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Topic Review
Phenotype Variations in Oculocutaneous Albinism
Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is an autosomal recessive syndromic and non-syndromic defect with deficient or a complete lack of the melanin pigment. The characteristics of OCA appears in skin, hair, and eyes with variable degree of pigmentation. Clinical manifestations of OCA include nystagmus, photophobia, reduced visual acuity, hypo-plastic macula, and iris trans-illumination. There are eight OCA types (OCA1–8) documented with non-syndromic characteristics.
  • 1.9K
  • 30 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Application of Emulsion Gels as Fat Replacement
Although traditional meat products are highly popular with consumers, the high levels of unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol present significant health concerns. However, simply using plant oil rich in unsaturated fatty acids to replace animal fat in meat products causes a decline in product quality, such as lower levels of juiciness and hardness. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a fat substitute that can ensure the sensory quality of the product while reducing its fat content. Consequently, using emulsion gels to produce structured oils or introducing functional ingredients has attracted substantial attention for replacing the fat in meat products.
  • 1.9K
  • 12 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Fireflies in Art
Fireflies are well-known bioluminescent beetles (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) of great cultural significance, especially in Japan. This study examined artistic representations of fireflies and depictions of how people interacted with these insects from a historical perspective, with a focus on Japanese woodprint prints from the Edo, Meiji, and Taishō periods. Visual information from the artwork was summarized, highlighting themes and connections to firefly biology and cultural entomology. The artwork highlights the complex interactions between fireflies and humans. Insect-related art can contribute to education and conservation efforts, particularly for dynamic insects such as fireflies that are facing global population declines.
  • 1.9K
  • 09 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Microencapsulation Technology of Phycocyanin
Phycocyanin (PC) is a blue fluorescent protein with multi-bioactive functions. The multi-bioactivities and spectral stability of phycocyanin are susceptible to external environmental conditions, which limit its wide application. Microencapsulation is a micro-packaging technology that encapsulates trace substances with polymer films. Multifarious strategies have been successfully investigated for the microencapsulation of PC.
  • 1.9K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Coccidioides Species
Coccidioidomycosis is an important pathogenic fungal infection in much of the desert and semi-arid regions of the Western hemisphere. The incidence of the disease is increasing in both California and Arizona. Although not all infections result in clinical illness, the infection frequently causes serious disease in immunocompetent people and even self-limited coccidioidomycosis can be a prolonged illness requiring anti-fungal therapy. Coccidioidomycosis is a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia in the endemic area that is frequently misdiagnosed, and the cost of the disease is substantial. In patients where the infection is not self-limited, the disease can spread to skin, bone, and the central nervous system among many other organs. Although disseminated disease is unusual, it occurs in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised people, is frequently difficult to treat, and can be fatal. Prolonged treatment is usually required, and meningitis requires life-long therapy.
  • 1.9K
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
The Pathogenesis of Alopecia Areata
Alopecia areata is a multifactorial autoimmune-based disease with a complex pathogenesis. As in all autoimmune diseases, genetic predisposition is key. The collapse of the immune privilege of the hair follicle leading to scalp loss is a major pathogenic event in alopecia areata. The microbiota considered a bacterial ecosystem located in a specific area of the human body could somehow influence the pathogenesis of alopecia areata, as it occurs in other autoimmune diseases. Moreover, the Next Generation Sequencing of the 16S rRNA bacterial gene and the metagenomic methodology have provided an excellent characterization of the microbiota.
  • 1.9K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Redefining Precision Management of r/r Large B-Cell Lymphoma
The treatment paradigms for patients with relapsed large B-cell lymphoma are expanding. Chimeric antigen receptor technology (CAR-T) has revolutionized the management of these patients. Novel bispecific antibodies and antibody–drug conjugates, used as chemotherapy-free single agents or in combination with other novel therapeutics, have been quickly introduced into the real-world setting. With such a paradigm shift, patients have an improved chance of better outcomes with unpredictable complete remission rates. 
  • 1.9K
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Asterixis
Asterixis is a subtype of negative myoclonus characterized by brief, arrhythmic lapses of sustained posture due to involuntary pauses in muscle contraction. Asterixis is not specific to any pathophysiological process, but it is more commonly reported in hepatic encephalopathy, renal and respiratory failure, cerebrovascular diseases, as well as associated with drugs that could potentially lead to hyperammonemia, such as valproic acid, carbamazepine, and phenytoin. 
  • 1.9K
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Endogenous Retroviruses Activity in Mouse
Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are genetic elements resulting from relics of ancestral infection of germline cells, now recognized in human as cofactors in the etiology of several complex diseases as neurodevelopmental disorders. Autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorders, and schizophrenia are neurodevelopmental disorders, currently attributed to the interplay among genetic vulnerability, environmental risk factors, and maternal immune activation. The role of ERVs in human embryogenesis, their intrinsic responsiveness to external stimuli, and the interaction with the immune system support the involvement of ERVs in the derailed neurodevelopmental process. Although definitive proofs that ERVs are involved in neurobehavioral alterations are still lacking, both preclinical models and human studies indicate that the abnormal expression of ERVs could represent a neurodevelopmental disorders-associated biological trait.
  • 1.9K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
FGFRs in Brain Tumors
Despite pharmacological treatments and surgical practice options, the mortality rate of astrocytomas and glioblastomas remains high, thus representing a medical emergency for which it is necessary to find new therapeutic strategies. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) act through their associated receptors (FGFRs), a family of tyrosine kinase receptors consisting of four members (FGFR1–4), regulators of tissue development and repair. In particular, FGFRs play an important role in cell proliferation, survival, and migration, as well as angiogenesis, thus their gene alteration is certainly related to the development of the most common diseases, including cancer. FGFRs are subjected to multiple somatic aberrations such as chromosomal amplification of FGFR1; mutations and multiple dysregulations of FGFR2; and mutations, translocations, and significant amplifications of FGFR3 and FGFR4 that correlate to oncogenesis process. Therefore, the in-depth study of these receptor systems could help to understand the etiology of both astrocytoma and glioblastoma so as to achieve notable advances in more effective target therapies. Furthermore, the discovery of FGFR inhibitors revealed how these biological compounds improve the neoplastic condition by demonstrating efficacy and safety.
  • 1.9K
  • 29 Dec 2020
Topic Review
The Resistive Barrier Discharge
Plasma generated by the resistive barrier discharge has been used to efficiently inactivate pathogenic microorganisms and to destroy cancer cells. These biomedical applications of low temperature plasma are of great interest because in recent times bacteria developed increased resistance to antibiotics and because present cancer therapies often are accompanied by serious side effects. Low temperature plasma, such the one generated by the resistive barrier discharge, is a technology that can help overcome these healthcare challenges.
  • 1.9K
  • 08 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Vasopressor-Sparing and Patients with Shock
Vasopressor therapy is to restore organ perfusion so as to limit the risk of multiple organ failure and death.
  • 1.9K
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Autophagy in β-Thalassemic Erythropoiesis
β-Thalassemia is one of the most common genetically inherited disorders worldwide, and it is characterized by defective β-globin chain synthesis leading to reduced or absent β-globin chains. The excess α-globin chains are the key factor leading to the death of differentiating erythroblasts in a process termed ineffective erythropoiesis, leading to anemia and associated complications in patients. The mechanism of ineffective erythropoiesis in β-thalassemia is complex and not fully understood. Autophagy is primarily known as a cell recycling mechanism in which old or dysfunctional proteins and organelles are digested to allow recycling of constituent elements.
  • 1.9K
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Heaviside Condition
The Heaviside condition, named for Oliver Heaviside (1850–1925), is the condition an electrical transmission line must meet in order for there to be no distortion of a transmitted signal. Also known as the distortionless condition, it can be used to improve the performance of a transmission line by adding loading to the cable.
  • 1.9K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Topology Designs for Data Centers
The adoption of simple network topologies allows for an easier way to forward packets. On the other hand, more complex topologies may achieve greater performance, although network maintenance may become harder. Hence, a balance between performance and simplicity is a convenient point when choosing a data center design. Therefore, some topology designs for data centers are going to be proposed; these are classified into tree-like and graph-like architectures. With respect to the former, a hierarchical switching layout interconnects all nodes, thus showing the form of an inverted tree within multiple roots, where nodes are the leaves of such a tree. Regarding the latter, nodes are directly interconnected to each other, hence no switch is involved in the design.
  • 1.9K
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Bacillus licheniformis
Bacillus licheniformis produces several classes of antimicrobial substances, including bacteriocins, which are peptides or proteins with different structural composition and molecular mass: ribosomally synthesized by bacteria (1.4–20 kDa), non-ribosomally synthesized peptides and cyclic lipopeptides (0.8–42 kDa) and exopolysaccharides (>1000 kDa). Different bacteriocins act against Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria, fungal pathogens and amoeba cells.
  • 1.9K
  • 14 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Upwelling in Marginal Seas
Upwelling refers to the upward movement of deep nutrient-rich and low-temperature waters to the surface, resulting in colder surface or near-surface waters with low dissolved oxygen, high density, and high salinity. Upwelling is economically and ecologically significant in the coastal marine system, making it high-priority research. Although representing <1% of the total surface area of the ocean, upwelling regions provide approximately 8% of the global marine primary production and more than 20% of the world’s capture fisheries. With an increase in offshore transport, strong upwelling usually transports phytoplankton and zooplankton towards the convergence offshore frontal system rapidly, relative to a weaker upwelling that limits the nutrient enrichment in the photic zone. Apart from boosting primary productivity and fishery production, upwelling is also crucial for the atmosphere-ocean carbon dioxide exchange and carbon recycling processes.
  • 1.9K
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
BODIPY-Based Molecules for Biomedical Applications
BODIPY (4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) derivatives have attracted attention as probes in applications like imaging and sensing due to their unique properties like (1) strong absorption and emission in the visible and near-infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, (2) strong fluorescence and (3) supreme photostability. They have also been employed in areas like photodynamic therapy. Over the last decade, BODIPY-based molecules have even emerged as candidates for cancer treatments. Cancer remains a significant health issue world-wide, necessitating a continuing search for novel therapeutic options. BODIPY is a flexible fluorophore with distinct photophysical characteristics and is a fascinating drug development platform. 
  • 1.9K
  • 08 Dec 2023
Topic Review
ICTs for Education during COVID-19
The educational field has experienced a significant variation with the inclusion of information and communication technologies (ICTs), applying a wide range of tools, from drones, for the explanation of theoretical ideas, to virtual learning environments and virtual realities. These tools and multidisciplinary structures have given more flexibility, adaptability, and dynamics to the education system. The educational structures tend to include ICTs with a higher compliance capacity, accessibility, and end-user attractiveness. Additionally, the utilization of virtual realities via mobile devices and headsets is increasing, as they allow the immersion and acquiring of theoretical or practical skills. In mid-2020, the pandemic of COVID-19 forced the higher institutions (HEIs) to include several ICTs and to move to online teaching, trying to guarantee the continuity and quality in their teaching process.
  • 1.9K
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Neurophysiological Mechanisms of Cow–Calf Bonding
In buffalo, bonding is very particular due to the expression of specific behaviors, such as allo-suckling and communal rearing.
  • 1.9K
  • 19 Apr 2022
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