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Topic Review
Pediatric Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus
Vulvar lichen sclerosus (VLS) is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the anogenital region, which may present in a prepubertal or adolescent patient. The most popular theories are its autoimmune and genetic conditioning, although theories concerning hormonal and infectious etiology have also been raised. The most common presenting symptoms of VLS is vulva pruritus, discomfort, dysuria and constipation. The lesions initially are white, flat-topped papules, thin plaques, or commonly atrophic patches. Purpura is a hallmark feature of VLS. The treatment includes topical anti-inflammatory agents and long-term follow-up, as there is a high risk of recurrence and an increased risk of vulvar cancer in adult women with a history of lichen sclerosus.
  • 1.6K
  • 15 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Food-Derived Protease Inhibitors
Plant protease inhibitors (PI) are usually small water-soluble proteins having many roles in the host biology, and they appear widely in the plant kingdom. Among many other functions in plant physiology, PIs are components of plants’ defensive systems. PIs protect plants against pathogens and also against herbivores; thus, several classes of PIs inhibiting mammal and insect digestive enzymes are often expressed in many plant tissues. PIs are present in many common food and feed plants. Many plant-derived PIs, such as Bowman-Birk inhibitors and Kunitz-type inhibitors, have been suggested to negatively affect dietary protein digestion by blocking the activity of trypsin and chymotrypsin in the human gastrointestinal system. In addition, some PIs may possess proinflammatory activities. However, there is also scientific evidence on some beneficial effects of PIs, for example, gut-related anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive activities in vitro and in vivo.
  • 1.6K
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Micro-Implants in Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics
Anchorage is one of the most important elements for successful orthodontic treatment. Traditionally, orthodontics employed teeth and extraoral or intraoral appliances for anchorage, often relying on the patient compliance for its effectiveness. Micro-implants (OMIs), also known in orthodontics as temporary anchorage devices (TAD) or mini-implants or mini-screws have been used to realize difficult orthodontic movements. Orthodontic mini-implants can be a powerful aid in resolving challenging malocclusions that require increased anchorage potential. Their use is versatile, minimally invasive, and proves a good ratio between costs and benefits of orthodontic treatments.
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS)
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is considered an autoimmune, thrombo-inflammatory disease characterized by vascular thrombosis in the setting of one or more antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) such as lupus anticoagulant (AL), anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL) and anti-β2-glycoprotein1 antibodies (aβ2GPI).
  • 1.6K
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
ML-Based Detection Approaches of Coal Workers’ Pneumoconiosis
Computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) systems can assist radiologists in detecting coal workers’ pneumoconiosis (CWP) in their chest X-rays. Early diagnosis of the CWP can significantly improve workers’ survival rate.  The feature extraction and detection approaches of computer-based analysis in CWP using chest X-ray radiographs (CXR) can be summarised into three categories: classical methods including computer and international labor organization (ILO) classification-based detection; traditional machine learning methods; and CNN methods.
  • 1.6K
  • 10 Jul 2024
Topic Review
Optical Fiber Biochemical Sensors Based on Graphene
Graphene, a novel form of the hexagonal honeycomb two-dimensional carbon-based structural material with a zero-band gap and ultra-high specific surface area, has unique optoelectronic capabilities, promising a suitable basis for its application in the field of optical fiber sensing. Graphene optical fiber sensing has also been a hotspot in cross-research in biology, materials, medicine, and micro-nano devices in recent years, owing to prospective benefits, such as high sensitivity, small size, and strong anti-electromagnetic interference capability and so on. 
  • 1.6K
  • 20 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Optimization Approaches and Techniques for Automotive Alternators
Optimization and improvement of the electrical system are applied to cope with the increased demand for electrical power in the vehicular system; they must be carried out in many ways to ensure that the vehicles are provided with the necessary electricity for their performance work electrical equipment.
  • 1.6K
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Lead-Acid/Lithium-Ion Hybrid Battery Energy Storage System
The huge success of electric vehicles across the world is challenged by a lack of infrastructure and a major increase in battery material prices. This challenge positions internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) to remain a vehicle of choice. The majority of these vehicles use a lead-acid battery (LAB) for starting, lighting, and ignition (SLI) functions.
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Physiological Effects of Nitric Oxide on Cartilage
Nitric oxide (NO) is a small gaseous molecule that is widely distributed in the human body, and its synthesis is dependent on NO synthase (NOS). NO plays an important role in various physiological processes such as the regulation of blood volume and nerve conduction. 
  • 1.6K
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Manufacturing for Orthotic and Prosthetic Devices
The conventional manufacturing methods for fabricating orthotic and prosthetic (O&P) devices have been in practice for a very long time. O&P service providers have started exploring different advanced manufacturing techniques. 
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Plants in Response to Waterlogging Stress
With the frequent occurrence of extreme weather such as typhoons and rainstorms, waterlogging has become one of the most important threats to global crop growth and production. Waterlogging limits plants’ access to oxygen and light, leading to disadvantageous changes in metabolism to disturb plant growth and development. To escape the damage of hypoxia or promote the diffusion of oxygen to submerged organs, plants respond to waterlogging stress by regulating their morphological structure, photosynthesis, respiration, energy metabolism, and endogenous plant hormone biosynthesis/signal transduction. The adventitious roots (AR), aerenchyma, and stem internode are the major target structure for waterlogging adaptation. 
  • 1.6K
  • 27 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Traffic Calming Measures
The ever-increasing use of motor vehicles causes a number of traffic safety and community issues, which are particularly severe in cities, accompanied by a scarcity of parking spaces and challenges encountered in road layout alteration projects. The commonly applied solutions include the designation of through streets, the implementation of on-street parking on residential streets, and retrofitted traffic calming measures (TCMs).
  • 1.6K
  • 10 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Food Waste and Sustainability Impact
Food losses in the agri-food sector have been estimated as representing between 30 and 80% of overall yield. The agro-food sector has a responsibility to work towards achieving FAO sustainable goals and global initiatives on responding to many issues, including climate pressures from changes we are experiencing globally. 
  • 1.6K
  • 06 Feb 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Morphometric Characterization of Bacteria Associated with Bacteremia
Among the leading causes of bacteremia are Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus. E. coli and K. pneumoniae are increasingly exhibiting resistance to last-resort antibiotics, such as carbapenems. Rapid and accurate identification of these pathogens is critical for timely treatment and infection control. This paper aimed to develop a computer-aided bacterial morphometric technique for identifying and classifying wild-type E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and S. aureus in a field guide fashion. A 3D laser scanning confocal microscope was used to gather key parameters of each organism: length (L, µm), circular diameter (CD, µm), volume (V, µm3), surface area-to-cross-sectional area ratio (SA/CSA, unitless), surface uniformity ratio (Str), and surface texture ratio (Sdr). Microscope images and measurement results showed that S. aureus was spherical with the shortest length (1.08 µm) and smallest volume (0.52 µm3). E. coli and K. pneumoniae were rod-shaped with lengths >2.0 µm and volumes >1.0 µm3. Carbapenem-resistant (CR) strains exhibited larger volumes than their wild-type counterparts. Surface parameters further differentiated strains: wild-type E. coli had a greater surface texture or a less smooth surface (larger Sdr) than K. pneumoniae (lower Sdr) did. CR E. coli had more surface uniformity (lower Str) than CR K. pneumoniae did. A dichotomous key based on shape, circular diameter, volume, length, and surface characteristics was developed to classify the species using a series of paired, contrasting features. This morphometric analysis can aid researchers in quickly identifying bacteria, leading to faster diagnosis of life-threatening diseases and improved treatment decisions.
  • 1.6K
  • 28 Aug 2025
Topic Review
SALL4 as a Therapeutic Target in Cancer Treatment
Spalt-Like Transcription Factor 4 (SALL4) is a critical factor for self-renewal ability and pluripotency of stem cells. Also, Various reports show tight relation of SALL4 to cancer occurrence and metastasis. SALL4 exerts its effects not only by inducing gene expression but also by repressing a large cluster of genes through interaction with various epigenetic modifiers. Due to the high expression of this protein in cancer cells and its silence in almost all adult tissues, it is an ideal target for cancer therapy.
  • 1.6K
  • 20 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Sarcoglycanopathies
Sarcoglycanopathies are autosomal recessive disorders and are considered rare diseases as the worldwide reported frequency is around 1/200,000–1/350,000.
  • 1.6K
  • 03 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Structure of Power QKD Network
Considering the complexity of the power grid environment and the diversity of power communication transmission losses, this paper proposes a quantum key distribution (QKD) network structure suitable for power business scenarios. Through the simulation of the power communication transmission environment, the performance indicators of quantum channels and data interaction channels in the power QKD system are tested and evaluated from six aspects, such as distance loss, galloping loss, splice loss, data traffic, encryption algorithm, and system stability. In the actual environment, this paper combines the production business to build a QKD network suitable for power scenarios, and conducts performance analysis. The experimental results show that the power QKD technology can meet the operation index requirements of power business, as well as provide a reference for the large-scale application of the technology.
  • 1.6K
  • 12 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Irinotecan
Irinotecan has been used in the treatment of various malignancies for many years. Still, the knowledge regarding this drug is expanding. The pharmacogenetics of the drug is the crucial component of response to irinotecan. Furthermore, new formulations of the drug are introduced for it enhanced delivery. Novel formulations of drugs (e.g., liposomal formulations, dendrimers, and nanoparticles) have a huge potential to avoid potentially life-threatening side effects of the iriniotecan. 
  • 1.6K
  • 14 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Human Permanent Denervated Muscles Recovery
We demonstrated the long-term clinical value of co-activating thigh muscles through hbFES strategy using high currents and large surface electrodes. This Vienna Strategy is able to reverse, at clinically relevant levels, the adverse effects of Spinal Cord Injury (SCI), even in the worst-case scenario of complete lesion of lower motor neurons, as it may occur in complete conus and cauda equina syndrome. Continued regularly, hbFES for denervated, degenerating muscles helps to maintain healthier leg muscles and skin, reducing the risks of life-threatening SCI complications. By products of these studies are new approaches for counteracting aging muscle atrophy, new color clinical imaging of muscle tissue and Machine Learning Predictive Systems for skeletal muscle diagnostics and managements.
  • 1.6K
  • 01 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Diabetic Foot Ulcers
The main factors contributing to the development of diabetic foot ulcers are peripheral neuropathy (sensory, motor and autonomic) and peripheral arterial disease. Both complications predispose to the development of lesions and the destruction or infection of tissue, which are the precursors to amputations in most cases. Currently, we have a great deal of information on preventive and therapeutic interventions aimed at reducing the sequence of events (foot at risk, injury and subsequent amputation); but other aspects, such as patient mortality and how certain clinical factors, blood glucose control, ulcer evolution and severity influence patient survival, are less well known. 
  • 1.6K
  • 05 Nov 2020
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