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Topic Review
Semaphorins Effects in Metabolic Disorders
       Semaphorins are a family originally identified as axonal guidance molecules. They are also involved in tumor growth, angiogenesis, immune regulation, as well as other biological and pathological processes. Recent studies have shown that semaphorins play a role in metabolic diseases including obesity, adipose inflammation, and diabetic complications, including diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic wound healing, and diabetic osteoporosis. Evidence provides mechanistic insights regarding the role of semaphorins in metabolic diseases by regulating adipogenesis, hypothalamic melanocortin circuit, immune responses, and angiogenesis. In this review, we summarize recent progress regarding the role of semaphorins in obesity, adipose inflammation, and diabetic complications.
  • 1.9K
  • 28 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Liver Vessel Segmentation: A Review
The segmentation of liver blood vessels is of major importance as it is essential for formulating diagnoses, planning and delivering treatments, as well as evaluating the results of clinical procedures. Different imaging techniques are available for application in clinical practice, so the segmentation methods should take into account the characteristics of the imaging technique.
  • 1.9K
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Efficient and Effective Rankings
In the simple words of Peter Drucker, efficiency is doing things right while effectiveness is doing the right things. Efficient and Effective Rankings are ranking classifications for Decision-Making Units (DMUs) based on a combination of the efficiency score (obtained by parametric or non-parametric Data Envelopment Analysis frontier estimations) with a multiple effectiveness measure (often obtained using a Multicriteria Decision Analysis). This study aims at providing a non-compensatory ranking classification combining Conditional Frontier Analysis with the PROMETHEE II methodology for the multidimensional efficiency and effectiveness analysis of Police. The results on Pernambuco (Brazil) Police departments offer interesting perspectives for public administrations concerning prioritizations of units based on the mitigation of resources and strategic objectives.
  • 1.9K
  • 30 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Advanced Ultrasound Technology in Obstetrics
Over the years, there have been several improvements in ultrasound technologies including high-resolution ultrasonography, linear transducer, radiant flow, three-/ four-dimensional (3D/4D) ultrasound, speckle tracking of the fetal heart, and artificial intelligence. The aims of this entry are to evaluate the use of these advanced technologies in obstetrics in the midst of new guidelines on and new techniques of obstetric ultrasonography. In particular, whether these technologies can improve the diagnostic capability, functional analysis, workflow and ergonomics of obstetric ultrasound examinations will be discussed. 
  • 1.9K
  • 24 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Brettanomyces bruxellensis
The Brettanomyces bruxellensis species plays various roles in both the industrial and food sectors. At the biotechnological level, B. bruxellensis is considered to be a promising species for biofuel production. Its presence in alcoholic beverages can be detrimental or beneficial to the final product; B. bruxellensis can contribute to spoilage of wine and beer, but can also produce good aromas.
  • 1.9K
  • 31 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Persufflation (PSF)
Persufflation (PSF) utilises the organ's own vascular network to provide oxygen to the organ tissue and maintain metabolism during preservation to avoid hypoxic damage. This method discovered in the early 20th century has shown promise in providing both longer-term preservation and organ reconditioning capabilities for multiple organs including the liver, kidneys, and pancreas.
  • 1.9K
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Interleukine-17's Modulate Neurogenesis and Behavior in PTSD Mice
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric disorder accompanied by deficits in cognitive and social skills. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is a lifelong phenomenon, with new neurons being formed in the granular cell layer of the dentate gyrus. Impaired neurogenesis is associated with multiple behavioral disorders including Alzheimer’s disease and schizophrenia. PTSD patients often present hippocampal atrophy and animal models clearly present impaired neurogenesis. Increased expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-17 is reported in PTSD patients, but its role in the pathophysiology of the diseases is unknown. 
  • 1.9K
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
The CRISPR-Cas System
CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-Cas (CRISPR-associated) represents a powerful genome editing technology that revolutionized in a short period of time numerous natural sciences branches. Therefore, extraordinary progress was made in various fields, such as entomology or biotechnology. 
  • 1.9K
  • 18 Apr 2022
Topic Review
In Vitro Placental Models of Human Trophoblast
The complex process of placental implantation and development affects trophoblast progenitors and uterine cells through the regulation of transcription factors, cytokines, adhesion receptors and their ligands. Differentiation of trophoblast precursors in the trophectoderm of early ontogenesis, caused by the transcription factors, such as CDX2, TEAD4, Eomes and GATA3, leads to the formation of cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast populations. The molecular mechanisms involved in placental formation inside the human body along with the specification and differentiation of trophoblast cell lines are, mostly due to the lack of suitable cell models, not sufficiently elucidated. This research is an evaluation of current technologies, which are used to study the behavior of human trophoblasts and other placental cells, as well as their ability to represent physiological conditions both in vivo and in vitro. An in vitro 3D model with a characteristic phenotype is of great benefit for the study of placental physiology. At the same time, it provides great support for future modeling of placental disease. 
  • 1.9K
  • 26 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Resistance to Gemcitabine
Gemcitabine is still the standard-of-care chemotherapeutic drug for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, the response rate is quite low. There are multiple mechanisms and participants in gemcitabine resistance.
  • 1.9K
  • 01 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Regulating Reactive Oxygen Species Concentrations in Plant Cells
Environmental factors, such as high light intensity, adverse temperature, drought, or soil salinity, are summarized as abiotic stresses and discriminated from biotic stresses that are exerted by pathogens and herbivores, for instance. It was an unexpected observation that overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a common response to all kinds of stress investigated so far. ROS are important messengers in cell signaling, but exceeding a concentration threshold causes damage. This requires fine-tuning of ROS production and degradation rates. In general, there are two options to control cellular ROS levels, (I) ROS scavenging at the expense of antioxidant consumption and (II) enzyme-controlled degradation of ROS. As antioxidants are limited in quantity, the first strategy only allows temporarily buffering of a certain cellular ROS level. This way, it prevents spells of eventually damaging ROS concentrations. 
  • 1.9K
  • 28 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Taxing the Digital Economy through Consumption Taxes
Owing to the Fourth Industrial revolution and digital transformation, the digital economy has grown substantially globally and in Africa. Despite the positive outcomes such as advancements in technology, improvements in business models and expansion in digital financial inclusion, negative implications include the erosion of tax bases due to the invisible nature of digital transactions. Although the digital economy is one of the biggest and quickest growing sectors in the African continent, its contribution to tax revenue is negligible. Developed and developing countries are grappling to find effective ways of mobilizing revenues from this hard to tax economy. African countries have turned to digital services taxes, value added taxes and withholding taxes in a bid to collect revenue from the digital economy to broaden their tax bases. There is intense debate among policymakers, governments, development bodies and tax bodies on the most effective way to tax the digital economy.
  • 1.9K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Phase Curve
In astronomy a phase curve describes the brightness of a reflecting body as a function of its phase angle. The brightness usually refers the object's absolute magnitude, which, in turn, is its apparent magnitude at a distance of astronomical unit from the Earth and Sun. The phase angle equals the arc subtended by the observer and the sun as measured at the body. The phase curve is useful for characterizing an object's regolith (soil) and atmosphere. It is also the basis for computing the geometrical albedo and the Bond albedo of the body. In ephemeris generation, the phase curve is used in conjunction with the distances from the object to the Sun and the Earth to calculate the apparent magnitude.
  • 1.9K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Ontology-Based Architecture Process of System-of-Systems
System-of-systems (SoS) architecture is crucial in managing complex and interconnected systems. An SoS architecture encompasses not solely its constituent systems (CSs) but also the interconnections and communication processes among them via their interfaces.
  • 1.9K
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
Peptide Nucleic Acid
Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) is an artificial DNA analog in which the negatively charged phosphodiester backbone is replaced by a charge-neutral pseudopeptide backbone. PNA exhibits several conformational flexibilities. It can adopt the A and B helical structures upon binding to target RNA and DNA, respectively, and form antiparallel and parallel duplexes. The antiparallel duplex is generally more stable than the parallel one.
  • 1.9K
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Electronic Textiles
Electronic textiles belong to the broader range of smart (or “intelligent”) textiles. Their “smartness” is enabled by embedded or added electronics and allows the sensing of defined parameters of their environment as well as actuating according to these sensor data. For this purpose, different sensors (e.g., temperature, strain, light sensors) and actuators (e.g., LEDs or mechanical actuators) are embedded and connected with a power supply, a data processor, and internal/external communication. 
  • 1.9K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Medicinal Value of Black Mulberry
Roughly 100 species of Morus have been described, such as Morus alba (white mulberry), Morus rubra (red mulberry), and Morus nigra (black mulberry). The mulberry plant is monoecious or dioecious, reaching up to 10–12 m in height. Morus nigra (Moraceae family) is commonly distributed in Asia, Africa, Europe, and America. Given its therapeutic properties, the leaves, root barks, branches, and fruits are traditionally used in medicinal preparations to manage diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. Various extracts of mulberry leaves were studied over the years, investigating their bioactive compounds’ pharmaceutical in public health concerns, such as diabetes, hepatic diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. This entry is based on a literature review and highlights the beneficial and therapeutic action of black mulberry extracts and their confirmed or hypothesized mechanism of action in diabetes, hepatic disorders, and cardiovascular disease, as indicated by the results of in vivo and in vitro studies, on cell lines, human and animal models.
  • 1.9K
  • 10 May 2021
Topic Review
Cisplatin-Induced Kidney Injury
Cisplatin is a chemotherapy agent commonly used to treat a wide variety of cancers. Despite the potential for both severe acute and chronic side effects, it remains a preferred therapeutic option for many malignancies due to its potent anti-tumor activity. Common cisplatin-associated side-effects include acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). These renal injuries may cause delays and potentially cessation of cisplatin therapy and have long-term effects on renal function reserve. Thus, developing mechanism-based interventional strategies that minimize cisplatin-associated kidney injury without reducing efficacy would be of great benefit. In addition to its action of cross-linking DNA, cisplatin has been shown to affect mitochondrial metabolism, resulting in mitochondrially derived reactive oxygen species (ROS). Increased ROS formation in renal proximal convoluted tubule cells is associated with cisplatin-induced AKI and CKD.
  • 1.9K
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Neuropathic Itch Caused by Pseudorabies Virus
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is an alphaherpesvirus related to varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1). PRV is the causative agent of Aujeskzy’s disease in swine. PRV infects mucosal epithelium and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) of its host where it can establish a quiescent, latent infection. While the natural host of PRV is the swine, a broad spectrum of mammals, including rodents, cats, dogs, and cattle can be infected. Since the nineteenth century, PRV infection is known to cause a severe acute neuropathy, the so called “mad itch” in non-natural hosts, but surprisingly not in swine. In the past, most scientific efforts have been directed to eradicating PRV from pig farms by the use of effective marker vaccines, but little attention has been given to the processes leading to the mad itch. 
  • 1.9K
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Impact Assessment in Information Security Management Systems
Organizations must be committed to ensuring the confidentiality, availability, and integrity of the information in their possession to manage legal and regulatory obligations and to maintain trusted business relationships. Information security management systems (ISMSs) support companies to better deal with information security risks and cyber-attacks. Although there are many different approaches to successfully implementing an ISMS in a company, the most important and time-consuming part of establishing an ISMS is a risk assessment.
  • 1.9K
  • 03 Mar 2022
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