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Topic Review Peer Reviewed
COVID-19 in the Construction Sector
This section analyzes the influence of COVID-19 in the construction sector. Construction workers’ high vulnerability to the spread of the virus motivated this entry. The construction sector’s peculiarities and some work procedure characteristics in this sector make telecommuting impossible in most activities. In addition, most of the states and national governments declared the construction sector essential activity due to its high economic impact. The working conditions in this sector are very special: constant trips to work in groups, work group execution with little interpersonal distance, group travel, stays and accommodations away from home, meals in restaurants or work canteens, lunch in restaurants or work canteens, etc. Due to all of this, the contagion rate was very high during the pandemic months. Even today, it is still considered one of the most dangerous sectors for these purposes. With all this in mind, here we discuss why it is difficult to minimize the spread of the virus for construction workers, summarize how to assess exposure risk grades for construction job tasks, and provide possible protection requirements for the different exposure risk grades. 
  • 1.7K
  • 14 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Food Security Interventions among Refugees
There are 26 million refugees globally, with as many as 80% facing food insecurity irrespective of location. Humanitarian agencies continually provide assistance and evaluate their interventions in areas of refugee crisis. Researchers should adopt a standard feasible food security assessment tool which is needed to assess the effectiveness of interventions across locations and countries to develop best practices based on comparative results.
  • 1.7K
  • 24 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Smart Hospitals and IoT Sensors: The Healthcare Future
Hospitals are already adopting sensor devices of many types to monitor medical processes. Patients and medical staff can now wear sensors that provide movement and health conditions information in near-real time. Additionally, many sensors can monitor physical settings generating information about the environment and medical equipment. This set of sensors has the potential to provide information to support decision-making processes and medical data analytics. Internet of Things (IoT) is spreading among several areas, paving the way to a new industrial revolution.
  • 1.7K
  • 20 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Pharmaceutical Care
Pharmaceutical care necessitates significant efforts from patients, informal caregivers, the interprofessional team of health care professionals and health care system administrators. Collaboration, mutual respect and agreement amongst all stakeholders regarding responsibilities throughout the complex process of pharmaceutical care is needed before patients can take full advantage of modern medicine. Based on the literature and policy documents, in this position paper, we reflect on opportunities for integrated evidence-based pharmaceutical care to improve care quality and patient outcomes from a nursing perspective.
  • 1.6K
  • 02 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Photoplethysmography
Optical sensors play an increasingly important role in the development of medical diagnostic devices. They can be very widely used to measure the physiology of the human body. Optical methods include PPG, radiation, biochemical, and optical fiber sensors. Optical sensors offer excellent metrological properties, immunity to electromagnetic interference, electrical safety, simple miniaturization, the ability to capture volumes of nanometers, and non-invasive examination. In addition, they are cheap and resistant to water and corrosion. The use of optical sensors can bring better methods of continuous diagnostics in the comfort of the home and the development of telemedicine in the 21st century.
  • 1.6K
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
COVID-19 and Psychological Impact
The worldwide mental health burden associated to COVID-19. The psychological symptoms associated to COVID-19 can originate from three different sources: lockdowns, pandemic life and virus infection (both COVID-19 and post COVID-19 condition). Within the psychological symptoms it can be found: anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress, fatigue and cognitive impairment (i.e., ’brain fog’, mental slowness, deficits in attention, executive functioning, working memory, learning, articulation, and/or psychomotor coordination). Plus, two psychological conditions associated to the COVID-19 pandemic have been coined so far by the World Health Organization: pandemic fatigue and post COVID-19 condition. The increase of psychological symptoms both in the general population and in frontline workers (especially health-care workers) generates an unprecedented number of psychological patients and it challenges national mental health systems. 
  • 1.6K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Sprouts and Microgreens for Healthy Diets
Healthy diets prevent diet-related non-communicable diseases; they provide nutrients and health-promoting substances from nutritious foods in adequate amounts. With society's growing interest in healthy eating, the interest in fresh, ready-to-eat, functional food, such as microscale vegetables (sprouted seeds and microgreens), has been on the rise in recent years globally. This entry briefly describes the crops commonly used for microscale vegetable production, highlights Brassica vegetables because of their health-promoting secondary metabolites and looks at consumer acceptance of sprouts and microgreens. Landraces, wild food plants, and crops' wild relatives often have high phytonutrient density and exciting flavours and tastes, thus providing scope to widen the range of crops and species used for this purpose. Moreover, the nutritional value and content of phytochemicals often vary with plant growth and development stages of the same crop. Sprouted seeds and microgreens are often more nutrient-dense than ungerminated seeds or mature vegetables. This entry also describes the environmental and priming factors that may impact the nutritional value and content of phytochemicals of microscale vegetables. Due to their short growth cycle, nutrient-dense sprouts and microgreens can be produced with minimal input and without pesticides. They can even be home-grown and harvested as needed, hence having low environmental impacts and a broad acceptance among health-conscious consumers.
  • 1.6K
  • 21 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Stride Length
Stride length was defined as the distance measured parallel to the line of progression, including two consecutive steps. Stride width was defined as side-to side distance between the heel of the current foot and heel of the next opposite foot. On the other hand, step width was determined as the distance between the outermost borders of two consecutive footprints. The standard deviation of the three variables (stride length) was used to represent the variability of the stride length.
  • 1.6K
  • 22 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Post-SARS-CoV-2 Acute Telogen Effluvium
Telogen effluvium (TE) is a scalp disorder characterized by diffuse, non-scarring hair shedding. The term “telogen effluvium” was proposed to differentiate the disorder from the excessive shedding of normal club hair. It affects both males and females, with a higher incidence rate in females. Various hypotheses have been proposed for the pathophysiology of TE, based on abnormalities in the normal hair cycle, triggered by different factors. 
  • 1.6K
  • 08 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Leveraging Reddit for Suicidal Ideation Detection
Suicide is a major public-health problem that exists in virtually every part of the world. Hundreds of thousands of people commit suicide every year. The early detection of suicidal ideation is critical for suicide prevention. However, there are challenges associated with conventional suicide-risk screening methods. At the same time, individuals contemplating suicide are increasingly turning to social media and online forums, such as Reddit, to express their feelings and share their struggles with suicidal thoughts. 
  • 1.6K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Plastic Food Packaging: Consumer Perspective
The use of plastics for packaging has some advantages, since they are flexible and inexpensive. However, most plastics are of single use, which, combined with low recycling or reuse ratios, contributes substantially to environmental pollution. This work is part of a project studying the habits of Portuguese citizens concerning plastic food packaging and focuses on aspects related to sustainability. The survey was carried out via an online questionnaire about sustainability, recycling, and knowledge of the effects of plastic materials or their residues on the environment. The results were obtained based on a statistical analysis of the data. The participants tend to think about the negative impact of plastic packages on the environment; 39% sometimes do not buy plastic; and 30% try to look for alternatives. A substantial fraction, 81%, support the avoidance of plastic utensils and reduction in the use of plastic bags. Most participants have a good knowledge of recycling and strongly agree with the use of recycled materials, and 87% of respondents practice separation of different types of waste for recycling. Changing plastic consumption habits has not been an easy task. Nevertheless, it is expected that society will increasingly move toward sustainable habits, questioning its actions and considering their impact on the environment.
  • 1.5K
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
LACE Index Predicts High Risk of 30-Day Readmission
The LACE index accounts for: Length of stay (L), Acuity of admission (A), Comorbidities (C), and recent Emergency department use (E).  The incorporation of a high-risk LACE index showed favorable risk prediction and could be applied to predict 30-day readmission with chronic conditions. 
  • 1.5K
  • 12 May 2022
Topic Review
Physical Activity among Children with Intellectual Disabilities
Children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities (ID) have low levels of physical activity (PA). Understanding factors influencing the PA participation of this population is essential to the design of effective interventions. Continued exploration of factors influencing PA participation is required among children and adolescents with ID. Future interventions should involve families, schools, and wider support network in promoting their PA participation together. 
  • 1.5K
  • 22 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Sleep Quantity and Sleep Quality
Sleep is one of the basic physiological processes for human survival. Both sleep quantity and sleep quality are fundamental components of sleep. We should pay more attention to obtaining sleep of good quality (restfulness, no sleepiness, no need for more sleep, sufficient objective sleep depth, etc.), although there have not been enough studies on the associations between sleep quality and health or disorders in children and adolescents.
  • 1.5K
  • 30 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Sleep Health Promotion Interventions
Sleep health promotion is the public health field that is concerned with improving sleep health in primarily healthy populations. Good sleep health is characterized by subjective satisfaction, appropriate timing, adequate duration, high efficiency, and sustained alertness during waking hours (Buysse,2014). As in the last decade evidence has been mounting that good sleep is crucial for health, sleep health promotion is receiving increasing attention in public health. In this contribution, an overview is provided of the sleep health promotion interventions that have been described in reviews. 
  • 1.5K
  • 31 May 2021
Topic Review
Types of Short Text on Social Media
The rapid expansion of social media platforms has resulted in an unprecedented surge of short text content being generated on a daily basis. The different types of short text on social media is essential for developing effective summarization techniques that cater to the unique characteristics of each platform and user interaction.
  • 1.5K
  • 01 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Musical Stimulation on Placental Programming of Preterm Infants
The fetal environment is modulated by the placenta, which integrates and transduces information from the maternal environment to the fetal developmental program and adapts rapidly to changes through epigenetic mechanisms that respond to internal (hereditary) and external (environmental and social) signals. Consequently, the fetus corrects the trajectory of own development. During the last trimester of gestation, plasticity shapes the fetal brain, and prematurity can alter the typical developmental trajectories. Prenatal music stimulation had positive effects on fetus, newborn, and pregnant mother while post-natal exposure affected the neurodevelopment of the preterm infants and parental interaction.
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Graphene, and Graphene Nanoribbons in Biomedicine
Graphene and graphene nanoribbons hold the promise for improving existing contrast agents as well as drug delivery and biosensing. The entry “Graphene, and Graphene Nanoribbons in Biomedicine” to Encyclopedia is dedicated to applications of graphene and graphene nanoribbons in biomedicine.
  • 1.5K
  • 25 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors and Epilepsy
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a group of ubiquitously expressed metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration/dehydration of CO2/HCO3. Thus, they are involved in those physiological and pathological processes in which cellular pH buffering plays a relevant role. The inhibition of CAs has pharmacologic applications for several diseases.
  • 1.5K
  • 02 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Resveratrol in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Resveratrol (RSV) is a polyphenolic stillbenoid with significant anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties recently tested in animal models of several neurological diseases. Altered immune alteration and oxidative stress have also been found in patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and these alterations could add to the pathophysiology associated with ASD. 
  • 1.5K
  • 27 May 2021
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