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Topic Review
Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species by Mitochondria
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are series of chemical products originated from one or several electron reductions of oxygen. ROS are involved in physiology and disease and can also be both cause and consequence of many biological scenarios. Mitochondria are the main source of ROS in the cell and, particularly, the enzymes in the electron transport chain are the major contributors to this phenomenon. 
  • 1.7K
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
Antibiotic-Free Broiler Meat
Chickens are raised with the assistance of the regular use of antibiotics, not only for the prevention and treatment of diseases but, also, for body growth. Overuse and misuse of antibiotics in animals are contributing to the rising threat of antibiotic resistance. This practice contributes to the development of drug-resistant bacteria in livestock, including poultry, and humans through the food chain, posing a global public health threat. Therefore, antibiotic-free broiler meat production is becoming increasingly popular worldwide to meet consumer demand. However, numerous challenges need to be overcome in producing antibiotic-free broiler meat by adopting suitable strategies regarding food safety and chicken welfare issues.
  • 1.7K
  • 15 Dec 2020
Topic Review
High Temperature Tribology
High temperature tribology is considered to begin from a minimum temperature of 300–350 °C, where organic base oils and polymers begin to decompose, until a temperature of 1000 °C. In this field of tribology, tests are typically run under dry or solid-state friction, unless a solid lubricant is used, since most lubricants will oxidize or break down when exposed to these extreme temperatures. Therefore, this form of tribotesting is useful to determine the friction, wear, and other tribological characteristics of coatings, ceramics, alloys, cermets, and similar materials.
  • 1.7K
  • 30 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Logistics Work, Ergonomics and Social Sustainability
The methodological basis is a load assessment of the musculoskeletal system in retail intralogistics. Based on the established measurements systems CUELA and OWAS, the specific loads on employees are assessed for four typical logistics workplace settings. 
  • 1.7K
  • 16 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Toxoplasma gondii in Foods
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that causes toxoplasmosis, with approximately one third of the population around the world seropositive. The consumption of contaminated food is the main source of infection. These include meat products with T. gondii tissue cysts, and dairy products with tachyzoites.
  • 1.7K
  • 31 Aug 2022
Topic Review
IBM Tivoli Storage Productivity Center
IBM Tivoli Storage Productivity Center (TPC) is a Storage Resource Management (SRM) software offering that provides a centralized point of control for managing large-scale, complex heterogeneous storage environments. IBM Tivoli Storage Productivity Center V5.2.x (5608-PC1) was renamed in V5.2.8 to IBM Spectrum Control Standard Edition V5.2.x (5608-PC1).
  • 1.7K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Popliteal Bypass Surgery
Popliteal bypass surgery, more specifically known as femoral popliteal bypass surgery (FPB) or more generally as lower extremity bypass surgery, is a surgical procedure used to treat diseased leg arteries above or below the knee. It is used as a medical intervention to salvage limbs that are at risk of amputation and to improve walking ability in people with severe intermittent claudication (leg muscle pain) and ischemic rest pain. Popliteal bypass surgery is a common type of peripheral bypass surgery which carries blood from the femoral artery of the thigh to the end of the popliteal artery behind the knee. The femoral artery runs along the thigh and extends to become the popliteal artery which runs posteriorly to the knee joint and femur. Smaller arteries carry blood supply from the popliteal artery to the calf and into the foot. Blockages caused by plaque build-up or atherosclerosis in any of these arteries can reduce leg blood circulation, causing leg pain that may interfere with daily life. Standard Popliteal bypass surgery involves the bypass of the popliteal artery. During surgery, incisions are made depending on the location of the blockage. Usually, a healthy vein is located and sewn above and below the blockage to bypass the narrowed or blocked femoral artery. This allows the blood to be redirected to flow through the new healthy vessel around the blockage. In some cases, synthetic graft materials (such as polytetrafluoroethylene) are used instead of a vein graft.
  • 1.7K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Pathology and Biomarkers of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has an extremely poor prognosis due to the lack of methods or biomarkers for early diagnosis and its resistance to conventional treatment modalities, targeted therapies, and immunotherapies. PDACs are a heterogenous group of malignant epithelial neoplasms with various histomorphological patterns and complex, heterogenous genetic/molecular landscapes. The newly proposed molecular classifications of PDAC based on extensive genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and epigenetic data have provided significant insights into the molecular heterogeneity and aggressive biology of this deadly disease. Studies characterizing the tumor microenvironment (TME) have shed light on the dynamic interplays between the tumor cells and the immunosuppressive TME of PDAC, which is essential to disease progression, as well as its resistance to chemotherapy, newly developed targeted therapy and immunotherapy. There is a critical need for the development of predictive markers that can be clinically utilized to select effective personalized therapies for PDAC patients.
  • 1.7K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Development of All-Solid-State Li-Ion Batteries
Innovation in the design of Li-ion rechargeable batteries is necessary to overcome safety concerns and meet energy demands. In this regard, a new generation of Li-ion batteries (LIBs) in the form of all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) has been developed, attracting a great deal of attention for their high-energy density and excellent mechanical-electrochemical stability.
  • 1.7K
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
Synthesis of TiO2 at the Industrial Level
Among a diverse range of dense mineral reserves found across the world, only ilmenite and rutile ores are capable of yielding titanium compounds, specifically titanium dioxide, through industrial processes. Although ilmenite and rutile are extensively used to extract TiO2 at the industrial level, through the sulphate and chloride processes, they can also be recognized to possess the potential to be employed as the raw material to synthesize other titanium compounds as well. Since titanium containing compounds possess the capability to be applied in numerous applications, such as environmental remediation, energy technologies, the pharmaceutical industry, paint industry and textile industry, exploration of the ability of these ore materials to yield titanium species is highly significant in the field of research as well as the industrial sector.
  • 1.7K
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
Magnetic Catalysts in Ullmann-Type N-Arylation Reactions
Ullmann-type C–N heterocoupling reactions have been applied for the syntheses of N-arylated amines. Transition metal-catalyzed N-arylations have been recognized as particularly efficient procedures for the preparation of nitrogen-containing aromatic systems. These reactions typically carried out under optimized conditions, have also been found to be suitable for the synthesis of complex molecules with other functional groups, including natural products, drugs, or pharmaceuticals. Most importantly, copper-catalyzed N-arylations have been studied and employed in the total synthesis of biologically active compounds. The construction of fused N-heterocyclic compounds also remained the subject of extensive research because of their potential applications in drug discovery and the development of functional materials. 
  • 1.7K
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Coconut-Based Beverages and Value-Added Products
The definition of value addition is based on the process or processes which are used to transform, physically, the initial raw material into the final food or non-food article. Diversification can enhance the possibility of increased gains. Processing degree is a consequence of consumers’ requests. Three different drivers for value addition have been considered: packaging, durability, and size options; sensorial features; and sustainability. There are different value-added coconut-based beverages with interesting perspectives.
  • 1.7K
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Circular RNA Translation
A new RNA family has emerged, circular RNAs (circRNAs), generated by a process of backsplicing. CircRNAs have a strong impact on gene expression via their sponge function, and form a new mRNA family revealing the pivotal role of 5′ end-independent translation. CircRNAs are translated into proteins impacting various pathologies including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, and are key players in aging.  RNA circle translation also provides many perspectives for biotechnological and therapeutic applications. 
  • 1.7K
  • 07 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Red Fruits Composition
Red fruits are not only a source of vitamins but are also a rich source of minerals (phosphorus, calcium, iron, potassium, magnesium, manganese, sodium, and copper). Shows sweet cherry, blackberry, blueberry, raspberry, and strawberry mineral composition.
  • 1.7K
  • 25 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Biosurfactants as Food Additives
Microbial surfactants as food additives comprise molecules that may be introduced to food in order to confer emulsifying, foaming, thickening, texture-improving, and/or preserving properties, along with the encapsulation of fat-soluble substances such as vitamins (called “direct food additives”).
  • 1.7K
  • 14 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Pathological Mechanisms of Asthma
Although asthma is classified into Th2-high and Th2-low asthma, the disease can be induced by mixed airway inflammation. Patients may have Th2-high asthma in the early stage and have Th2-low asthma in a later stage or vice versa; or Th2-high asthma and Th2-low asthma occur concurrently.
  • 1.7K
  • 26 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer MRI
Recently, Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST) MRI is emerging as an attractive approach with the capability of directly using low concentration, exchangeable protons-containing agents for generating quantitative MRI contrast. The ability to utilize diamagnetic compounds has been extensively exploited to detect many clinical compounds, such as FDA approved drugs, X-ray/CT contrast agents, nutrients, supplements, and biopolymers. The ability to directly off-label use clinical compounds permits CEST MRI to be rapidly translated to clinical settings.
  • 1.7K
  • 12 Jan 2021
Topic Review
The Genus Lagochilus (Lamiaceae)
The genus Lagochilus (Lamiaceae) is native to Central, South-Central, and Eastern Asia. 
  • 1.7K
  • 29 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Edible Insects
Edible insects have been considered as either nutritious food items per se, or as wholesome ingredients to various dishes and components of traditional subsistence. Protein, fat, mineral and vitamin contents in insects generally satisfy the requirements of healthy food, although there is considerable variation associated with insect species, collection site, processing method, insect life stage, rearing technology and insect feed. A comparison of available data(based on dry weight) showed that processing can improve the nutrient content, taste, flavour, appearance and palatability of insects, but that there are additional factors, which can impact the content and composition of insect species that have been recommended for consumption by humans.
  • 1.7K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Net Zero Energy Communities
Net Zero Energy Community (NZC) is an emerging concept with multiple variations in the scope and calculation methods, which complicates uniformly quantifying its targets.
  • 1.7K
  • 12 Nov 2021
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