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Topic Review
Monosodium Glutamate-Induced Male Reproductive Dysfunction
Reproductive dysfunction is often characterized by malfunction of the reproductive tissues, which may lead to disruption of the synergistic rhythm that should bring about a progression of sexual events and the conception of new life. This may therefore result in the sexual dysfunction and infertility that can be seen in couples having prolonged biological difficulty in reproducing their offspring after having unrestricted sexual intercourse for at least twelve months. Several factors have been implicated in the cause and progression of reproductive dysfunction, including poor nutrition, drug side effects, disease states, and toxicant ingestion. A well-known food additive that has been found to be potent at initiating reproductive anomalies in males is monosodium glutamate (MSG). 
  • 1.8K
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
Chemical Analysis of Organochlorine Pesticide in Agricultural Soils
Soil constitutes the central environmental compartment that, primarily due to anthropogenic activities, is the recipient of several contaminants. Among these are organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), which are of major concern, even though they were banned decades ago due to their persistence and the health effects they can elicit. A plethora of methods have been developed and applied for OCP analysis in environmental matrices (i.e., soil and sediment). The entire chemical analysis involves several crucial stages such as sample preparation and analyte chromatographic separation, including detection, quantification, and data analysis. Among them, the sample preparation step is considered as the most critical point to be made prior to instrumental analysis. In particular, the development of methodologies for determining pesticides in soil is a challenging task. As a result of the complexity and the physicochemical characteristics of such types of samples, two main factors should be considered: (a) the extremely low concentration of banned OCPs in soil samples. This is the reason why extremely sensitive analytical methods (including, in many cases, enrichment techniques) are required for the detection and quantification of these analytes at such levels, and (b) the strong binding of OCPs to soil.
  • 1.8K
  • 31 May 2022
Topic Review
Bezold’s Abscess
Bezold’s abscess is a deep neck abscess related to otomastoiditis. Due to the insidious clinical presentation, diagnosis can be extremely challenging, leading to delays in treatment and possible life-threatening complications. Bezold’s abscess is found at any age, with overt male prevalence among adults. The clinical presentation, as well as the causative pathogens, are strikingly heterogeneous. Otomastoiditis and cholesteatoma are major risk factors.
  • 1.8K
  • 23 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Black Piedra
Piedraia hortae is a superficial fungus that exists in the soils of tropical and subtropical environments and affects both sexes of all ages. The fungus grows very slowly, forming dark hyphae, which contain chlamydoconidia cells and black colonies when grown on agar. Piedraia hortae is a dermatophyte and causes a superficial fungal infection known as black piedra, which causes the formation of black nodules on the hair shaft and leads to progressive weakening of the hair. The infection usually infects hairs on the scalp and beard, but other varieties tend to grow on pubic hairs. The infection is usually treated with cutting or shaving of the hair and followed by the application of anti-fungal and topical agents. The fungus is used for cosmetic purposes to darken hair in some societies as a symbol of attractiveness.
  • 1.8K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Gomocup
Gomocup is a worldwide tournament of artificial intelligences (AI) playing Gomoku and Renju. The tournament has been played since 2000 and takes place every year. As of 2016, it is the most famous and largest Gomoku AI tournament in the world, with around 40 participants from about 10 countries.
  • 1.8K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Photocatalytic Degradation of Antibiotics
Various methods, including carbon filtration, ozonation, catalytic membranes, Fenton-like catalysis, sorption, and biodegradation have been employed to eliminate such enduring antibiotic substances. As a result, wastewater accumulates effluents from corporations, clinics, and farmland. Sewage treatment is typically regarded as the preferred method for treating these antibiotics. Photocatalysis has gained a lot of interest as an effective method for eliminating antibiotic contaminants since it is inexpensive, effective, and environmentally benign as it eliminates antibiotics in sunlight and under ambient conditions. The reactions endured by a semiconductor and the potential to absorb photons with energies higher than its energy band gap is called “photocatalytic degradation”.
  • 1.8K
  • 02 Mar 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Origins, Styles, and Applications of Text Analytics in Social Science Research
Textual analysis is grounded in conceptual schemes of traditional qualitative and quantitative content analysis techniques that have led to the hybridization of methodological styles widely used across social scientific fields. This paper delivers an extensive review of the origins and evolution of text analysis within the domains of traditional content analysis. Emphasis is given to the conceptual schemas and operational structure of latent semantic analysis, and its capacity to detect topical clusters of large corpora. Further, I describe the operations of Entity–Aspect Sentiment Analysis which are designed to measure and assess sentiments/opinions within specific contextual domains of textual data. Then, I conceptualize and elaborate on the potential of streamlining latent semantic and Entity–Aspect Sentiment Analysis complemented by Correspondence Analysis, generating an integrated operational scheme that would detect the topic structure, assess the contextual sentiment/opinion for each detected topic, test for statistical dependence of sentiments/opinions across topical domains, and graphically display conceptual maps of sentiments in topics space.
  • 1.8K
  • 06 Jun 2025
Topic Review
Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Image Classification
Unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) is a transfer learning technique utilized in deep learning. UDA aims to reduce the distribution gap between labeled source and unlabeled target domains by adapting a model through fine-tuning. To reduce the domain divergence between the source and target domain, there are mainly two main types of UDA methods that have gained significant attention: discrepancy-based UDA methods and adversarial-based UDA methods.
  • 1.8K
  • 31 May 2023
Topic Review
Autonomous Vehicle
An Autonomous Vehicle (AV), or a driverless car, or a self-driving vehicle is a car, bus, truck, or any other vehicle that is able to drive from point A to point B and perform all necessary driving operations and functions without any human intervention. An Autonomous Vehicle is normally equipped with different types of sensors to perceive the surrounding environment, including Normal Vision Cameras, Infrared Cameras, RADAR, LiDAR, and Ultrasonic Sensors.  An autonomous vehicle should be able to detect and recognise all type of road users including surrounding vehicles, pedestrians, cyclists, traffic signs, road markings, and can segment the free spaces, intersections, buildings, and trees to perform a safe driving task.  Currently, no realistic prediction expects we see fully autonomous vehicles earlier than 2030. 
  • 1.8K
  • 17 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Quadruplex Structures: Cancer Therapeutic Targets
Non-canonical, four-stranded nucleic acids secondary structures are present within regulatory regions in the human genome and transcriptome. To date, these quadruplex structures include both DNA and RNA G-quadruplexes, formed in guanine-rich sequences, and i-Motifs, found in cytosine-rich sequences, as their counterparts. Quadruplexes have been extensively associated with cancer, playing an important role in telomere maintenance and control of genetic expression of several oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Therefore, quadruplex structures are considered attractive molecular targets for cancer therapeutics with novel mechanisms of action.
  • 1.8K
  • 11 Dec 2020
Topic Review
PCM-Enhanced Buildings
The incorporation of phase change materials (PCM) in buildings has the potential to enhance the thermal efficiency of buildings, reduce energy cost, shift peak load, and eventually reduce air pollution and mitigate global warming. However, the initial capital cost of PCM is still high, and thus the establishment of a control strategy has become essential to optimize its use in buildings in an effort to lower investment costs.
  • 1.8K
  • 23 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Virus-Induced Oncogenesis
Tumorigenesis due to viral infection accounts for a high fraction of the total global cancer burden (15–20%) of all human cancers. One of the main mechanisms by which viruses induce host cell proliferation programs is through controlling the host’s epigenetic machinery. Oncogenic viruses establish a permanent latent infection sustained by the production of specific viral proteins, which interact with the cell environment, including the host epigenetic machinery to specifically deregulate pathways to their advantage such as cell metabolism, resistance to apoptosis, cell proliferation and innate immune response signaling. Epigenetic modifications largely alter host gene expression and can provide a common mechanism of virus-induced transformation.
  • 1.8K
  • 18 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Borrelia
Borreliae are a group of highly motile bacteria that are characterized by their corkscrew-like shape. They can be transferred by a tick bite to a human host and cause severe illnesses. Accordingly, an untreated infection with Borrelia burgdorferi can lead to the development of Lyme disease, which can affect the skin, joints, heart and nervous system. It is thus important to understand how borreliae interact with the human immune system, and which mechanisms lead to their depletion in the human body. Macrophages are part of the innate immune system and among the first cells that encounter invading borreliae.
  • 1.8K
  • 19 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Multimodal Segmentation Techniques in Autonomous Driving
Semantic Segmentation has become one of the key steps toward scene understanding, especially in autonomous driving scenarios. In the standard formulation, Semantic Segmentation uses only data from color cameras, which suffer significantly in dim lighting or adverse weather conditions. A solution to this problem is the use of multiple heterogeneous sensors (e.g., depth and thermal cameras or LiDARs) as the input to machine learning approaches tackling this task, allowing to cover for the shortcomings of color cameras and to extract a more resilient representation of the scene.
  • 1.8K
  • 15 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Multiple Trace Theory
Multiple trace theory is a memory consolidation model advanced as an alternative model to strength theory. It posits that each time some information is presented to a person, it is neurally encoded in a unique memory trace composed of a combination of its attributes. Further support for this theory came in the 1960s from empirical findings that people could remember specific attributes about an object without remembering the object itself. The mode in which the information is presented and subsequently encoded can be flexibly incorporated into the model. This memory trace is unique from all others resembling it due to differences in some aspects of the item's attributes, and all memory traces incorporated since birth are combined into a multiple-trace representation in the brain. In memory research, a mathematical formulation of this theory can successfully explain empirical phenomena observed in recognition and recall tasks.
  • 1.8K
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Plant-Derived Nutraceuticals
The term nutraceutical combines the words nutrition and pharmaceutical and indicates those nutrient principles that are found within foods. These have beneficial health effects. Nutraceutical substances derive mainly from plants, food, and microbial sources. 
  • 1.8K
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Eurasian Development Bank
The Eurasian Development Bank (EDB) is a regional development bank established by the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2006. It has six member states located in both Asia and Europe, primarily in the former territory of the Soviet Union, including Armenia, Belarus , Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. Other states and international organisations are able to become members by signing up to the bank's founding agreement.
  • 1.8K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Bragg Grating External Cavity Semiconductor Lasers
External cavity semiconductor lasers (ECSLs) usually refer to the gain chip based on the introduction of external optical components (such as waveguides, gratings, prisms, etc.) to provide optical feedback. By designing the type, position and structure of external optical components, the optical properties of SLs (such as center wavelength, linewidth, tuning range, side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR), etc.) can be changed. Bragg grating external cavity semiconductor laser (BG-ECSL) is a device with a specific optical element (Bragg grating) in the external cavity. BG-ECSLs have excellent performances, such as narrow linewidth, tunability and high SMSR. They are widely used in WDM systems, coherent optical communication, gas detection, Lidar, atomic physics and other fields. 
  • 1.8K
  • 09 Dec 2022
Biography
Wolfgang Gentner
Wolfgang Gentner (23 July 1906 in Frankfurt am Main – 4 September 1980 in Heidelberg)[1] was a German experimental nuclear physicist. Gentner received his doctorate in 1930 from the University of Frankfurt. From 1932 to 1935 he had a fellowship which allowed him to do postdoctoral research and study at Curie's Radium Institute at the University of Paris. From 1936 to 1945, he was a staff scie
  • 1.8K
  • 14 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Cold Plasma Technology in Food Packaging
Cold plasma (CP) is an effective strategy to alter the limitations of biopolymer materials for food packaging applications. Biopolymers such as polysaccharides and proteins are known to be sustainable materials with excellent film-forming properties.
  • 1.8K
  • 22 Dec 2022
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