Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Semantic Web and Web GIS
The field of geographic information science and its associated technologies have undergone rapid technological advancement and geographic information systems (GIS) now have wide-ranging functional capabilities. The field is characterised by specific expertise, one with a longstanding history of forward thinking and a track record for ongoing innovation and with this, the field has adopted many disruptive technologies from the fields of computer and information sciences through this transition towards web GIS. Most interestingly in this regard is the (often limited) uptake of semantic web technologies by the field and its associated technologies, the lack of which has resulted in a technological disjoint between these fields. As the field seeks to make geospatial information more accessible to more users and in more contexts through ‘self-service’ applications and web GIS applications, the use of these technologies is imperative to support the interoperability between distributed data sources and services. 
  • 1.6K
  • 21 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Sustainable Business Model Innovation
Sustainable business model innovation is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon; thus, it is important to understand its various manifestations. Sustainable business models generally aim to integrate economic, social and environmental aspects in their value creation and/or value capture processes. However, these aspects can manifest as different combinations, and some may be more dominant than others.
  • 1.6K
  • 16 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Forensic Arts
Forensic art is any art used in law enforcement or legal proceedings. Forensic art is used to assist law enforcement with the visual aspects of a case, often using witness descriptions and video footage. It is a highly specialized field that covers a wide range of artistic skills, such as composite drawing, crime scene sketching, image modification and identification, courtroom drawings, demonstrative evidence, and postmortem and facial approximation aids. It is rare for a forensic artist to specialize in more than one of these skills. Many forensic artists do the job as a collateral duty to their "regular" job in law enforcement, such as police officer, crime scene tech, etc. Such forensic artists perform their work while on a fixed salary and are not additionally compensated for artistic duties. There are few full-time forensic artist jobs available. Most full-time artists work in large cities, or in state or federal agencies. "Freelancing" in forensic art is a difficult career path, as ties to law enforcement are a necessary part of the job, and agencies have limited budgets to pay outside contractors. The skill of facial approximation is closely associated and related to forensic anthropology in that an artist specializes in the reconstruction of the remains of a human body. Generally this discipline focuses on the human face for identification purposes. The forensic artist can create a facial approximation in a number of ways to include 2D (drawings), 3D (sculptures) and other methods using new computer technology. Forensic artists generally can add greater character and make their subjects come back to "life".
  • 1.6K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Global Warming Policy Foundation
The Global Warming Policy Foundation (GWPF) is a lobby group in the United Kingdom whose stated aims are to challenge "extremely damaging and harmful policies" envisaged by governments to mitigate anthropogenic global warming. While their position is that the science of global warming or climate change is "not yet settled," the GWPF claims that its membership comes from a broad spectrum ranging from "the IPCC position through agnosticism to outright scepticism." The GWPF as well as some of its prominent members have been characterized as promoting climate change denial. In 2014, when the Charity Commission ruled that the GWPF had breached rules on impartiality, a non-charitable organisation called the "Global Warming Policy Forum" was created as a wholly owned subsidiary, to do lobbying that a charity could not. The GWPF website carries an array of articles "sceptical" of scientific findings of anthropogenic global warming and its impacts.
  • 1.6K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
The Interplay between Autophagy and HSV-1
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic virus that occasionally may spread to the central nervous system (CNS), being the most common cause of sporadic encephalitis. One of the main neurovirulence factors of HSV-1 is the protein infected-cell protein 34.5 (ICP34.5), which although it initially seems to be relevant only in neuronal infections, it can also promote viral replication in non-neuronal cells. 
  • 1.6K
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Multi-Color Light-Emitting Diodes
Multi-color light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with various advantages of color tunability, self-luminescence, wide viewing angles, high color contrast, low power consumption, and flexibility provide a wide range of applications including full-color display, augmented reality/virtual reality technology, and wearable healthcare systems.
  • 1.6K
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
O-GlcNAcylation in Liver Metabolism
O-linked b-N-acetyl-glucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is a type of protein glycosylation. It was first reported in the 1980s, broadening the knowledge of protein modification by sugars. O-GlcNAcylation is characterized as a process of adding an O-linked b-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) molecule to the threonine or serine residues of nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins under enzymatic modulation.
  • 1.6K
  • 15 Feb 2023
Topic Review
The Nara Palace Site
The Nara period in Japan was a short but volatile historical era that left behind a huge amount of cultural property across the country. Most of the related sites have been recognized by UNESCO as deserving of World Cultural Heritage status or are classified by the Japanese government as particularly important national heritage. This is especially true of the Nara Palace site, with its outstanding conservation achievements and reconstruction of Japanese architectural heritage.
  • 1.6K
  • 11 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Proteolysis of Legume Proteins during Seed Germination
Legume seed protein is an important source of nutrition, but generally it is less digestible than animal protein. Poor protein digestibility in legume seeds and seedlings may partly reflect defenses against herbivores. Protein changes during germination typically increase proteolysis and digestibility, by lowering the levels of anti-nutrient protease inhibitors, activating proteases, and breaking down storage proteins (including allergens). Germinating legume sprouts also show striking increases in free amino acids (especially asparagine), but their roles in host defense or other processes are not known. 
  • 1.6K
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Lactic Acid Bacteria for Meat Preservation and Fortification
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are considered the safest organism and have a profound role in food and food-processing industries. The biofilm developed by the bacteria prevents the growth of various undesirable microorganisms on meat and meat products. Various studies depicted that LAB produces various antimicrobial metabolites that can act effectively on the food-degrading pathogens, rendering it safe and enhancing shelf-life.
  • 1.6K
  • 14 Sep 2022
Topic Review
COVID-19 Infections and Fake News
The world has been changed irrevocably by the infectious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that was first identified in Wuhan, Hubei province, China in December 2019. COVID-19 affects everyone everywhere. A separate and significant, though not necessarily as infectious, malady affecting many, though not all, individuals worldwide, is “Fake News”, known alternatively as yellow journalism, junk news, pseudo news, false news, alternative facts, hoaxes, misinformation, disinformation, fabricated news, corrupt news, unfathomable nonsense, or outright lies, which are typically based on provably false statements, and are distributed widely through mainstream news media and social media. The commentary presents a brief history of COVID-19 and fake news, and existing international efforts to deal with each of these infections.
  • 1.6K
  • 17 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Climate Change and Water Resources
Water resources are highly dependent on climatic variations. The quantification of climate change impacts on surface water availability is critical for agriculture production and flood management. The current study focuses on the projected streamflow variations in the transboundary Mangla Dam watershed. Precipitation and temperature changes combined with future water assessment in the watershed are projected by applying multiple downscaling techniques for three periods (2021–2039, 2040–2069, and 2070–2099). Streamflows are simulated by using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) for the outputs of five global circulation models (GCMs) and their ensembles under two representative concentration pathways (RCPs). Spatial and temporal changes in defined future flow indexes, such as base streamflow, average flow, and high streamflow have been investigated in this study. Results depicted an overall increase in average annual flows under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 up until 2099. The maximum values of low flow, median flow, and high flows under RCP 4.5 were found to be 55.96 m3/s, 856.94 m3/s, and 7506.2 m3/s and under RCP 8.5, 63.29 m3/s, 945.26 m3/s, 7569.8 m3/s, respectively, for these ensembles GCMs till 2099. Under RCP 4.5, the maximum increases in maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), precipitation (Pr), and average annual streamflow were estimated as 5.3 °C, 2.0 °C, 128.4%, and 155.52%, respectively, up until 2099. In the case of RCP 8.5, the maximum increase in these hydro-metrological variables was up to 8.9 °C, 8.2 °C, 180.3%, and 181.56%, respectively, up until 2099. The increases in Tmax, Tmin, and Pr using ensemble GCMs under RCP 4.5 were found to be 1.95 °C, 1.68 °C and 93.28% (2021–2039), 1.84 °C, 1.34 °C, and 75.88%(2040–2069), 1.57 °C, 1.27 °C and 72.7% (2070–2099), respectively. Under RCP 8.5, the projected increases in Tmax, Tmin, and Pr using ensemble GCMs were found as 2.26 °C, 2.23 °C and 78.65% (2021–2039), 2.73 °C, 2.53 °C, and 83.79% (2040–2069), 2.80 °C, 2.63 °C and 67.89% (2070–2099), respectively. Three seasons (spring, winter, and autumn) showed a remarkable increase in streamflow, while the summer season showed a decrease in inflows. Based on modeling results, it is expected that the Mangla Watershed will experience more frequent extreme flow events in the future, due to climate change. These results indicate that the study of climate change's impact on the water resources under a suitable downscaling technique is imperative for proper planning and management of the water resources.
  • 1.6K
  • 23 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Target of Rapamycin
The target of rapamycin (TOR) is an evolutionarily-conserved serine/threonine kinase that senses and integrates signals from the environment to coordinate developmental and metabolic processes. In plants, TOR has been shown to be a central regulator of growth and a negative regulator of catabolic processes such as autophagy.
  • 1.6K
  • 14 Dec 2020
Topic Review
MBD5-Associated Neurodevelopmental Disorder
MBD5-associated neurodevelopmental disorder (MAND) is a condition that affects neurological and physical development.
  • 1.6K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Plant Biosensors
This entry provides an overview of the available biosensors for following plant immune response, reported uses of more than one biosensor in the same chassis, biosensors applied to crops, and challenges of their use in plants.
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Stevia Genus
Phytochemistry and biological activities update of Stevia genus.
  • 1.6K
  • 21 May 2021
Topic Review
Lung Fibrosis after COVID-19
The incidence rate of post-COVID lung fibrosis can be estimated at 2–6% after a moderate illness. According to this estimation, the prevalence of post-COVID lung fibrosis will be from 10 to 30 patients per 10,000 populations, which is 30 times higher than the IPF prevalence.
  • 1.6K
  • 08 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Phytochemicals Constituent of Cimicifuga racemosa
Women’s health is an imminent concern worldwide, but it remains an ignored segment of research in most developing countries, and is yet to take the center stage in even developed nations. Some exclusive female health concerns revolve around both pathological and physiological aspects. These gender-specific maladies include breast, cervical, and ovarian cancers, and physiological concerns such as menopause and osteoporosis, which are often coexistent. Recently, women’s health issues, including postmenopausal syndrome, have attracted the attention of researchers and practitioners alike, opening newer pharmaceutical research and clinical avenues. Although not counted as a disease, postmenopausal syndrome (PMS) is a female health phenomenon underpinned by hormonal depletion. Enhanced life expectancy in women has added to their suffering, and pharmacological interventions are needed. Amongst the available treatment modalities, the use of numerous botanicals has emerged as an efficient health management tool for women. Cimicifuga racemosa (CR or Black Cohosh) is a plant/herb which has been traditionally exploited and extensively used by women.
  • 1.6K
  • 18 Mar 2022
Topic Review
New Christian
New Christian (Spanish: cristiano nuevo; Portuguese: cristão-novo; Catalan: cristià nou) was a law-effective and social category developed from the 15th century onwards, and used in what is today Spain and Portugal as well as their New World colonies, to refer to Sephardi Jews and Muslims ("Moors") who had converted to the Catholic Church, often by force or coercion. It was developed and employed after the Reconquista of the Iberian Peninsula by the Catholic Monarchs. By law, the category of New Christian included not only recent converts, but also all their known baptized descendants with any fraction or quantum of New Christian blood up to the fourth generation, and then in Phillip II's reign it included any person with any fraction of New Christian blood "from time immemorial". In Portugal, it was only in 1772 that Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquess of Pombal, finally decreed an end to the legal distinction between New Christians and Old Christians.
  • 1.6K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Natural Language Processing for the COVID-19 Pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic is the most devastating public health crisis and has affected the lives of billions of people worldwide in unprecedented ways. Compared to pandemics of this scale in the past, societies are now equipped with advanced technologies that can mitigate the impacts of pandemics if utilized appropriately. However, opportunities are not fully utilized, particularly at the intersection of data science and health. Health-related big data and technological advances have the potential to significantly aid the fight against such pandemics, including the pandemic’s ongoing and long-term impacts. Specifically, the field of natural language processing (NLP) has enormous potential at a time when vast amounts of text-based data are continuously generated from a multitude of sources, such as health/hospital systems, published medical literature, and social media. Effectively mitigating the impacts of the pandemic requires tackling challenges associated with the application and deployment of NLP systems.
  • 1.6K
  • 24 Nov 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 2800
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback