You're using an outdated browser. Please upgrade to a modern browser for the best experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Calcium Silicate-Based Materials - Antimicrobial
Endodontic materials have significantly improved dental treatment techniques in several aspects as they can be used for vital pulp treatments, as temporary root canal medication, in definitive fillings, in apical surgeries, and for regenerative procedures. Calcium silicate-based cement is a class of dental material that is used in Endodontics in direct contact with the dental structures, connective tissue, and bone. Because the material interacts with biological tissues and stimulates biomineralization processes, its properties are of major importance. The main challenge in endodontic treatments is the elimination of biofilms that are present in the root canal system anatomical complexities, as it remains even after chemical-mechanical preparation and disinfection procedures. Thus, an additional challenge for these biomaterials is to exert antimicrobial activity while maintaining their biological properties in parallel.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Si-Based GeSn
A literature survey revealed that GeSn materials have numerous potential applications, including Si-based, integrated high-efficiency light sources; high-mobility electronic devices; low-cost Si-based high-performance shortwave infrared (SWIR) imaging sensors; Si-based photovoltaics; optical signal encoding in the mid-infrared range; high-performance logic applications; Si-based integrated thermoelectrics as wearable devices; Si-based spintronics; Si-based integrated reconfigurable dipoles; and Si-based quantum computing. GeSn-related fundamental research and development applications have also been extensively investigated. 
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Mar 2022
Topic Review
NiO-TiO2 p-n Heterojunction
NiO is a typical p-type semiconductor and it has widely been combined with TiO2 to form the p-n heterojunction due to its suitable energy band structure, high charge carrier concentration, high chemical stability and low cost. Decreasing the size of NiO to nanoclusters helps to improve the electron transfer channels on the surface of TiO2, thus enhance photocatalytic hydrogen production efficiency.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
ODS FeCrAl Alloys
After the Fukushima nuclear accident, the development of new accident-tolerant fuel cladding materials has become a research hotspot around the world. Due to its outstanding corrosion resistance, radiation resistance, and creep properties at elevated temperatures, the oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) FeCrAl alloy, as one of the most promising candidate materials for accident-tolerant fuel cladding, has been extensively studied during the past decade. In particular, the reasonable/optimized content of Cr is explained from the aspects of oxidation resistance, radiation resistance, and thermal stability. The essential role of the Al element in oxidation resistance, high-temperature stability, and workability was reviewed in detail. The roles of oxide-forming elements, i.e., Y (Y2O3), Ti, and Zr, and the solid solution strengthening element, i.e., W.
  • 1.0K
  • 01 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Corrosion and Scaling in Geothermal Heat Exchangers
Geothermal power is an attractive and environmentally friendly energy source known for its reliability and efficiency. Unlike some renewables like solar and wind, geothermal energy is available consistently, making it valuable for mitigating climate change. Heat exchangers play a crucial role in geothermal power plants, particularly in binary cycle plants, where they represent a significant portion of capital costs. Protecting these components from deterioration is essential for improving plant profitability. Corrosion is a common issue due to direct contact with geothermal fluid, which can lead to heat exchanger failure.
  • 1.0K
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing for Aluminum-Lithium Alloys
Out of all the metal additive manufacturing (AM) techniques, the directed energy deposition (DED) technique, and particularly the wire-based one, are of great interest due to their rapid production. In addition, they are recognized as being the fastest technique capable of producing fully functional structural parts, near-net-shape products with complex geometry and almost unlimited size. There are several wire-based systems, such as plasma arc welding and laser melting deposition, depending on the heat source. The main drawback is the lack of commercially available wire; for instance, the absence of high-strength aluminum alloy wires. Therefore, this entry covers conventional and innovative processes of wire production and includes a summary of the Al-Cu-Li alloys with the most industrial interest in order to foment and promote the selection of the most suitable wire compositions. The role of each alloying element is key for specific wire design in WAAM; this entry describes the role of each element (typically strengthening by age hardening, solid solution and grain size reduction) with special attention to lithium. At the same time, the defects in the WAAM part limit its applicability. For this reason, all the defects related to the WAAM process, together with those related to the chemical composition of the alloy, are mentioned. Finally, future developments are summarized, encompassing the most suitable techniques for Al-Cu-Li alloys, such as PMC (pulse multicontrol) and CMT (cold metal transfer).
  • 965
  • 13 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Sustainable Machining of Steels
To improve occupational health and safety and the reduction of product costs, companies are moving towards sustainable manufacturing. Emphasizes the sustainable machining aspects of steel by employing techniques that require the minimal use of cutting oils, i.e., minimum quantity lubrication, and other efficient techniques like cryogenic cooling, dry cutting, solid lubricants, air/vapor/gas cooling, and cryogenic treatment. Cryogenic treatment on tools and the use of vegetable oils or biodegradable oils instead of mineral oils are used as primary techniques to enhance the overall part quality, which leads to longer tool life with no negative impacts on the environment. 
  • 951
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Effect of Sanitizing Treatments on Respirator Filtration Performance
Disposable respirator masks with an accepted performance rating are seriously compromised from an exposure to saturated alcoholic vapours, can tolerate a one-off spray treatment with an alcoholic solution and retain their attested protection under the influence of alcoholic vapours from the use of hand sanitizer or spray sanitizer.
  • 949
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Acoustic Metamaterials
Acoustic metamaterials are large-scale materials with small-scale structures. These structures allow for unusual interaction with propagating sound and endow the large-scale material with exceptional acoustic properties not found in normal materials. However, their multi-scale nature means that the manufacture of these materials is not trivial, often requiring micron-scale resolution over centimetre length scales.
  • 946
  • 03 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Nanostructured Mg-Based Hydrogen Storage Systems
As the most abundant element in the world, hydrogen is a promising energy carrier and has received continuously growing attention in the last couple of decades. At the very moment, hydrogen fuel is imagined as the part of a sustainable and eco-friendly energy system, the “hydrogen grand challenge”. Among the large number of storage solutions, solid-state hydrogen storage is considered to be the safest and most efficient route for on-board applications via fuel cell devices. Notwithstanding the various advantages, storing hydrogen in a lightweight and compact form still presents a barrier towards the wide-spread commercialization of hydrogen technology. In this review paper we summarize the latest findings on solid-state storage solutions of different non-equilibrium systems which have been synthesized by mechanical routes based on severe plastic deformation. Among these deformation techniques, high-pressure torsion is proved to be a proficient method due to the extremely high applied shear strain that develops in bulk nanocrystalline and amorphous materials.
  • 909
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Effect of Grain Size on B4C and β-SiC
Nanocrystalline materials are categorized as having average grain sizes below 100 nm with a larger volume fraction of grain boundaries (GBs), leading to significant changes in their mechanical, physical, and chemical properties. Lightweight polycrystalline ceramics possess promising physical, chemical, and mechanical properties, which can be used in a variety of important structural applications. However, these ceramics with coarse-grained structures are brittle and have low fracture toughness due to their rigid covalent bonding (more often consisting of high-angle grain boundaries) that can cause catastrophic failures. Owing to these failure mechanisms in polycrystalline ceramics, a reduction in grain size to a nano-regime, which is expected to enhance the combination of hardness (or strength), toughness, and ductility, provides a promising nanomechanical research direction compared to counterpart micro-sized polycrystalline ceramics. Apart from the effects of grain size itself, the mechanical properties of B4C and SiC also show high dependency on their properties such as composition variation, anisotropy, density, etc.
  • 894
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Materials for Agricultural Gas Sensors
A sensing material employed as a gas sensor will react with multiple gases, and for this reason, multiple sensing materials are employed in a network of gas sensors known as an electronic nose (eNose) system. By recording the response of this network of gas sensors, a signature which relates to the target analyte is detected, mitigating the issue of selectivity. 
  • 860
  • 21 May 2021
Topic Review
Preparation and Combustion Mechanism of Boron-Based High-Energy Fuels
Due to the characteristics of high energy density and a high calorific value, boron has become a high-energy fuel and shows great potential to be a high-performance candidate for propellants. However, the wide applications of boron are still limited by the characteristics of easy oxidization, ignition difficulty, a long combustion duration, and combustion products that readily adhere to the surface and inhibit full combustion. The boron-based energetic materials can be prepared by surface coating, mechanical milling, and ultrasonic mixing methods. The boron-based composites with different additives had different combustion characteristics. The combustion of boron-based energetic materials can be optimized by removing surface oxide layers, providing extra heat, inhibiting the formation of or the rapid removal of the combustion intermediates, and increasing the diffusion rate of oxygen.
  • 854
  • 15 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Effect of Phosphate on Steel Reinforcements in Mortar
Sodium nitrite (NaNO2), disodium stannate (Na2SnO3), disodium molybdate (Na2MoO4), sodium borates (NaBO2), trisodium borate (Na3BO3), cerium nitrate (Ce(NO3)2) and trisodium phosphate (Na3PO4) (TSP) have been used as corrosion inhibitors for steel. The use of phosphate chemical conversion (PCC) coatings causes the phosphates to react with Fe ions, forming insoluble compounds, thus impeding the corrosion process. Soluble phosphates react with portlandite to trigger the precipitation of an insoluble phosphate, thus reducing the phosphate content in the pore solution and, consequently, acting as a corrosion prevention method. 
  • 852
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Nano-, Micro- and Macro-Scale Impact Tests
Impact resistance is critical in many applications of coating systems involving highly loaded mechanical contact. Nano-impact testing utilises the depth-sensing capability of a multifunctional nanomechanical test system (NanoTest system, Micro Materials Ltd., Wrexham, UK) to perform impact testing at strain rates that are several orders of magnitude higher than those in quasi-static indentation tests.
  • 851
  • 21 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Nanoarchitectonics for Hierarchical Fullerene Nanomaterials
Fullerenes can be regarded as simple and fundamental building blocks with mono-elemental and zero-dimensional natures, these demonstrations for hierarchical functional structures impress the high capability of the nanoarchitectonics approaches. In fact, various hierarchical structures such as cubes with nanorods, hole-in-cube assemblies, face-selectively etched assemblies, and microstructures with mesoporous frameworks are fabricated by easy fabrication protocols. The fabricated fullerene assemblies have been used for various applications including volatile organic compound sensing, microparticle catching, supercapacitors, and photoluminescence systems.
  • 824
  • 10 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Fire Safety Performance of Polymer Composites
The growth of the use of polymer composite materials has been a phenomenon since 1960, with diverse applications in spacecraft, aircraft, boats, ship, automobiles, civil infrastructure, sporting goods, and consumer products. In addition, the use of composites will continue to grow in the coming years with emerging end-use such as large bridge structures, engine machinery, offshore platforms, computer hardware, and biomedicals devices. However, a critical challenge facing the growing use of polymer composites is their high combustibility.
  • 816
  • 02 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Wearable Functional Textiles
Wearable E-textile systems should be comfortable so that highest efficiency of their functionality can be achieved. The development of electronic textiles (functional textiles) as a wearable technology for various applications has intensified the use of flexible wearable functional textiles instead of wearable electronics. However, the wearable functional textiles still bring comfort complications during wear. The purpose of this review paper is to sightsee and recap recent developments in the field of functional textile comfort evaluation systems. For textile-based materials which have close contact to the skin, clothing comfort is a fundamental necessity.
  • 808
  • 03 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Gas-Sensing Mechanisms of MXenes and MXene-Based Heterostructures
MXenes are a class of 2D transition-metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides with exceptional properties, including substantial electrical and thermal conductivities, outstanding mechanical strength, and a considerable surface area, rendering them an appealing choice for gas sensors. 
  • 798
  • 08 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Corrosion Monitoring in Atmospheric Conditions
A variety of techniques are available for monitoring metal corrosion in electrolytes. However, only some of them can be applied in the atmosphere, in which case a thin discontinuous electrolyte film forms on a surface. Traditional and state-of-the-art real-time corrosion monitoring techniques include atmospheric corrosion monitor (ACM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), electrochemical noise (EN), electrical resistance (ER) probes, quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), radio-frequency identification sensors (RFID), fibre optic corrosion sensors (FOCS) and respirometry.
  • 790
  • 27 Jan 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 6
Featured Entry Collections
>>
Neurodegeneration
Neurodegeneration
Entries: 489
COVID-19
COVID-19
Entries: 738
Gastrointestinal Disease
Gastrointestinal Disease
Entries: 389
Biopharmaceuticals Technology
Biopharmaceuticals Technology
Entries: 649

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Academic Video Service
Feedback
<<2020-2029
201920202021202220232024202520262027202820292030
<<2020-2029
201920202021202220232024202520262027202820292030