Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Process Intensification in Chemical Reaction Engineering
Process intensification (PI) is defined as an innovative principle applied in chemical reaction engineering and process design. The first definitions were given in 2000, when the pioneering work of Stankiewicz and Moulijn began this means of novel enthusiastic definition of chemical processes, which can bring significant benefits in terms of process and efficiency, higher quality of products, lower capital and operating expenses, less waste, and improved process safety. Starting from that moment, several roadmaps, books, and scientific papers were published in the field, focused on PI in the chemical industry.
  • 1.7K
  • 14 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Ultrasonic Microbubble Cavitation in Tumor Therapy
Chemotherapy has an essential role not only in advanced solid tumor therapy intervention but also in society’s health at large. Chemoresistance, however, seriously restricts the efficiency and sensitivity of chemotherapeutic agents, representing a significant threat to patients’ quality of life and life expectancy. How to reverse chemoresistance, improve efficacy sensitization response, and reduce adverse side effects need to be tackled urgently. Consequently, studies on the effect of ultrasonic microbubble cavitation on enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) have attracted the attention of researchers. Compared with the traditional targeted drug delivery regimen, the microbubble cavitation effect, which can be used to enhance the EPR effect, has the advantages of less trauma, low cost, and good sensitization effect, and has significant application prospects.
  • 1.7K
  • 15 Aug 2022
Topic Review
The Blood-Brain Barrier
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity is essential to maintaining brain health. Aging-related alterations could lead to chronic progressive leakiness of the BBB, which is directly correlated with cerebrovascular diseases. Indeed, the BBB breakdown during acute ischemic stroke is critical.
  • 1.7K
  • 13 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Sod Roof
A sod roof, or turf roof, is a traditional Scandinavian type of green roof covered with sod on top of several layers of birch bark on gently sloping wooden roof boards. Until the late 19th century, it was the most common roof on rural log houses in Norway and large parts of the rest of Scandinavia. Its distribution roughly corresponds to the distribution of the log building technique in the vernacular architecture of Finland and the Scandinavian peninsula. The load of approximately 250 kg per m² of a sod roof is an advantage because it helps to compress the logs and make the walls more draught-proof. In winter the total load may well increase to 400 or 500 kg per m² because of snow. Sod is also a reasonably efficient insulator in a cold climate. The birch bark underneath ensures that the roof will be waterproof. The term ‘sod roof’ is somewhat misleading, as the active, water-tight element of the roof is birch bark. The main purpose of the sod is to hold the birch bark in place. The roof might just as well have been called a "birch bark roof", but its grassy outward appearance is the reason for its name in Scandinavian languages: Norwegian and Swedish torvtak, Icelandic torfþak. A sod roof is well suited to the dynamics of a barter economy because the materials are ubiquitous and cost nothing, although the work is labour-intensive. However, a typical household in the era that sod roofs were most common would usually possess a lot of manpower, and neighbours would typically be invited to take part in the roofing party, similar to a barn raising in the United States . The Norwegian term dugnad denotes an established custom in rural communities, where large undertakings were accomplished with help from neighbours.
  • 1.7K
  • 29 Sep 2022
Biography
Thomas Little Heath
Sir Thomas Little Heath KCB KCVO FRS FBA (/hiːθ/; 5 October 1861 – 16 March 1940) was a British civil servant, mathematician, classical scholar, historian of ancient Greek mathematics, translator, and mountaineer. He was educated at Clifton College. Heath translated works of Euclid of Alexandria, Apollonius of Perga, Aristarchus of Samos, and Archimedes of Syracuse into English. Heath was
  • 1.7K
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Industry 5.0
Industry 5.0 presents itself as a strategy that puts the human factor at the centre of production, where the well-being of the worker is prioritized, as well as more sustainable and resilient production systems. For human centricity, it is necessary to empower human beings and, respectively, industrial operators, to improve their individual skills and competences in collaboration or cooperation with digital technologies.
  • 1.7K
  • 01 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Development of Leaching Technology for Rare Earth Ores
Due to the unique physical and chemical properties of rare earth, it plays a key role in multiple fields of industry. It is an indispensable key substance for high-tech industries and is known as a key strategic resource in the 21st century. Rare earth ores are mainly divided into mineral-type rare earth ores and weathered-type rare earth ores (also known as ion adsorption rare earth ores). 
  • 1.7K
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
The Approaches Used in China Civic-Moral Education
Civic-moral education is a topic that has been widely discussed globally. In China, civic-moral education has a long history and presents different characteristics and methods from other countries due to political, economic, and cultural factors. 
  • 1.7K
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Pig Sedation and Anesthesia
Anesthesia plays a crucial role in ensuring the ethical treatment of research animals and obtaining reliable and accurate data. Pig anesthesia is a significant aspect of clinical veterinary practice, especially when performing surgical procedures, diagnostic imaging, various medical interventions, and scientific research procedures. Proper anesthesia protocols ensure that the animals are kept unconscious and do not experience pain or distress, which is not only ethically responsible but also needed by regulatory bodies and animal welfare standards.
  • 1.7K
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Skin Health
In women, aging and declining estrogen levels are associated with several cutaneous changes, many of which can be reversed or improved by estrogen supplementation. Two estrogen receptors-α and β-have been cloned and found in various tissue types. Epidermal thinning, declining dermal collagen content, diminished skin moisture, decreased laxity, and impaired wound healing have been reported in postmenopausal women. Experimental and clinical studies in postmenopausal conditions indicate that estrogen deprivation is associated with dryness, atrophy, fine wrinkling, and poor wound healing. The isoflavone genistein binds to estrogen receptor β and has been reported to improve skin changes. This review article will focus on the effects of genistein on skin health.
  • 1.7K
  • 03 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Flavonoids
Flavonoids are health supplements commonly known in their tablet forms. Crops are rich in various sub-classes of flavonoids that could be used for human consumption. The biosynthesis and transport of flavonoids are major factors contributing to the accumulation of flavonoids in crops. On the other hand, the bioavailability of flavonoids to the human body governs the beneficial effects of the flavonoids on human health.
  • 1.7K
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Diatom-Based Biosensors
Porous materials showing some useful transducing features, i.e., any changes in their physical or chemical properties as a consequence of molecular interaction, are very attractive in the realization of sensors and biosensors. Diatom frustules have been gaining support for biosensors since they are made of nanostructured amorphous silica, but do not require any nano-fabrication step; their surface can be easily functionalized and customized for specific application; diatom frustules are photoluminescent, and they can be found in almost every pond of water on the Earth, thus assuring large and low-cost availability.
  • 1.7K
  • 31 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Natural Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Composites
As one of the fastest-growing additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, fused deposition modelling (FDM) shows great potential in printing natural fibre-reinforced composites (NFRC). However, several challenges, such as low mechanical properties and difficulty in printing, need to be overcome. Therefore, the effort to improve the NFRC for use in AM has been accelerating in recent years.
  • 1.7K
  • 23 Jul 2021
Topic Review
α-Lipoic Acid
α-lipoic acid (ALA, thioctic acid) is an organosulfur component produced from plants, animals, and humans. It has various properties, among them great antioxidant potential and is widely used as a racemic drug for diabetic polyneuropathy-associated pain and paresthesia. Naturally, ALA is located in mitochondria, where it is used as a cofactor for pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complexes. Despite its various potentials, ALA therapeutic efficacy is relatively low due to its pharmacokinetic profile. Data suggests that ALA has a short half-life and bioavailability (about 30%) triggered by its hepatic degradation, reduced solubility as well as instability in the stomach. However, the use of various innovative formulations has greatly improved ALA bioavailability. The R enantiomer of ALA shows better pharmacokinetic parameters, including increased bioavailability as compared to its S enantiomer. Indeed, the use of amphiphilic matrices has capability to improve ALA bioavailability and intestinal absorption. 
  • 1.7K
  • 29 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Green Jobs
Green jobs, described as those jobs generated around sustainability and European Green Deal (EGD), have become “the emblem of this sustainable economy” according to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) report. Studies on green economy and green tourism have increased substantially in the last decade, but it is also true that there is a lack of studies that determine what green job opportunities exist in the Spanish hotel sector under the umbrella of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and sustainability policies.
  • 1.7K
  • 21 Oct 2021
Topic Review Video
The Image of the Smart City
The image of the city was first introduced by Kevin Lynch in 1960, and referred to the ways in which urban space is perceived by their users, and how these acts are based on mental maps, whose elements can be put into well-defined categories: paths, nodes, edges, districts, and landmarks.
  • 1.7K
  • 16 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Integrated Green Hydrogen Production Processes
The thermochemical water-splitting method is a promising technology for efficiently converting renewable thermal energy sources into green hydrogen. Thermochemical water splitting uses a high-temperature source, e.g., nuclear energy, waste heat, or concentrated solar systems, to convert water into hydrogen and oxygen through cyclic chemical reactions. Several promising routes have been proposed for hydrogen production through green technologies such as biological processes (such as CO gas-fermentation, dark fermentation, etc.), electrical (such as alkaline electrolysis cell, anion exchange membrane electrolysis cell, proton exchange membrane electrolysis cell, solid oxide electrolysis cell, etc.), photonic (bio-photolysis, photofermentation, etc.), thermochemical, etc.
  • 1.7K
  • 01 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Teachers’ Work Engagement, Burnout and Interest
Work engagement is a multicomponent psychological state characterized by a positive attitude and an energetic connection with job tasks and activities.
  • 1.7K
  • 10 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Intergenerationality Programs For Portuguese Population
The aging process is characterized by diverse and complex changes in the individual’s various dimensions, requiring continuous adaptation. In this sense, this transition can be faced from an active aging standpoint through strategies such as intergenerationality programs/projects, resulting in an active social participation and valorization that is so important to life in society. Portugal has undergone demographic changes, significantly transforming its age structure and populational dimension. In 2021, the aging index was 182.1%.
  • 1.7K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Diabetic Foot Complications
Diabetes mellitus, a major cause of mortality around the globe, can result in several secondary complications, including diabetic foot syndrome, which is brought on by diabetic neuropathy and ischemia. Approximately 15% of diabetic patients suffer from diabetic foot complications, and among them 25% are at risk of lower limb amputations. Diabetic foot ulcers are characterized as skin lesions, gangrene, or necrosis, and may develop due to several reasons, including hyperglycemia and slower wound healing in diabetic patients.
  • 1.7K
  • 02 Dec 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 2799
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback