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Topic Review
Constrained-Disorder Principle-Based Systems Improve Digital Twins Performance
Digital twins are computer programs that use real-world data to create simulations that predict the performance of processes, products, and systems. Digital twins may integrate artificial intelligence to improve their outputs. Models for dealing with uncertainties and noise are used to improve the accuracy of digital twins. Most used systems aim to reduce noise to improve their outputs. Nevertheless, biological systems are characterized by inherent variability, which is necessary for their proper function. The constrained-disorder principle defines living systems as having a disorder as part of their existence and proper operation while kept within dynamic boundaries.
  • 476
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
LncRNAs in Gallbladder Cancer
Gallbladder cancer has a mortality of 85,000 deaths worldwide and an incidence rate of 0.9 cases per 100,000 individuals. The incidence of GBC varies among the different geographical areas of the world, showing a higher incidence among descendants of North and South American natives, and in several Asian countries. The highest GBC incidence rate is found in Chile between individuals who descend from the Mapuche people, with 12.3 cases per 100,000 in men and 27.3 cases per 100,000 in women.Unfortunately, as symptomatology is unspecific and routine biochemical assays are not accurate, GBC is usually diagnosed late, sometimes as an accidental finding in patients with cholelithiasis. Due to this late diagnosis, GBC is generally found in an advanced stage, which causes that these patients have a poor prognosis and short life expectancy. For instance, the 5-year survival rate of GBC in advanced stages (T3 and T4 stages) is less than 5%, while if this cancer were detected in the initial stages (T1 stage) there would be an increase up to 75% in this 5-year survival rate.The research about lncRNAs and their participation in the acquisition of a malignant tumor phenotype has evidenced a dramatic increase because a large number of them have been demonstrated to actively participate in several mechanisms that contribute to the progression of cancer. Regarding this, the development of metastatic and tumorigenic characteristics is closely related to a more aggressive phenotype in cancer because these features provide cancer cells the capacity of expanding to other tissues and form new tumors, indicating a worse prognosis in cancer patients.
  • 466
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
CXCL1 in Anticancer Therapy of Gastrointestinal Tumors
Gastrointestinal tumors are a diverse group of cancers that affect organs responsible for digestion. These tumors are categorized based on their specific organ location, including head and neck cancer, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, liver cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer, colon cancer, and rectal cancer. One area of cancer research is the interaction between cancer cells and immune cells, in which chemokines play a vital role. C-X-C motif ligand 1 (CXCL1) is a chemokine consisting of 73 amino acids and has a molecular weight of 8 kDa. Its expression is regulated at both the transcription and CXCL1 mRNA stability levels.
  • 464
  • 08 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Kaempferol Protection against Brain Damage
Kaempferol, a flavonoid present in many food products, has chemical and cellular antioxidant properties that are beneficial for protection against the oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Kaempferol administration to model experimental animals can provide extensive protection against brain damage of the striatum and proximal cortical areas induced by transient brain cerebral ischemic stroke and by 3-nitropropionic acid.
  • 461
  • 22 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Significance of Determining Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Nephropathy
Diabetes mellitus (DM) belongs to the category of socially significant diseases with epidemic rates of increases in prevalence. Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a specific kind of kidney damage that occurs in 40% of patients with DM and is considered a serious complication of DM. Hyperglycemia has a negative effect on renal structures due to a number of factors, including the activation of the polyol and hexosamine glucose metabolism pathways, the activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone and sympathetic nervous systems, the accumulation of advanced glycation end products and increases in the insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction of tissues. The above mechanisms cause the development of oxidative stress (OS) reactions and mitochondrial dysfunction, which in turn contribute to the development and progression of DN. Modern antioxidant therapies for DN involve various phytochemicals (food antioxidants, resveratrol, curcumin, alpha-lipoic acid preparations, etc.), which are widely used not only for the treatment of diabetes but also other systemic diseases. 
  • 459
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Pharmacological Studies in Eating Disorders
Eating disorders (EDs) are serious mental health conditions characterised by impaired eating behaviours and nutrition as well as disturbed body image, entailing considerable mortality and morbidity. Psychopharmacological medication is an important component in the treatment of EDs.
  • 449
  • 01 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Relationship between Gut Microbiota and CKD and ESKD
A microbiota describes all microorganisms that colonize the epidermis, respiratory tract, genital system, and especially the gastrointestinal tract. In a healthy state, gut microbiota (GM) plays several critical roles in our bodies, such as helping to metabolize nutrients, preserving the structural soundness of the gut’s mucosal barrier, moderating immune responses, and providing defense against harmful pathogens. The gut microbiota (GM) plays a vital role in human health, with increasing evidence linking its imbalance to chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). 
  • 434
  • 12 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Clinical Application of MiR-193a in Glomerular Disease
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding small RNAs that regulate the protein expression of coding messenger RNAs. They are used as biomarkers to aid in diagnosing, prognosticating, and surveillance of diseases, especially solid cancers. MiR-193a was shown to be directly pathogenic in an experimental mouse model of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Its specific binding and downregulation of Wilm’s tumor-1 (WT-1), a transcription factor regulating podocyte phenotype, is documented. Also, miR-193a is a regulator switch causing the transdifferentiation of glomerular parietal epithelial cells to a podocyte phenotype in in vitro study. Interaction between miR-193a and apolipoprotein 1 (APOL1) mRNA in glomeruli (filtration units of kidneys) is potentially involved in the pathogenesis of common glomerular diseases.
  • 431
  • 26 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Astroglial Cells in Traumatic Brain Injury Management
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) represents a significant health concern, necessitating advanced therapeutic interventions. Following injury, astrocytes exhibit reactive transformations, differentiating into pro-inflammatory (A1) and neuroprotective (A2) phenotypes. 
  • 428
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Predicting the Outcome of Heart Failure against Ischemia
The article titled "Predicting the outcome of heart failure against chronic-ischemic heart disease in elderly population – Machine learning approach based on logistic regression, case to Villa Scassi hospital Genoa, Italy" discusses a study that uses machine learning, specifically logistic regression, to predict the outcomes of heart failure in elderly patients suffering from chronic ischemic heart disease. The research focuses on data collected from Villa Scassi Hospital in Genoa, Italy. The goal of the study is to improve prediction models for patient prognosis, thereby helping healthcare providers make more informed decisions about treatment and management for this vulnerable population. The use of logistic regression in this context aims to provide a reliable tool for assessing patient risk and outcomes, ultimately leading to better-targeted interventions for elderly patients with these heart conditions.
  • 418
  • 13 Feb 2025
Topic Review
Liquid Biopsy in Type 2 Diabetes
As the burden of type 2 diabetes (T2D) continues to escalate globally, there is a growing need for novel, less-invasive biomarkers capable of early diabetes detection and monitoring of disease progression. Liquid biopsy, recognized for its minimally invasive nature, is increasingly being applied beyond oncology, and nevertheless shows its potential when the collection of the tissue biopsy is not possible. This diagnostic approach involves utilizing liquid biopsy markers such as cell-free nucleic acids, extracellular vesicles, and diverse metabolites for the molecular diagnosis of T2D and its related complications.
  • 413
  • 06 Mar 2024
Topic Review
New Settings of CAR-T Cell Therapy for Lymphoma
Anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has led to a treatment paradigm shift for B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas, first with the approval for relapsed/refractory (R/R) large B-cell lymphomas and subsequently for R/R mantle cell and follicular lymphoma. Many efforts are continuously being made to extend the therapeutic setting in the lymphoma field. Several reports are supporting the safety and efficacy of CAR-T cells in patients with central nervous system disease involvement. Anti-CD30 CAR-T cells for the treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma are in development and early studies looking for the optimal target for T-cell malignancies are ongoing. Anti-CD19/CD20 and CD19/CD22 dual targeting CAR-T cells are under investigation in order to increase anti-lymphoma activity and overcome tumor immune escape. Allogeneic CAR product engineering is on the way, representing a rapidly accessible ‘off-the-shelf’ and potentially more fit product. 
  • 411
  • 08 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Perinatal Tissue-Derived Stem Cells in Neurodegenerative Diseases Treatment
Stem cells exert neuroprotective and neurodegenerative benefits through different mechanisms, such as the secretion of neurotrophic factors, cell replacement, the activation of endogenous stem cells, and decreased neuroinflammation. Several sources of stem cells have been proposed for transplantation and the restoration of damaged tissue. Over recent decades, intensive research has focused on gestational stem cells considered a novel resource for cell transplantation therapy. 
  • 377
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Targeted Glioma Therapy
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common type of glioma, with a median survival of 14.6 months post-diagnosis. Understanding the molecular profile of such tumors allowed the development of specific targeted therapies toward GBM, with a major role attributed to tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Targeted therapeutics are drugs that work by specific binding to GBM-specific or overexpressed markers on the tumor cellular surface and therefore contain a recognition moiety linked to a cytotoxic agent, which produces an antiproliferative effect. 
  • 359
  • 17 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Cyclic Phosphatidic Acid for Treating Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA), a chronic degenerative joint disease, is the most common form of arthritis. OA occurs when the protective cartilage that cushions the ends of bones gradually breaks down. This leads to the rubbing of bones against each other, resulting in pain and stiffness. Cyclic phosphatidic acid (cPA) shows promise as a treatment for OA.
  • 341
  • 17 Oct 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
A Guide to a Mixed-Methods Approach to Healthcare Research
A mixed-methods approach combines qualitative and quantitative research methodologies to provide a comprehensive understanding of complex social phenomena in healthcare. This approach leverages the strengths of both methodologies to address research questions that cannot be fully answered by a single method. While quantitative data offer measurable patterns and generalizability, qualitative research provides critical insights into the human experiences, cultural contexts, and systemic factors that underlie these patterns, and such elements are often missed by purely statistical analyses. Notably, qualitative components can uncover why interventions succeed or fail in real-world settings, adding explanatory power to quantitative results. By integrating numerical data analysis with in-depth contextual insights, mixed-methods research enables researchers to explore, explain, and generalize findings in healthcare settings more holistically than either method could achieve alone.
  • 245
  • 20 May 2025
Topic Review
Low Arsenic Exposure Induced Thyroid Damage
 Low arsenic exposure induced endocrine disruption and thyroid damage through activation of the PI3K/Nrf2 pathway
  • 234
  • 31 Oct 2024
Topic Review
Fatigue in Adults: Evaluating of the EpiVitality Panel
Chronic fatigue affects a significant portion of the adult population and presents a diagnostic challenge due to its heterogeneous nature. DNA methylation has emerged as a promising biomarker for systemic physiological states. This study investigates saliva-derived DNA methylation across three CpG sites—cg15957394 (AFAP1), cg13348458 (intergenic on chr6), and cg25294185 (RNASEH2C)—as part of the EpiVitality test developed by Muhdo Health Ltd. Data were obtained from a cohort of 1,260 adults and stratified into two groups: a focus group (N = 571) with daily fatigue scores ≥8, and a complement group (N = 689) with fatigue scores ≤3. Saliva DNA was processed by Eurofins Denmark using Illumina-based analysis. Methylation differences between groups were statistically significant (p = 2.63 × 10⁻¹³, q = 2.63 × 10⁻¹³), with a mean beta difference of -0.028, suggesting an epigenetic link between hypomethylation and fatigue severity.
  • 207
  • 30 Jul 2025
Topic Review
Disease-Correlated Antibodies against Food-Derived Antigens
A brief review on the Diseases related to increased Antibodies against Food-Derived antigens. (Derived from the article "Increased Concentration of Anti-Egg Albumin Antibodies in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum of Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease—Discussion on Human Serpins’ Similarity and Probable Involvement in the Disease Mechanism" ).
  • 169
  • 08 Sep 2025
Topic Review
Hybrid Method for Automated MRI Prostate Segmentation
The paper aims to advance automated prostate segmentation on T2‑weighted MRI by introducing a hybrid topological atlas‑based method. It leverages a collection of pre‑labeled MRI atlas images to capture anatomical variability and produce accurate prostate segmentations. Experimental Design Data: The approach was evaluated on 30 T2‑weighted MRI scans. Evaluation metric: Automated contours were compared with manual expert segmentations using the Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC). Outcome: The method achieved high DSC values, indicating that it closely approximates expert-defined prostate boundaries. 📊 Key Results Demonstrated good overlap between automated and manual segmentations, proving that the hybrid approach is effective. Offers a quantitative performance benchmark: consistently solid DSC scores across the 30-case dataset.
  • 133
  • 01 Jul 2025
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