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Topic Review
Xanthomonas campestris
Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is a Gram-negative, aerobic, vascular, and motile bacterium with a single flagellum, which causes the disease identified as black rot in Brassica crops.
  • 1.9K
  • 30 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Polyphenols and Muscle Atrophy
Skeletal muscle atrophy is the decrease in muscle mass and strength caused by reduced protein synthesis/accelerated protein degradation. Various conditions, such as denervation, disuse, ageing, chronic diseases, heart disease, obstructive lung disease, diabetes, renal failure, AIDS, sepsis, cancer, and steroidal medications, can cause muscle atrophy. Mechanistically, inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction are among the major contributors to muscle atrophy, by modulating signalling pathways that regulate muscle homeostasis. To prevent muscle catabolism and enhance muscle anabolism, several natural and synthetic compounds have been investigated. Recently, polyphenols (i.e., natural phytochemicals) have received extensive attention regarding their effect on muscle atrophy because of their potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have reported polyphenols as strongly effective bioactive molecules that attenuate muscle atrophy and enhance muscle health. 
  • 1.9K
  • 08 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treatments
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic immune-mediated inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract with a highly heterogeneous presentation. It has a relapsing and remitting clinical course that necessitates lifelong monitoring and treatment. Although the availability of a variety of effective therapeutic options including immunomodulators and biologics (such as TNF, CAM inhibitors) has led to a paradigm shift in the treatment outcomes and clinical management of IBD patients, some patients still either fail to respond or lose their responsiveness to therapy over time.
  • 1.9K
  • 05 Jul 2022
Topic Review
School-Based Family Counseling
School-Based Family Counseling (SBFC) is an integrated approach to mental health intervention that focuses on both school and family in order to help children overcome personal problems and succeed at school. SBFC is practiced by a wide variety of mental health professionals, including: psychologists, social workers, school counselors, psychiatrists, and marriage and family therapists, as well as special education teachers. What they all share in common is the belief that children who are struggling in school can be best helped by interventions that link family and school. SBFC is typically practiced at the school site, but may be based in a community mental health agency that works in close collaboration with schools.
  • 1.9K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Addax
The addax (Addax nasomaculatus), also known as the white antelope and the screwhorn antelope, is an antelope native to the Sahara Desert. The only member of the genus Addax, it was first described scientifically by Henri de Blainville in 1816. As suggested by its alternative name, the pale antelope has long, twisted horns - typically 55 to 80 cm (22 to 31 in) in females and 70 to 85 cm (28 to 33 in) in males. Males stand from 105 to 115 cm (41 to 45 in) at the shoulder, with females at 95 to 110 cm (37 to 43 in). They are sexually dimorphic, as the females are smaller than the males. The colour of the coat depends on the season - in the winter, it is greyish-brown with white hindquarters and legs, and long, brown hair on the head, neck, and shoulders; in the summer, the coat turns almost completely white or sandy blonde. The addax mainly eats grasses and leaves of any available shrubs, leguminous herbs and bushes. They are well-adapted to exist in their desert habitat, as they can live without water for long periods of time. Addax form herds of five to 20 members, consisting of both males and females. They are led by the oldest female. Due to its slow movements, the addax is an easy target for its predators: humans, lions, leopards, cheetahs and African wild dogs. Breeding season is at its peak during winter and early spring. The natural habitat of the addax are arid regions, semideserts and sandy and stony deserts. The addax is a critically endangered species of antelope, as classified by the IUCN. Although extremely rare in its native habitat due to unregulated hunting, it is quite common in captivity. The addax was once abundant in North Africa; however it is currently only native to Chad, Mauritania, and Niger. It is extirpated from Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Sudan, and Western Sahara, but has been reintroduced into Morocco and Tunisia.
  • 1.9K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Convolutional Sparse Coding
The convolutional sparse coding paradigm is an extension of the global Sparse Coding model, in which a redundant dictionary is modeled as a concatenation of circulant matrices. While the global sparsity constraint describes signal [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{x}\in \mathbb{R}^{N} }[/math] as a linear combination of a few atoms in the redundant dictionary [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{D}\in\mathbb{R}^{N\times M}, M\gg N }[/math], usually expressed as [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{x}=\mathbf{D}\mathbf{\Gamma} }[/math] for a sparse vector [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{\Gamma}\in \mathbb{R}^{M} }[/math], the alternative dictionary structure adopted by the Convolutional Sparse Coding model allows the sparsity prior to be applied locally instead of globally: independent patches of [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{x} }[/math] are generated by "local" dictionaries operating over stripes of [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{\Gamma} }[/math]. The local sparsity constraint allows stronger uniqueness and stability conditions than the global sparsity prior, and has shown to be a versatile tool for inverse problems in fields such as Image Understanding and Computer Vision. Also, a recently proposed multi-layer extension of the model has shown conceptual benefits for more complex signal decompositions, as well as a tight connection the Convolutional Neural Networks model, allowing a deeper understanding of how the latter operates.
  • 1.9K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Intrinsically Disordered Proteins in Diseases
Many proteins and protein segments cannot attain a single stable three-dimensional structure under physiological conditions; instead, they adopt multiple interconverting conformational states. Such intrinsically disordered proteins or protein segments are highly abundant across proteomes, and are involved in various effector functions.
  • 1.9K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Deep Eutectic Solvents as à-la-Carte Medium
Regarding the chemical industry, one of the most significant issues to be addressed is the use of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as solvents because they are petrol-derived and most of them are toxic and flammable. Among the possible solutions, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have emerged as sustainable alternatives to VOCs in organic catalyzed transformations and other fields. The advantages of these new reaction media are not only related to their more benign physical and chemical properties and, for most of them, their renewable sources but also due to the possibility of being recycled after their use, increasing the sustainability of the catalyzed process in which they are involved.
  • 1.9K
  • 19 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Bacillus spp. as Bioagents for Sustainable Agriculture
Bacillus spp. improves crop growth in both direct and indirect ways through nitrogen fixation, P and K solubilization, phytohormones production, quorum quenching, biofilm formation, and lytic enzymes production. Moreover, Bacillus spp. boost plant resistance towards the notorious phytopathogens. As Bacillus spp. is eco-friendly, promotes plant growth, confers resistance against diseases, improves soil fertility, non-toxic, naturally occurring microbe, and supports sustainable agriculture, there is a need to explore the potential of native Bacillus spp. and to use them in bioproduct development to support sustainable agriculture.
  • 1.9K
  • 01 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Human Sperm as Model and Relationship with ROS
Spermatozoa are highly differentiated cells that produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to aerobic metabolism. Below a certain threshold, ROS are important in signal transduction pathways and cellular physiological processes, whereas ROS overproduction damages spermatozoa. Sperm manipulation and preparation protocols during assisted reproductive procedures—for example, cryopreservation—can result in excessive ROS production, exposing these cells to oxidative damage. Human spermatozoa represent an ideal cell model to test numerous compounds in vitro, including antioxidants that can be used as supplements to improve the outcome of these procedures.
  • 1.9K
  • 24 May 2023
Topic Review
Bayer Red Mud Comprehensive Utilization Status
Red mud is a highly alkaline solid waste discharged in the alumina production process. The comprehensive utilization of Bayer red mud is mainly divided into the following aspects. (1) Building materials include the use of red mud for the production of cement or concrete; road cornerstones or pavement materials in road construction; and geopolymers, ceramics, or composites. (2) Applications in the environmental field include the use of red mud to remove heavy metals and improve acidic soils. (3) Applications in the chemical industry include the use of red mud to produce dyes, catalysts, coagulants, or adsorbents. (4) Recovery of valuable components from red mud includes recovery of alkali and extraction of elements, such as aluminum, iron, titanium, and scandium, and important metals, such as vanadium and gallium.
  • 1.9K
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
The UNESCO Site of the Chaîne des Puys
The tectono-volcanic ensemble of the Chaîne des Puys and the Limagne fault, which is part of the West European rift, was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage list in 2018 as the Chaîne des Puys–Limagne fault tectonic arena.
  • 1.9K
  • 25 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Industrial Control Systems Technologies
Industrial Control Systems (ICS), which include Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems, Distributed Control Systems (DCS), and Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC), play a crucial role in managing and regulating industrial processes. However, ensuring the security of these systems is of utmost importance due to the potentially severe consequences of cyber attacks. 
  • 1.9K
  • 21 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Scour Protections Design Optimization
The offshore wind is the sector of marine renewable energy with the highest commercial development at present. The margin to optimise offshore wind foundations is considerable, thus attracting both the scientific and the industrial community. Due to the complexity of the marine environment, the foundation of an offshore wind turbine represents a considerable portion of the overall investment. An important part of the foundation’s costs relates to the scour protections, which prevent scour effects that can lead the structure to reach the ultimate and service limit states. Presently, the advances in scour protections design and its optimisation for marine envi-ronments face many challenges, and the latest findings are often bounded by stakeholder’s strict confidential policies.
  • 1.9K
  • 23 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Pseudorabies Virus
Pseudorabies, or Aujeszky’s disease, is a notifiable worldwide infection of domestic and feral swine that causes economic losses for the swine industry. In domestic pigs, the virus is responsible for nervous and/or respiratory symptoms; in pregnant sows, it is one of the major causes of stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death, and infertility (SMEDI). It is known that PRV infection in wild boar is associated with low pathogenicity and attenuated or absent symptomatology, but limited information is available about the ability of the virus to infect the foetuses of infected wild boar pregnant sows. Due to scarce information about the reproductive consequences, we investigate the possible intrauterine vertical transmission of the virus in wild boar pregnant sow living in a highly infected area. A number of 54 hunted wild boar were sampled during 2018–2019, and blood, genital and nasal swabs, placenta, and fetuses were collected for serological and molecular investigations. A seroprevalence of 74% (40/54) was detected, while 1/24 pregnant sow and 1/24 pooled foetuses tested positive by PCR (gene gB). This is the first evidence of viral detection in foetuses from seropositive pregnant wild boar. This finding suggests the possible pathogenetic role of PRV on pregnancy in wild boar and the existence of an additional transmission route.
  • 1.8K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor(AhR)
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a member of the family of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors and well-known for its role in xenobiotic metabolism and detoxification.
  • 1.8K
  • 01 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Canadian Goldenrod
Perennial herb Solidago canadensis L. (Asteraceae: Astereae), originating in North America, was brought and introduced into middle Europe as an ornamental, schizanthus, and melliferous plant in the middle of the 18th century. In the end, it unintentionally spread from the gardens to the natural environment. 
  • 1.8K
  • 04 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Endoplasmic Reticulum-Related Protein Targeting and Protein Transport
Cells use an impressive array of components to enable the safe transport of protein cargo from the cytosolic ribosomes to the endoplasmic reticulum. Safety during the transit is warranted by the interplay of cytosolic chaperones, membrane receptors, and protein translocases that together form functional networks and serve as protein targeting and translocation routes. While two targeting routes to the endoplasmic reticulum, SRP (signal recognition particle) and GET (guided entry of tail-anchored proteins), prefer targeting determinants at the N- and C-terminus of the cargo polypeptide, respectively, the discovered SND (SRP-independent) route seems to preferentially cater for cargos with non-generic targeting signals that are less hydrophobic or more distant from the termini. 
  • 1.8K
  • 19 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Hydrogen Sulfide Produced May Induce Parkinson's Disease
Several bacterial species can generate hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Study evidence favors the view that the microbiome of the gut harbors increased amounts of H2S producing bacteria in Parkinson’s disease. Additionally, H2S can easily penetrate cell membranes and enter the cell interior. In the cells, excessive amounts of H2S can potentially release cytochrome c protein from the mitochondria, increase the iron content of the cytosolic iron pool, and increase the amount of reactive oxygen species. These events can lead to the formation of alpha-synuclein oligomers and fibrils in cells containing alpha-synuclein protein.  
  • 1.8K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Blockchain Technology for Green Innovation
Blockchain technology has been heralded as a game changer for addressing severe environmental and economic sustainability challenges. In response to rising environmental concerns, blockchain technology (BCT) is transforming green innovation, culminating in green economic practices and well-established business models.
  • 1.8K
  • 18 Apr 2022
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