Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Virus-Induced Oncogenesis
Tumorigenesis due to viral infection accounts for a high fraction of the total global cancer burden (15–20%) of all human cancers. One of the main mechanisms by which viruses induce host cell proliferation programs is through controlling the host’s epigenetic machinery. Oncogenic viruses establish a permanent latent infection sustained by the production of specific viral proteins, which interact with the cell environment, including the host epigenetic machinery to specifically deregulate pathways to their advantage such as cell metabolism, resistance to apoptosis, cell proliferation and innate immune response signaling. Epigenetic modifications largely alter host gene expression and can provide a common mechanism of virus-induced transformation.
  • 1.8K
  • 18 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Time Series Aggregation for ESMs
Due to the high degree of intermittency of renewable energy sources and the growing interdependences amongst formerly separated energy pathways, the modeling of adequate energy systems is crucial to evaluate existing energy systems and to forecast viable future ones. However, this corresponds to the rising complexity of energy system models (ESMs) and often results in computationally intractable programs. To overcome this problem, time series aggregation is frequently used to reduce ESM complexity. As these methods aim at the reduction of input data and preserving the main information about the time series, but are not based on mathematically equivalent transformations, the performance of each method depends on the justifiability of its assumptions.
  • 1.8K
  • 29 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Betulin
Betulin is an important triterpenoid substance isolated from birch bark, which, together with its sulfates, exhibits important bioactive properties. Using the potentiometric titration method, the product of acidity constants K1 and K2 of a solution of the betulin disulfate H+ form has been found to be 3.86 × 10–6 ± 0.004. It has been demonstrated by the thermal analysis that betulin and the betulin disulfate sodium salt are stable at temperatures of up to 240 and 220 °C, respectively. 
  • 1.8K
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
MoS2-Based Substrates for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), as an important tool for interface research, occupies a place in the field of molecular detection and analysis due to its extremely high detection sensitivity and fingerprint characteristics. Substantial efforts have been put into the improvement of the enhancement factor (EF) by way of modifying SERS substrates.
  • 1.8K
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Groundwater Level Modeling with Machine Learning
Groundwater is the largest global reservoir of liquid freshwater, which is under increasing stress due to overdraft. Groundwater is a vital source of freshwater, supporting the livelihood of over two billion people worldwide. The quantitative assessment of groundwater resources is critical for sustainable management of this strained resource, particularly as climate warming, population growth, and socioeconomic development further press the water resources. Rapid growth in the availability of a plethora of in-situ and remotely sensed data alongside advancements in data-driven methods and machine learning offer immense opportunities for an improved assessment of groundwater resources at the local to global levels.
  • 1.8K
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Vitamin D Target Genes
The biologically active form of vitamin D3, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), modulates innate and adaptive immunity via genes regulated by the transcription factor vitamin D receptor (VDR). In order to identify the key vitamin D target genes involved in these processes, transcriptome-wide datasets were compared, which were obtained from a human monocytic cell line (THP-1) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) treated in vitro by 1,25(OH)2D3, filtered using different approaches, as well as from PBMCs of individuals supplemented with a vitamin D3 bolus. The led to the genes ACVRL1, CAMP, CD14, CD93, CEBPB, FN1, MAPK13, NINJ1, LILRB4, LRRC25, SEMA6B, SRGN, THBD, THEMIS2 and TREM1. Public epigenome- and transcriptome-wide data from THP-1 cells were used to characterize these genes based on the level of their VDR-driven enhancers as well as the level of the dynamics of their mRNA production.
  • 1.8K
  • 15 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Monosodium Glutamate-Induced Male Reproductive Dysfunction
Reproductive dysfunction is often characterized by malfunction of the reproductive tissues, which may lead to disruption of the synergistic rhythm that should bring about a progression of sexual events and the conception of new life. This may therefore result in the sexual dysfunction and infertility that can be seen in couples having prolonged biological difficulty in reproducing their offspring after having unrestricted sexual intercourse for at least twelve months. Several factors have been implicated in the cause and progression of reproductive dysfunction, including poor nutrition, drug side effects, disease states, and toxicant ingestion. A well-known food additive that has been found to be potent at initiating reproductive anomalies in males is monosodium glutamate (MSG). 
  • 1.8K
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
Bezold’s Abscess
Bezold’s abscess is a deep neck abscess related to otomastoiditis. Due to the insidious clinical presentation, diagnosis can be extremely challenging, leading to delays in treatment and possible life-threatening complications. Bezold’s abscess is found at any age, with overt male prevalence among adults. The clinical presentation, as well as the causative pathogens, are strikingly heterogeneous. Otomastoiditis and cholesteatoma are major risk factors.
  • 1.8K
  • 23 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Multiple Trace Theory
Multiple trace theory is a memory consolidation model advanced as an alternative model to strength theory. It posits that each time some information is presented to a person, it is neurally encoded in a unique memory trace composed of a combination of its attributes. Further support for this theory came in the 1960s from empirical findings that people could remember specific attributes about an object without remembering the object itself. The mode in which the information is presented and subsequently encoded can be flexibly incorporated into the model. This memory trace is unique from all others resembling it due to differences in some aspects of the item's attributes, and all memory traces incorporated since birth are combined into a multiple-trace representation in the brain. In memory research, a mathematical formulation of this theory can successfully explain empirical phenomena observed in recognition and recall tasks.
  • 1.8K
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Enhanced 9-1-1
Enhanced 911, E-911 or E911 is a system used in North America to automatically provide the caller's location to 911 dispatchers. 911 is the universal emergency telephone number in the region. In the European Union, a similar system exists known as E112 (where 112 is the emergency access number) and known as eCall when called by a vehicle. An incoming 911 call is routed to a Public Safety Answering Point (PSAP), which is a call center operated by the local government. At the PSAP, the call is answered by a specially trained official known as a 9-1-1 dispatcher. The dispatcher's computer receives information from the telephone company about the physical address (for landlines) or geographic coordinates (for wireless) of the caller. This information is used to dispatch police, fire, medical, and other services as needed.
  • 1.8K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Afghan Presidential Election, 2009
Presidential elections were held in Afghanistan on 20 August 2009. The election resulted in victory for incumbent Hamid Karzai, who won 49.67% of the vote, while his main rival Abdullah Abdullah finished second with 30.59% of the vote. The election was characterized by lack of security, low voter turnout and low awareness of the people about the election and election process and widespread ballot stuffing, intimidation, and other electoral fraud. A second round run-off vote, announced under heavy U.S. and ally pressure, was originally scheduled for 7 November 2009, but it was cancelled after Abdullah refused to participate, and Hamid Karzai was declared President of Afghanistan for another 5-year term. The election was the second under the present constitution of Afghanistan and was held on the same day as elections for 34 provincial council seats. The Taliban called for a boycott of the election, describing it as a "program of the crusaders" and "this American process".
  • 1.8K
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Bragg Grating External Cavity Semiconductor Lasers
External cavity semiconductor lasers (ECSLs) usually refer to the gain chip based on the introduction of external optical components (such as waveguides, gratings, prisms, etc.) to provide optical feedback. By designing the type, position and structure of external optical components, the optical properties of SLs (such as center wavelength, linewidth, tuning range, side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR), etc.) can be changed. Bragg grating external cavity semiconductor laser (BG-ECSL) is a device with a specific optical element (Bragg grating) in the external cavity. BG-ECSLs have excellent performances, such as narrow linewidth, tunability and high SMSR. They are widely used in WDM systems, coherent optical communication, gas detection, Lidar, atomic physics and other fields. 
  • 1.8K
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Transport through the Blood–Brain Barrier
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a complex structure present in mammalian organisms and is responsible for maintaining the parameters of the internal environment of the central nervous system (CNS).
  • 1.8K
  • 12 May 2023
Topic Review
Application of High-Intensity Ultrasound to Food Processing
Ultrasound is known as a green novel technology due to its role in environmental sustainability. Ultrasound waves are classified into four different categories based on the mode of vibration of the particles in the medium, with respect to the direction of propagation of the wave, viz., longitudinal waves, transverse waves, surface waves, and plate waves.
  • 1.8K
  • 12 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Wireless Sensor System
With the generation of tremendous data, humans are experiencing a rapid development period. The large amount of data is produced from billions of wireless sensor nodes. A wireless sensor node is a sensing device capable of signal processing and data communication. A collection of those sensor nodes in a particular combination forms a wireless sensor network (WSN). Each wireless sensor node typically performs three main functions—sensing, processing, transceiving data, along with optionally issuing commands to actuators.
  • 1.8K
  • 18 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Innovative Strategies to Fuel Organic Food Business Growth
Whether consumers seek organic food for a healthy body or more as food for thought continues to be debated. Consumers do not need to be protected from the reality of organic food. The recommendation for marketers is to enhance the education of consumers and to pursue clear communication with them, as honesty may be the best policy here. Customers’ loyalty lies in trust, not in the brand. Availability, variety, and taste are the top three factors affecting consumers’ purchase decisions. Surprisingly, price or health consciousness is not the first concern for consumers.
  • 1.8K
  • 08 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Multimodal Segmentation Techniques in Autonomous Driving
Semantic Segmentation has become one of the key steps toward scene understanding, especially in autonomous driving scenarios. In the standard formulation, Semantic Segmentation uses only data from color cameras, which suffer significantly in dim lighting or adverse weather conditions. A solution to this problem is the use of multiple heterogeneous sensors (e.g., depth and thermal cameras or LiDARs) as the input to machine learning approaches tackling this task, allowing to cover for the shortcomings of color cameras and to extract a more resilient representation of the scene.
  • 1.8K
  • 15 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Northern Elephant Seal
The Northern Elephant Seal (Mirounga angustirostris) stands as a magnificent marine mammal, captivating researchers and nature enthusiasts alike. Known for its colossal size and distinctive, trunk-like proboscis, this species inhabits the eastern Pacific Ocean, predominantly along the coasts of California and Mexico. The life history of the Northern Elephant Seal is marked by remarkable adaptations for oceanic life, intricate social dynamics, and seasonal migrations, making it a compelling subject of study in marine biology.
  • 1.8K
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Origins, Styles, and Applications of Text Analytics in Social Science Research
Textual analysis is grounded in conceptual schemes of traditional qualitative and quantitative content analysis techniques that have led to the hybridization of methodological styles widely used across social scientific fields. This paper delivers an extensive review of the origins and evolution of text analysis within the domains of traditional content analysis. Emphasis is given to the conceptual schemas and operational structure of latent semantic analysis, and its capacity to detect topical clusters of large corpora. Further, I describe the operations of Entity–Aspect Sentiment Analysis which are designed to measure and assess sentiments/opinions within specific contextual domains of textual data. Then, I conceptualize and elaborate on the potential of streamlining latent semantic and Entity–Aspect Sentiment Analysis complemented by Correspondence Analysis, generating an integrated operational scheme that would detect the topic structure, assess the contextual sentiment/opinion for each detected topic, test for statistical dependence of sentiments/opinions across topical domains, and graphically display conceptual maps of sentiments in topics space.
  • 1.8K
  • 06 Jun 2025
Topic Review
Profiles of Underutilized Grain Crops
Underutilized grain crops are an essential part of the food system that supports humankind, such as barley, buckwheat, broomcorn millet, foxtail millet, oat, and sorghum, which have characteristics such as containing more nutritional elements, being resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses, and having strong adaptability to poor environments.
  • 1.8K
  • 29 Sep 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 2728
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback