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Topic Review
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using oxygen, light, and photosensitizers, which has potential for making up for the weakness of the existing therapies such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. It has been mainly used to treat cancer, and clinical tests for second-generation photosensitizers with improved physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic profiles, or singlet oxygen quantum yield have been conducted.
  • 1.3K
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Topical Insulin Delivery
Insulin is one of the cheapest growth factors in the market able to accelerate the re-epithelialization and stimulate angiogenesis and cell migration. However, the effectiveness of topical insulin in wound healing is hampered by the proteases in the wound bed. The encapsulation into nanoparticles improves its stability in the wound, providing adhesion to the mucosal surface and allowing its sustained release. 
  • 1.3K
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Wnt Signalling in Alzheimer’s Brain
The Wnt signalling system is essential for both the developing and adult central nervous system. It regulates numerous cellular functions ranging from neurogenesis to blood brain barrier biology. Dysregulated Wnt signalling can thus have significant consequences for normal brain function, which is becoming increasingly clear in Alzheimer's disease (AD), an age-related neurodegenerative disorder that is the most prevalent form of dementia. AD exhibits a range of pathophysiological manifestations including aberrant amyloid precursor protein processing, tau pathology, synapse loss, neuroinflammation and blood brain barrier breakdown, which have been associated to a greater or lesser degree with abnormal Wnt signalling. 
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Avocado–Soybean Unsaponifiables
Avocado and soybean unsaponifiables (ASU) constitute vegetable extracts made from fruits and seeds of avocado and soybean oil. Characterized by its potent anti-inflammatory effects, this ASU mixture is recommended to act as an adjuvant treatment for osteoarthritic pain and slow-acting symptomatic treatment of hip and knee osteoarthritis; autoimmune diseases; diffuse scleroderma and scleroderma-like states (e.g., morphea, sclerodactyly, scleroderma in bands). Besides, it was reported that it can improve the mood and quality of life of postmenopausal women in reducing menopause-related symptoms.
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Mar 2021
Topic Review
FHL2
Four and a half LIM domains 2 (FHL2) was originally described as ‘Down-regulated in Rhabdomyosarcoma LIM protein’ (DRAL) and is composed of LIM domains that are named after their initial discovery in the proteins Lin11, Isl-1 and Mec-3. FHL2 consists of four and a half LIM domains, each composed of two zinc fingers, except the first ‘half’ LIM-domain which has only one. While the structure of the four and a half LIM domains had been uncovered previously using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, the complete FHL2 protein structure is unknown; however, it has recently been predicted using the protein structure neural network AlphaFold.
  • 1.3K
  • 19 Oct 2021
Topic Review
TNF Receptor Associated Factor-2 in Immune Signaling Pathways
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor associated factor-2 (TRAF2) is an intracellular adapter protein with E3 ligase activity, which interacts with a plethora of other signaling proteins, including plasma membrane receptors, kinases, phosphatases, other E3 ligases, and deubiquitinases. TRAF2 is involved in various cancer-relevant cellular processes, such as the activation of transcription factors of the NFκB family, stimulation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling, autophagy, and the control of cell death programs. In a context-dependent manner, TRAF2 promotes tumor development but it can also act as a tumor suppressor.
  • 1.3K
  • 07 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Polymer- and Lipid-Based siRNA Nanoparticles
The mechanism of RNA interference (RNAi) could represent a breakthrough in the therapy of all diseases that arise from a gene defect or require the inhibition of a specific gene expression. In particular, small interfering RNA (siRNA) offers an attractive opportunity to achieve a new milestone in the therapy of human diseases.
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Ribosome Protection Proteins
Ribosome is one of the most conserved and sophisticated macromolecular machines that carries out the essential process of protein synthesis in cells. Given the essential function of ribosome as well as difference of bacterial and eukaryotic ribosome, it has been an active target for over half clinically used antibiotics.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Engineering and Expression Strategies for Optimization of L-Asparaginase
L-asparaginase, an enzyme widely used in the clinic for the treatment of leukemia and in bakeries for the reduction of acrylamide. Newly developed recombinant L-asparaginase (L-ASNase) may have a low affinity for asparagine, reduced catalytic activity, low stability, and increased glutaminase activity or immunogenicity. Some successful commercial preparations of L-ASNase are now available. Therefore, obtaining novel L-ASNases with improved properties suitable for food or clinical applications remains a challenge. 
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Polyphenols Nano Formulations
Polyphenols are phytochemical with potent antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities which are tremendously of important to fight premature aging, infections, cancers and other related chronic inflammatory diseases. Nanoencapsulation of these natural and functional biocompounds is useful to increase the bioavailability and efficiency of polyphenols, which can be further used as adjuvant therapeutics.
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Nov 2020
Topic Review
CRISPR-Cas9 Genome Editing in GBM
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive malignancy of the brain and spinal cord with a poor life expectancy. The low survivability of GBM patients can be attributed, in part, to its heterogeneity and the presence of multiple genetic alterations causing rapid tumor growth and resistance to conventional therapy. The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR associated (Cas) nuclease 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) system is a cost-effective and reliable gene editing technology, which is widely used in cancer research. It leads to novel discoveries of various oncogenes that regulate autophagy, angiogenesis, and invasion and play important role in pathogenesis of various malignancies, including GBM.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Sep 2021
Topic Review
m1A RNA Modification in Gene Expression Regulation
N1-methyladenosine (m1A) is a prevalent and reversible post-transcriptional RNA modification that decorates tRNA, rRNA and mRNA. Studies based on technical advances in analytical chemistry and high-throughput sequencing methods have revealed the crucial roles of m1A RNA modification in gene regulation and biological processes.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Calmodulin Role in Hemichannel Gating
Evidence for the existence of connexin hemichannels was first demonstrated in cultured cells expressing connexin43 by data showing that a fluorescent dye enters the cells when the extracellular calcium concentration is reduced. This was proven by evidence that the membrane resistance significantly drops when the cells are bathed in no-added-Ca2+ solution. Significantly, while external Ca2+ keeps hemichannels closed, an intracellular [Ca2+] rise opens hemichannels. Hemichannel opening is prevented by calmodulin inhibitors, suggesting that calmodulin plays a role in hemichannel gating opposite to that in gap junction channels.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitors
Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors facilitate urine glucose excretion by reducing glucose reabsorption, leading to ameliorate glycemic control. While the main characteristics of type 2 diabetes mellitus are insufficient insulin secretion and insulin resistance, SGLT2 inhibitors have some favorable effects on pancreatic β-cell function and insulin sensitivity. SGLT2 inhibitors ameliorate fatty liver and reduce visceral fat mass.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 May 2021
Topic Review
HDL-Mediated Cholesterol Trafficking in the Central Nervous System
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) and abnormally hyperphosphorylated intracellular tau filaments in neurons. Cholesterol metabolism has been extensively implicated in the pathogenesis of AD through biological, epidemiological, and genetic studies, with the APOE gene being the most reproducible genetic risk factor for the development of AD. The apolipoprotein E (ApoE) 4  genotype seems to be a disruptive element in high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-like-mediated cholesterol transport through the brain. 
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Tropical Diseases Caused by Mosquitoes
Tropical diseases (TDs) are among the leading cause of mortality and fatality globally. The emergence and reemergence of TDs continue to challenge healthcare system. Several tropical diseases such as yellow fever, tuberculosis, cholera, Ebola, HIV, rotavirus, dengue, and malaria outbreaks have led to endemics and epidemics around the world, resulting in millions of deaths. The increase in climate change, migration and urbanization, overcrowding, and other factors continue to increase the spread of TDs.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Sirtuins in Kidney Diseases
Sirtuins (SIRTs) are class III histone deacetylases (HDACs) that play important roles in aging and a wide range of cellular functions. Sirtuins are crucial to numerous biological processes, including proliferation, DNA repair, mitochondrial energy homeostasis, and antioxidant activity. Mammals have seven different sirtuins, SIRT1–7, and the diverse biological functions of each sirtuin are due to differences in subcellular localization, expression profiles, and cellular substrates. In this review, we summarize research advances into the role of sirtuins in the pathogenesis of various kidney diseases including acute kidney injury, diabetic kidney disease, renal fibrosis, and kidney aging along with the possible underlying molecular mechanisms. The available evidence indicates that sirtuins have great potential as novel therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of kidney diseases.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Sep 2020
Topic Review
NETs and Cardiovascular Diseases
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) significantly contribute to various pathophysiological conditions, including cardiovascular diseases. NET formation in the vasculature exhibits inflammatory and thrombogenic activities on the endothelium. NETs are induced by various stimulants such as exogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). 
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Glycan-Binding Protein Scaffolds
Glycans—a broad term describing carbohydrates, including oligosaccharides and polysaccharides—are the third class of important biological macromolecules following nucleic acids and proteins. Glycans are found in all domains of life and in viruses. They can exist as free sugars, but are more commonly found as glycoconjugates, including proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. Glycans are involved in a wide variety of physiological functions and have implications in numerous infectious and non-infectious diseases, making them diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Additionally, glycans are targeted in various biotechnological and industrial applications. The broad applications of glycans have spurred interest in the development of glycan binding proteins (GBPs).GBPs include lectins, antibodies, pseudoenzymes, and carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs). Lectins are non-immunoglobulin proteins containing at least one non-catalytic domain that exhibits reversible carbohydrate binding. CBMs are similar to lectins, but are small binding domains typically found in lectins or carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes). CAZymes can be further classified into glycoside hydrolases, glycosyltransferases, polysaccharide lyases, and carbohydrate esterases—detailed information on these enzymes is available through the Carbohydrate Active Enzymes (CAZy) database.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Micro/Nanorobots for Medical Diagnosis and Disease Treatment
Micro/nanorobots are functional devices in microns, at nanoscale, which enable efficient propulsion through chemical reactions or external physical field, including ultrasonic, optical, magnetic, and other external fields, as well as microorganisms. Compared with traditional robots, micro/nanorobots can perform various tasks on the micro/nanoscale, which has the advantages of high precision, strong flexibility, and wide adaptability. In addition, such robots can also perform tasks in a cluster manner.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 May 2022
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