toward FA. Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), a well-established calcium (Ca2+) sensor of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ store, is increasingly recognized as a critical player in mediating both cardiac hypertrophy and diabetic cardiomyopathy. However, the cause–effect relationship between STIM1 and glucose/FA metabolism and the possible mechanisms by which STIM1 is involved in these cardiac metabolic diseases are poorly understood.
  • 936
  • 31 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Cold-Active Lipases and Esterases
One of the survival strategies adopted by microorganisms living in cold environments is their expression of cold-active enzymes that enable them to perform an efficient metabolic flux at low temperatures necessary to thrive and reproduce under those constraints. Cold-active enzymes are ideal biocatalysts that can reduce the need for heating procedures and improve industrial processes’ quality, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness.
  • 935
  • 06 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Metabolic Reprogramming Strategy Targeting Glucose Metabolism
Diabetes is not only a risk factor for breast cancer but also worsens its prognosis. Patients with diabetes usually show hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, which are accompanied by different glucose, protein, and lipid metabolism disorders. Metabolic abnormalities observed in diabetes can induce the occurrence and development of breast cancer. The changes in substrate availability and hormone environment not only create a favorable metabolic environment for tumorigenesis but also induce metabolic reprogramming events required for breast cancer cell transformation. Metabolic reprogramming is the basis for the development, swift proliferation, and survival of cancer cells. Metabolism must also be reprogrammed to support the energy requirements of the biosynthetic processes in cancer cells. In addition, metabolic reprogramming is essential to enable cancer cells to overcome apoptosis signals and promote invasion and metastasis.
  • 935
  • 16 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Cell Receptors for Collagen
Collagen, an extracellular protein, covers the entire human body and has several important biological functions in normal physiology. Collagen possibly binds with at least six different groups of receptors in biological cells. These are integrins, DDR, Glycoprotein VI, Osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR), LAIR-1, and uPARAP/Endo180.
  • 934
  • 10 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Neglected Human Systemic Mycoses Diagnosis
Systemic mycoses have been viewed as neglected diseases and they are responsible for deaths and disabilities around the world. Rapid, low-cost, simple, highly-specific and sensitive diagnostic tests are critical components of patient care, disease control and active surveillance. 
  • 934
  • 29 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Thrombin Cleavage of Osteopontin
Osteopontin (OPN) is a multi-functional protein that is involved in various cellular processes such as cell adhesion, migration, and signaling. There is a single conserved thrombin cleavage site in OPN that, when cleaved, yields two fragments with different properties from full-length OPN. In cancer, OPN has tumor-promoting activity and plays a role in tumor growth and metastasis. High levels of OPN expression in cancer cells and tumor tissue are found in various types of cancer, including breast, lung, prostate, ovarian, colorectal, and pancreatic cancer, and are associated with poor prognosis and decreased survival rates. OPN promotes tumor progression and invasion by stimulating cell proliferation and angiogenesis and also facilitates the metastasis of cancer cells to other parts of the body by promoting cell adhesion and migration. Furthermore, OPN contributes to immune evasion by inhibiting the activity of immune cells. 
  • 934
  • 12 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Nucleoside Analogs and Coronaviruses
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are positive-sense RNA enveloped viruses, members of the family Coronaviridae, that cause infections in a broad range of mammals including humans. Several CoV species lead to mild upper respiratory infections typically associated with common colds. However, three human CoV (HCoV) species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-CoV-1, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, are responsible for severe respiratory diseases at the origin of two recent epidemics (SARS and MERS), and of the current COronaVIrus Disease 19 (COVID-19), respectively.
  • 933
  • 24 May 2021
Topic Review
Metabolomics and Bladder Cancer
In the last decade, metabolomics has tried to assert its value in the bladder cancer field. Due to the current invasive diagnostic techniques, such as cystoscopy and the continuous monitoring patients must undergo, the introduction of non-invasive urinary biomarkers for monitoring this disease would be advantageous. This section represents a collection of all the metabolic information that various studies have obtained in recent years on bladder cancer, with particular attention to discovering biomarkers in urine for the diagnosis of this disease. In principle, they would complement cystoscopy or, at best, replace it. However, evaluating the different degrees of reproducibility that the experiments have shown in the indication of biomarkers, a synthesis was proposed to obtain a consensus list that is more reliable to become a guideline for clinical practice.
  • 933
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
A Structural View of miRNA Biogenesis and Function
Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that act as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. Since their discovery in 1993, they have been the subject of deep study due to their involvement in many important biological processes. Compared with other ncRNAs, miRNAs are generated from devoted transcriptional units which are processed by a specific set of endonucleases. The contribution of structural biology methods for understanding miRNA biogenesis and function has been essential for the dissection of their roles in cell biology and human disease.
  • 932
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Small Heat Shock Proteins Cancers
Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) are ubiquitous ATP-independent chaperones that play essential roles in response to cellular stresses and protein homeostasis. Investigations of sHSPs reveal that sHSPs are ubiquitously expressed in numerous types of tumors, and their expression is closely associated with cancer progression. sHSPs have been suggested to control a diverse range of cancer functions, including tumorigenesis, cell growth, apoptosis, metastasis, and chemoresistance, as well as regulation of cancer stem cell properties. Recent advances in the field indicate that some sHSPs have been validated as a powerful target in cancer therapy. In this entry, we present and highlight current understanding, recent progress, and future challenges of sHSPs in cancer development and therapy.
  • 931
  • 27 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Structural and Functional Features of Pyridoxal Phosphate-Binding Protein
The pyridoxal phosphate-binding protein (PLPBP) family (also termed ProsC/PROSC or COG0325 family) members are found in all kingdoms of life, exemplified by the proteins YBL036C (yeast), YggS (Gram-negative bacteria), YlmE (Gram-positive bacteria), PipY (cyanobacteria), PLPHP (humans) and HTH5 (rice). 
  • 931
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Long Non-Coding RNAs in Alzheimer’s Disease
Accurate and early prediction of risk is an important strategy to alleviate the Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) burden. Neuroinflammation is a major factor prompting the onset of the disease. Inflammation exerts its toxic effect via multiple mechanisms. Amongst others, alteration of gene expression via modulation of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as miRNAs. Recent evidence supports that inflammation can also affect long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) expression. 
  • 931
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Circular RNAs and Cardiovascular Diseases
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a family of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that are endogenous and widely distributed in different species, performing several functions, mainly their association with microRNAs (miRNAs) and RNA-binding proteins. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of death worldwide; therefore, the development of new therapies and strategies, such as gene therapies or nonpharmacological therapies, with low cost, such as physical exercise, to alleviate these diseases is of extreme importance for society.
  • 931
  • 02 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Mitotropic Substances
Mitotropic substances, or so-called mitoceuticals, describe substances whose mode of action is directed at the bioenergetic processes of the mitochondria and are, in part, essential for their function. The term mitoceuticals, created by Dr. Franz Enzmann, encompasses several groups of mitotropic substances, which have a versatile potential and form the basis for a preventive and therapeutic approach in mitochondrial medicine. They act non-specifically and reach all mitochondria in the organism. The best-known substances include electron and proton carriers, such as ubiquinol/ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10; CoQ10), vitamins, minerals, and micronutrients. Mitoceuticals are substances that are part of the natural metabolic system of a cell anyway. They are used both preventively and therapeutically for accompanying treatment. In both cases, the aim is to compensate for an existing mitochondrial dysfunction. In the meantime, there are a large number of mitotropic substances and even more studies on them.
  • 931
  • 23 May 2023
Biography
Prof. Nilesh Kumar Sharma
Dr. Nilesh Kumar Sharma, an Ideator and scholar with a Ph.D. degree (2009) from IIT Roorkee, India, focusing on Health Science. He subsequently pursued post-doctoral research in DNA repair and Cancer genetics at prominent institutions including the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), (NIH), and Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School (USA) between 2013-2016. Curren
  • 931
  • 04 Nov 2024
Topic Review
PPARα-Lysosomal Crosstalk in NAFLD
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors which belong to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. They regulate key aspects of energy metabolism within cells. Recently, PPARα has been implicated in the regulation of autophagy-lysosomal function, which plays a key role in cellular energy metabolism. PPARα transcriptionally upregulates several genes involved in the autophagy-lysosomal degradative pathway that participates in lipolysis of triglycerides within the hepatocytes. Interestingly, a reciprocal regulation of PPARα nuclear action by autophagy-lysosomal activity also exists with implications in lipid metabolism. This review succinctly discusses the unique relationship between PPARα nuclear action and lysosomal activity and explores its impact on hepatic lipid homeostasis under pathological conditions such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
  • 930
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
HDLs and Adiponectin in Promoting Endothelial Dysfunction
Obesity is an epidemic public health problem that has progressively worsened in recent decades and is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation (LGCI) in metabolic tissues and an increased risk of several diseases. In particular, LGCI alters metabolism and increases cardiovascular risk by impairing endothelial function and altering the functions of adiponectin and high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). Adiponectin is an adipokine involved in regulating energy metabolism and body composition. Serum adiponectin levels are reduced in obese individuals and negatively correlate with chronic sub-clinical inflammatory markers. HDLs are a heterogeneous and complex class of lipoproteins that can be dysfunctional in obesity. Adiponectin and HDLs are strictly interdependent, and the maintenance of their interplay is essential for vascular function.
  • 930
  • 16 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Intelligent Nanobiosensors for SARS-CoV-2 Diagnosis
The novel coronavirus appeared to be a milder infection initially, but the unexpected outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), commonly called COVID-19, was transmitted all over the world in late 2019 and caused a pandemic. Human health has been disastrously affected by SARS-CoV-2, which is still evolving and causing more serious concerns, leading to the innumerable loss of lives. Smart and intelligent nanomaterial-enabled biosensors (nanobiosensors) have already proven their utility for the diagnosis of several viral infections, as various detection strategies based on nanobiosensor devices are already present, and several other methods are also being investigated by researchers for the determination of SARS-CoV-2 disease.
  • 930
  • 19 Aug 2022
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