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Topic Review
TRPM7
The transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 7 (TRPM7) is a ubiquitously expressed membrane protein, which forms a cation channel linked to a cytosolic protein kinase.
  • 1.6K
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Peptic Ulcer Bleeding and AI
Peptic ulcer bleeding (PUB) is a common gastrointestinal (GI) emergency requiring prompt assessment, with a mortality rate of 2–10%.
  • 1.6K
  • 17 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Congenital Lung Malformations
Congenital lung malformations arise during development and include numerous anatomical anomalies of the lung and respiratory tree. They are usually detected prenatally by ultrasonography and comprise congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM), bronchopulmonary sequestration (BPS), bronchogenic cysts (BC), and more rarely bronchial atresia, congenital lobar emphysema (CLE), and congenital tracheal obstruction. This entry focuses on the molecular and genetic determinants of the most frequent anomalies: CPAM, BPS, and BC. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is not usually included in this group; however, since the lung is also highly affected in this condition, we have also incorporated evidence related to lung hypoplasia.
  • 1.6K
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
G-quadruplexes and ligands: Biophysical methods
Progress in the design of G-quadruplex (G4) binding ligands relies on the availability of approaches that assess the binding mode and nature of the interactions between G4 forming sequences and their putative ligands. The experimental approaches used to characterize G4/ligand interactions can be categorized in structure-based methods (circular dichroism (CD), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and x-ray crystallography), affinity and apparent affinity-based methods (surface plasmon resonance (SPR), isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and mass spectrometry (MS)), and high-throughput methods (fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-melting, G4-fluorescent intercalator displacement assay (G4-FID), affinity chromatography and microarrays. Each method has unique advantages and drawbacks, which makes it essential to select the ideal strategies for the biological question being addressed. The structural- and affinity and apparent affinity-based methods are in several cases complex and/or time-consuming and can be combined with fast and cheap high-throughput approaches to improve the design and development of new potential G4 ligands. In the last years, the joint use of these techniques permitted the discovery of a huge number of G4 ligands investigated for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Overall, this review article highlights in detail the most used approaches to characterize the G4/ligand interactions, as well as the applications and type of information that can be obtained from the use of each technique.
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  • 03 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Main Potential Cytokine Targets in Psoriasis
Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease mediated by disturbed T cells and other immune cells, and is defined by deep-red, well-demarcated skin lesions. Using biologics to target specific immune components, such as upregulated cytokines secreted by activated immune cells, is the most advanced therapy for psoriasis to date.
  • 1.6K
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Vehicle-to-Everything and Machine Learning Applications
The fifth-generation (5G) network is the current emerging technology that meets the increasing need for higher throughputs and greater system capacities. It is expected that 5G technology will enable many new applications and services. Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication is an example of an application that is supported by 5G technology and beyond. A V2X communication system allows a vehicle to be connected to an entity, such as a pedestrian, another vehicle, infrastructure, and a network, to provide a robust transportation solution.
  • 1.6K
  • 07 May 2022
Topic Review
Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase in Perivascular Adipose Tissue
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is a special type of ectopic fat depot that adheres to most vasculatures. PVAT has been shown to exert anticontractile effects on the blood vessels and confers protective effects against metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. PVAT plays a critical role in vascular homeostasis via secreting adipokine, hormones, and growth factors. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS; also known as NOS3 or NOSIII) is well-known for its role in the generation of vasoprotective nitric oxide (NO). eNOS is primarily expressed, but not exclusively, in endothelial cells, while studies have identified its expression in both adipocytes and endothelial cells of PVAT. PVAT eNOS is an important player in the protective role of PVAT.
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  • 08 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Biological Effects of Natural Acylated Flavonoids
Acylated flavonoids are widely distributed natural metabolites in medicinal plants and foods with several health attributes. Flavonoids are secondary metabolites that are widely distributed in planta, and they are well recognized for their health benefits, viz., anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and as neuro- and cardio-protective effects. Flavonoids are phytochemicals comprising a benzopyrone ring bearing a phenolic or poly-phenolic group at different positions, classified based on their chemical structure, degree of unsaturation, and oxidation of carbon ring, viz., anthoxanthins (flavanone and flavanol), flavanones, flavanonols, flavans, chalcones, anthocyanidins, and isoflavonoids.
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  • 14 Sep 2022
Topic Review
List of Exoplanetary Host Stars
The following is a list of exoplanetary host stars. The table contains information about the coordinates, spectral and physical properties, and number of confirmed planets. The two most important stellar properties are mass and metallicity because they determine how these planetary systems form. Stars of higher mass and metallicity tend to have more numerous and more massive planets. Most of the stars below are solar-type, mainly in the spectral classes F, G, and K, because astronomers tend to look for planets around stars similar to the Sun. Others are giants, which have used up all the hydrogen in their cores. Finding planets around giant stars gives clues as to how planetary systems evolve and how the properties of planets change with the evolution of the stars. As of April 2018, there are 2,816 stars with at least one confirmed planet, of which 628 stars have two or more confirmed planets; that is, 22% of all confirmed exoplanetary host stars have two or more confirmed planets. As of 2018, the star with the most confirmed planets is Kepler-90, with eight planets, although HD 10180 may have nine (two are unconfirmed). The most massive exoplanetary host star is Omicron Ursae Majoris (3.09 M☉), while the least massive is 2M J044144 (0.021 M☉). The most metal-rich star is NN Serpentis (1.744, 55.5 × Sun), while the most metal-poor is BD+20°2457 (−0.999, 0.100 × Sun). The nearest exoplanetary host star is Proxima Centauri (4.25 ly), while the most distant is NY Virginis (26940 ly). Visually, the brightest exoplanetary host star seen from Earth is Pollux (1.15), while the faintest is OGLE-2005-BLG-390L (27.98).
  • 1.6K
  • 04 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Expanding Monomers
Expanding Monomers are monomers which are increasing in volume (expanding) during polymerization. They can be added to monomer formulations to counteract the usual volume shrinking (during polymerization) to manufacture products with higher quality and durability. Volume Shrinkage is in first line for the unmeltable thermosets a problem, since those are of fixed shape after polymerization completed.:2
  • 1.6K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Host
In biology and medicine, a host is a larger organism that harbours a smaller organism; whether a parasitic, a mutualistic, or a commensalist guest (symbiont). The guest is typically provided with nourishment and shelter. Examples include animals playing host to parasitic worms (e.g. nematodes), cells harbouring pathogenic (disease-causing) viruses, a bean plant hosting mutualistic (helpful) nitrogen-fixing bacteria. More specifically in botany, a host plant supplies food resources to micropredators, which have an evolutionarily stable relationship with their hosts similar to ectoparasitism. The host range is the collection of hosts that an organism can use as a partner.
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  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Polymeric Emissive Materials Based on Dynamic Covalent Bonds
Dynamic covalent polymers, composed of dynamic covalent bonds (DCBs), have received increasing attention due to their adaptive and reversible nature compared with common covalent linked polymers. Incorporating the DCBs into the polymeric material endows it with advanced performance including self-healing, shape memory property, and so forth.
  • 1.6K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Sessile Drop Technique
The sessile drop technique is a method used for the characterization of solid surface energies, and in some cases, aspects of liquid surface energies. The main premise of the method is that by placing a droplet of liquid with a known surface energy, the shape of the drop, specifically the contact angle, and the known surface energy of the liquid are the parameters which can be used to calculate the surface energy of the solid sample. The liquid used for such experiments is referred to as the probe liquid, and the use of several different probe liquids is required.
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Mining Effects on the Karst
Karst develops on soluble rocks (limestone, dolomite, and evaporite). The infiltrating water with carbonic acid creates cavities (caves), fills them, and flows towards the mountain margin (karst water), where it emerges in springs. The infiltrated water constitutes a three-dimensional system whose surface is the karst water level, which undergoes fluctuation of various degrees and periods due to natural and artificial effects, at another time a one-way rise or subsidence. Since karst rocks drain water, neither a surface water network nor valleys develop (they are only formed at sites where the valley is inherited from the non-karstic cover or when the karst water level is situated at the valley floor). The dissolved material is transported into the karst with the infiltrating waters; therefore, surface karst features are closed. These are karren, dolines, ponors with blind valleys, and poljes. The material transported in the solution precipitates as freshwater limestone.
  • 1.6K
  • 05 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Aquaculture-Integrated Agriculture Systems
Multiple uses of water aquaculture-integrated agriculture systems (AIAS) are inevitable to produce more food per drop of water to address water shortage, food insecurity, and climate change. Pond-based AIA could aid in increasing productivity, income for food producers and soil fertility, ecosystem maintenance, and adaptation to environmental change. AIAS helps adapt to and mitigate climate change by reducing waste and greenhouse gas emissions, reducing pressure on water resources, and recycling nutrients.
  • 1.6K
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Single-Stranded DNA Binding Protein in DNA Metabolism
Single-stranded DNA-binding proteins (SSBs) play vital roles in DNA metabolism. Proteins of the SSB family exclusively and transiently bind to ssDNA, preventing the DNA double helix from re-annealing and maintaining genome integrity. In the meantime, they interact and coordinate with various proteins vital for DNA replication, recombination, and repair. Although SSB is essential for DNA metabolism, proteins of the SSB family have been long described as accessory players, primarily due to their unclear dynamics and mechanistic interaction with DNA and its partners. Recently-developed single-molecule tools, together with biochemical ensemble techniques and structural methods, have enhanced our understanding of the different coordination roles that SSB plays during DNA metabolism. 
  • 1.6K
  • 15 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Social Psychological Determinants of Prejudice towards Immigrants
Immigration processes and the possible marginalization of ethnic minorities in the receiving countries are essential issues in contemporary societies. Prejudice and discrimination can be critical obstacles to immigrants’ integration into the host country and can severely affect their well-being and mental health. This contribution aims to highlight the critical social–psychological processes underlying attitudes toward immigrants. First, it tackles the social psychological roots of social prejudice by focusing on the role of individual (ideological, motivational, and cultural) factors and categorization processes. Second, it examines how contextual factors such as intergroup perceptions and structural relations can lead to high levels of prejudice and discrimination towards immigrants. 
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  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Recombinant Adeno-Associated Viral Vectors (rAAV)-Vector Elements
Inherited retinal dystrophies and optic neuropathies cause chronic disabling loss of visual function. The development of recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (rAAV) gene therapies in all disease fields have been promising, but the translation to the clinic has been slow. The safety and efficacy profiles of rAAV are linked to the dose of applied vectors. DNA changes in the rAAV gene cassette affect potency, the expression pattern (cell-specificity), and the production yield. Here, we present a library of rAAV vectors and elements that provide a workflow to design novel vectors. We first performed a meta-analysis on recombinant rAAV elements in clinical trials (2007-2020) for ocular gene therapies. We analyzed 33 unique rAAV gene cassettes used in 57 ocular clinical trials. The rAAV gene therapy vectors used six unique capsid variants, 16 different promoters, and six unique polyadenylation sequences. Further, we compiled a list of promoters, enhancers, and other sequences used in current rAAV gene cassettes in preclinical studies. Then, we give an update on pro-viral plasmid backbones used to produce the gene therapy vectors, inverted terminal repeats, production yield, and rAAV safety considerations. Finally, we assess rAAV transgene and bioactivity assays applied to cells or organoids in vitro, explants ex vivo, and clinical studies.
  • 1.6K
  • 22 Jun 2020
Topic Review
Ligands for Alzheimer’s Disease therapy
Despite tremendous research efforts at every level, globally, there is still a lack of effectivedrugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The biochemical mechanisms of this devastatingneurodegenerative disease are not yet clearly understood. This review analyses the relevance ofmultiple ligands in drug discovery for AD as a versatile toolbox for a polypharmacological approachto AD. Herein, we highlight major targets associated with AD, ranging from acetylcholine esterase(AChE), beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE-1), glycogen synthase kinase3 beta ( GSK-3β), N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, monoamine oxidases (MAOs), metal ions inthe brain, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors, the third subtype of histamine receptor (H3 receptor),to phosphodiesterases (PDEs), along with a summary of their respective relationship to the diseasenetwork. In addition, a multitarget strategy for AD is presented, based on reported milestones in thisarea and the recent progress that has been achieved with multitargeted-directed ligands (MTDLs).Finally, the latest publications referencing the enlarged panel of new biological targets for AD relatedto the microglia are highlighted. However, the question of how to find meaningful combinations oftargets for an MTDLs approach remains unanswered.
  • 1.6K
  • 04 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Obesity-Related Changes in HDL Metabolism
In obese individuals, atherogenic dyslipidemia is a very common and important factor in the increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Adiposity-associated dyslipidemia is characterized by low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and an increase in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Several factors and mechanisms are involved in lowering HDL-C levels in the obese state and HDL quantity and quality is closely related to levels of adiponectin. Recent studies have shown that obesity profoundly alters HDL metabolism, resulting in altered HDL subclass distribution, composition, and function. 
  • 1.6K
  • 11 Dec 2020
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