Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Kyung Hyun Choi
 + 1578 word(s) 1578 2021-11-18 07:25:51 |
2 corrected the format
Dean Liu
Meta information modification 1578 2021-12-01 11:06:59 |

Video Upload Options

Do you have a full video?
Send video materials Upload full video

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Choi, K. MXene-Based Membranes. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/16612 (accessed on 27 July 2024).
Choi K. MXene-Based Membranes. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/16612. Accessed July 27, 2024.
Choi, Kyung. "MXene-Based Membranes" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/16612 (accessed July 27, 2024).
Choi, K. (2021, December 01). MXene-Based Membranes. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/16612
Choi, Kyung. "MXene-Based Membranes." Encyclopedia. Web. 01 December, 2021.
MXene-Based Membranes
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/membranes11110869

MXene (Figure 1a) is a younger member of the 2D family and has been widely fabricated into both laminar as well as pristine nanosheet membranes using different methods.

two-dimensional MXenes membrane antibacterial

1. Fabrication of MXene-Based Membranes

The ideal filtration membranes should be defect free, ultrathin, a dense film and mechanically robust with a high selectivity for small molecules along with good antifouling and antibacterial properties. Generally, methods such as spin coating, spray coating, vacuum filtration, Langmuir–Blodgett, drop casting, or direction evaporation and dip coating are used for the fabrication of 2D MXene lamellar membranes. Gogotsi et al. [1] used a vacuum filtration method for first time to prepare freestanding and PVDF-supported 2D Ti3C2Tx-based membranes. Such membranes demonstrated good hydrophilic properties because of the presence of the useful group in conjunction with excellent elasticity as well as a good mechanical strength, which is an ideal potential in separation membranes. Among these methods, the VF method is widely used for the fabrication of 2D MXene-based membranes due to its simplicity and ease of operation (Figure 1b). Ding et al. [2] also reported 2D MXene (Ti3C2Tx) with enhanced properties using a vacuum filtration method on a porous support whereas Kang et al. [3] fabricated MXene (Ti3C2Tx) and GO-based composite membranes by the same method. Sun and coworkers also fabricated GO/MXene lamellar membranes by the filtration method [4]. Wang and co-researchers worked out an improvement of the microstructure and physiochemical properties of an MXene membrane by mixing it with a polymer matrix. Recently, Wang et al. [5] reported Ti3C2Tx lamellar membranes produced by employing a multivalent ion as a hydrogel pillar in the interlayer spacing. Researchers for obtaining the uniform composition mixed a solution of sodium alginate (SA) and MXene Ti3C2Tx; this composite, SA-Ti3C2Tx, was then used for the lamellar SA-Ti3C2Tx membranes. Fascinatingly, a molecule of SA attached onto the MXene sheets by hydrogen bonding and Van der Waals forces. Finally, pillared SA-Ti3C2Tx laminates were arranged by submerging an SA-Ti3C2Tx membrane into a solution of different types of multivalent cations such as Ca2+, Ba2+, Mn2+, and Al3+. The pillar membrane showed a homogeneous structure similar to a nacre-like composite and it considerably decreased the swelling effect. Liu et al. [6] fabricated Ti3C2Tx-CNT hybrid membranes using vacuum filtration (Figure 1c,d). Liu and coworkers also fabricated pristine Ti3C2Tx and CNT membranes for comparative studies using the VF method (Figure 1g,h). They improved the mechanical stability and permeance of MXene by incorporating CNTs into Ti3C2Tx nanosheets. Huang et al. [7] used a phase inversion process to fabricate a PES-Ni@MXene membrane by using an external field and incorporated magnetic Ni@MXene nanoparticles with the upper layer of the PES membrane during a wet phase inversion process. MXene-based lamellar membranes were also prepared by a layer-by-layer (LbL) method [8]. Tian et al. assembled a tris(2-aminoethyl) amine (TAEA) molecule and Ti3C2Tx MXene using an LbL assembly and obtained highly ordered multilayer of MXene/TAEA with an interlayer distance ~1 Å. This strategy was a good addition to fabricate MXene-based multilayered membranes for large-scale applications.
Membranes 11 00869 g001 550
Figure 1. (a) MXene precursors and their common synthesis methods. Reprinted with permission from [9]. Copyright 2020 Springer Nature Group. (b) Fabrication of MXene/polymer-based composite membrane by the VF method. Reprinted with permission from [1]. Copyright 2015 American Chemical Society. (c,d) Fabrication of pristine Ti3C2Tx and Ti3C2Tx-CNT composite membranes. (e) The digital photograph of the solutions. (f) AFM study of Ti3C2Tx nanosheets. (g,h) Digital photos: surface; cross-sectional SEM images of pristine Ti3C2Tx, Ti3C2Tx-CNT, and CNT membranes, respectively. Reprinted with permission from [6]. Copyright 2020 American Chemical Society.
From the above studies, it was concluded that the vacuum filtration method was mostly used to fabricate MXene membranes. However, there are several disadvantages associated with the vacuum filtration method. It needs a large volume of solvent, takes long time, and is definitely difficult to scale up. Therefore, alternative methods such as the shear alignment method, printing method, and spin coating method should be utilized to fabricate state-of-the-art MXene-based laminar membranes with advanced physicochemical properties to fully utilize the power of this wonder material.

2. Antibacterial Activity of MXene-Based Membranes

Pathogenic contamination is considered to be the most harmful issue worldwide and is responsible for various kinds of waterborne diseases [10]. It is directly responsible for the biofouling of any water filtration membrane; therefore, it is important that a membrane should be tested against antibacterial properties. Up to date, several bactericidal nanomaterials including graphene, TMDCs, and MXenes have been explored to meet these challenges. The antibacterial activity of graphite, graphite oxide, GO, rGO, MoS2, and WS2 against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria have already been tested. Recently, MXenes with unique hydrophilic properties, a good adsorption, an ideal surface functionality, and excellent biocompatibility and photothermal properties have been widely tested for wastewater treatment and desalination, water purification, ion separation and other applications, as shown in Table 1. MXenes are expected to be resistant to biofouling and offer bactericidal properties [11]. However, very few studies [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] have been carried out in this direction. An initial work by Rasool et al. [17] reported that Ti3C2Tx membranes could be an ideal platform for antibacterial studies (Figure 5a–d). Rasool et al. [17] further used Ti3C2Tx-based membranes to measure the antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) by using bacterial growth curves based on optical densities (OD) and colony growth on agar nutritive plates (Figure 5b,c). The membranes showed a high antibacterial efficiency against both Gram-negative E. coli and Gram-positive B. subtilis compared with the GO membranes. Concentration-dependent antibacterial activity was observed and more than 98% of bacterial cell viability loss was found at 200 μg/mL in Ti3C2Tx for both bacterial cells within 4 h of exposure, as confirmed by a colony-forming unit (CFU) and regrowth curve (Figure 5d,e). In another study, Ti3C2Tx/PVDF composite membranes were tested to measure the antibacterial rate of E. coli and B. subtilis [11]. The composite membranes showed a ~73% and ~63% antibacterial rate for B. subtilis and E. coli, respectively, compared with the control PVDF membranes [11]. Additionally, the Ti3C2Tx membrane showed over a 99% growth inhibition of both bacteria under the same conditions. Mayerberger et al. [12] demonstrated Ti3C2Tz/chitosan composite nanofiber membranes for a passive antibacterial wound dressing application. The as-prepared composite membrane showed a 95% and 62% reduction in the colony-forming units of Gram-negative E. coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), respectively. Jastrzebsa and coworkers also reported the antimicrobial properties of a Ti3C2 MXene-based nanocomposite, i.e., Ti3C2/SiO2/Ag, Ti3C2/Al2O3/Ag, and Ti3C2/SiO2/Pd [13]. They also demonstrated the outstanding bioactive properties of Ti2C and Ti3C2 MXenes against a Gram-negative bacterial strain [19]. Recently, Zhu et al. [15] evaluated the effect of near-infrared (NIR) light on the antibacterial activities of silver (Ag), Ti3C2Tx, and an Ag/Ti3C2Tx composite. The as-prepared Ag/Ti3C2Tx composite showed a high efficacy against Gram-positive S. aureus and Gram-negative E. coli bacteria in an in vitro antibacterial test. Upon NIR irradiation, the antimicrobial effect of Ag/Ti3C2Tx significantly strengthened compared with the pristine Ag and Ti3C2Tx. The growth of E. coli was completely inhibited during the initial 0–6 h by 200 µg/mL of Ti3C2Tx due to the photothermal heat produced killing the bacteria in the surrounding area. The Ag/Ti3C2Tx composite exhibited the best antibacterial activities with the same dose of pristine Ag and Ti3C2Tx. After NIR irradiation, the Ti3C2Tx composite could completely restrain the E. coli growth when used at 100–200 µg/mL.
Membranes 11 00869 g005 550
Figure 5. Ti3C2Tx nanosheet membranes. (a) Antibacterial activities of Ti3C2Tx membranes in an aqueous solution against E. coli and (b) B. subtilis with different concentrations, i.e., 0 µg/mL (A), 10 µg/mL (B), 20 µg/mL (C), 50 µg/mL (D), 100 µg/mL (E), and 200 µg/mL (F), respectively. (c,d) Cell viability measurement and comparison studies of Ti3C2Tx and GO membranes against E. coli and B. subtilis bacterial strains. Bacterial suspensions (107 CFU/mL) were incubated with different concentrations (0–200 µg/mL) of Ti3C2Tx and GO membranes at 35 °C for 4 h at a speed of 150 rmp. Reprinted with permission from [17]. Copyright 2016 American Chemical Society.
Table 1. MXene-based membranes for the separation of ions, molecules, and pathogens from water.
Table 1. MXene-based membranes for the separation of ions, molecules, and pathogens from water.
Type of Membrane Fabrication Method Feed Solution/Concentration Rejection (%) Permeability
(Lm−2 h−1 bar−1)		 Ref.
Ti3C2Tx Vacuum filtration RB 85 1084 [2]
EB 90
CC
(Each 10–20 mg/L)		 97
Ti3C2Tx Vacuum filtration NaCl
(10,000 mg/L)		 56–64 10 [20]
BSA
(2000 mg/L)
Ti3C2Tx Vacuum filtration CR 92 405 [21]
GN 80
MgCl2 2.3
Na2SO4 13.2
NaCl
(Each 100–1000 mg/L)		 13.8%
Ti3C2Tx Vacuum filtration E. coli >99 37.4 [11]
B. subtilis >99
Ti3C2Tx Vacuum filtration Na2SO4 50–99 5–15.25 [22]
Mg2SO4
MgCl2
NaCl
VOSO4
Ti3C2Tx-Ag Vacuum-assisted filtration RB 79.9 ~420 [23]
MG 92.3
BSA
(50–100 mg/L)		 >99%
Ti3C2Tx-GO Vacuum filtration BB 95.4 ~25 L [3]
Rose Bengal 94.6
MLB 40
MLR 5
MgSO4 <1
NaCl
(Each 10 mg/L)
Ti3C2Tx-GO Vacuum filtration RB >97 (dyes) 89.6 [24]
MB
CV
NR
(Each 10 mg/L)
Na2SO4 61
NaCl
(Each 5 mM)		 23
Ti3C2Tx-GO Vacuum filtration Chrysoidine G >99% (dyes) 71.9 [25]
MLB
NR
CV
BB
HA
BSA
Na2SO4 61
NaCl
(Each 10 mg/L)		 23
Ti3C2Tx-GO Vacuum filtration MO >95 ~8.5–11 [22]
MLB
Acid yellow 14
IC
Eosin
(Each 10 mg/L)
Ti3C2Tx-TiO2 Spin coating Dextran
(3000 mg/L)		 >95 ~90 [26]
CC: cytochrome C; MLB: methylene blue; RB: rhodamine B; EB: Evan blue; MO: methyl orange; IC: indigo carmine; HA: humic acid; BB: brilliant blue; NR: neutral red; CV: crystal violet; CR: Congo red; GN: gentian violet; MG: methyl green; MLR: methylene red.

References

  1. Ren, C.E.; Hatzell, K.B.; Alhabeb, M.; Ling, Z.; Mahmoud, K.A.; Gogotsi, Y. Charge- and Size-Selective Ion Sieving Through Ti3C2Tx MXene Membranes. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2015, 6, 4026–4031.
  2. Ding, L.; Wei, Y.; Wang, Y.; Chen, H.; Caro, J.; Wang, H. A Two-Dimensional Lamellar Membrane: MXene Nanosheet Stacks. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2017, 56, 1825–1829.
  3. Kang, K.M.; Kim, D.W.; Ren, C.E.; Cho, K.M.; Kim, S.J.; Choi, J.H.; Nam, Y.T.; Gogotsi, Y.; Jung, H.-T. Selective Molecular Separation on Ti3C2Tx–Graphene Oxide Membranes during Pressure-Driven Filtration: Comparison with Graphene Oxide and MXenes. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 44687–44694.
  4. Liu, T.; Liu, X.; Graham, N.; Yu, W.; Sun, K. Two-dimensional MXene incorporated graphene oxide composite membrane with enhanced water purification performance. J. Membr. Sci. 2020, 593, 117431.
  5. Wang, J.; Zhang, Z.; Zhu, J.; Tian, M.; Zheng, S.; Wang, F.; Wang, X.; Wang, L. Ion sieving by a two-dimensional Ti3C2Tx alginate lamellar membrane with stable interlayer spacing. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 3540.
  6. Wang, C.; Cheng, R.; Hou, P.-X.; Ma, Y.; Majeed, A.; Wang, X.; Liu, C. MXene-Carbon Nanotube Hybrid Membrane for Robust Recovery of Au from Trace-Level Solution. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 43032–43041.
  7. Huang, Z.; Liu, J.; Liu, Y.; Xu, Y.; Li, R.; Hong, H.; Shen, L.; Lin, H.; Liao, B.-Q. Enhanced permeability and antifouling performance of polyether sulfone (PES) membrane via elevating magnetic nanoparticles to upper layer in phase inversion process. J. Membr. Sci. 2021, 623, 119080.
  8. Tian, W.; VahidMohammadi, A.; Wang, Z.; Ouyang, L.; Beidaghi, M.; Hamedi, M.M. Layer-by-layer self-assembly of pillared two-dimensional multilayers. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 2558.
  9. Hong, W.; Wyatt, B.C.; Nemani, S.K.; Anasori, B. Double transition-metal MXenes: Atomistic design of two-dimensional carbides and nitrides. MRS Bull. 2020, 45, 850–861.
  10. Rasool, K.; Mahmoud, K.A.; Johnson, D.J.; Helal, M.; Berdiyorov, G.R.; Gogotsi, Y. Efficient Antibacterial Membrane based on Two-Dimensional Ti3C2Tx (MXene) Nanosheets. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 1598.
  11. Mayerberger, E.A.; Street, R.M.; McDaniel, R.M.; Barsoum, M.W.; Schauer, C.L. Antibacterial properties of electrospun Ti3C2Tz (MXene)/chitosan nanofibers. RSC Adv. 2018, 8, 35386–35394.
  12. Rozmysłowska-Wojciechowska, A.; Karwowska, E.; Poźniak, S.; Wojciechowski, T.; Chlubny, L.; Olszyna, A.; Ziemkowska, W.; Jastrzębska, A.M. Influence of modification of Ti3C2 MXene with ceramic oxide and noble metal nanoparticles on its antimicrobial properties and ecotoxicity towards selected algae and higher plants. RSC Adv. 2019, 9, 4092–4105.
  13. Huang, K.; Li, Z.; Lin, J.; Han, G.; Huang, P. Two-dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) for biomedical applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2018, 47, 5109–5124.
  14. Zhu, X.; Zhu, Y.; Jia, K.; Abraha, B.S.; Li, Y.; Peng, W.; Zhang, F.; Fan, X.; Zhang, L. A near-infrared light-mediated antimicrobial based on Ag/Ti3C2Tx for effective synergetic antibacterial applications. Nanoscale 2020, 12, 19129–19141.
  15. Li, J.; Li, Z.; Liu, X.; Li, C.; Zheng, Y.; Yeung, K.W.K.; Cui, Z.; Liang, Y.; Zhu, S.; Hu, W.; et al. Interfacial engineering of Bi2S3/Ti3C2Tx MXene based on work function for rapid photo-excited bacteria-killing. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 1224.
  16. Rasool, K.; Helal, M.; Ali, A.; Ren, C.E.; Gogotsi, Y.; Mahmoud, K.A. Antibacterial Activity of Ti3C2Tx MXene. ACS Nano 2016, 10, 3674–3684.
  17. Zheng, K.; Li, S.; Jing, L.; Chen, P.Y.; Xie, J. Synergistic Antimicrobial Titanium Carbide (MXene) Conjugated with Gold Nanoclusters. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2020, 9, e2001007.
  18. Jastrzębska, A.M.; Karwowska, E.; Wojciechowski, T.; Ziemkowska, W.; Rozmysłowska, A.; Chlubny, L.; Olszyna, A. The Atomic Structure of Ti2C and Ti3C2 MXenes is Responsible for Their Antibacterial Activity Toward E. coli Bacteria. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 2019, 28, 1272–1277.
  19. Zhang, T.; Zhang, L.-Z. Development of a MXene-based membrane with excellent anti-fouling for air humidification dehumidification type desalination. J. Membr. Sci. 2022, 641, 119907.
  20. Sun, Y.; Li, S.; Zhuang, Y.; Liu, G.; Xing, W.; Jing, W. Adjustable interlayer spacing of ultrathin MXene-derived membranes for ion rejection. J. Membr. Sci. 2019, 591, 117350.
  21. Cheng, Y.; Pu, Y.; Zhao, D. Two-Dimensional Membranes: New Paradigms for High-Performance Separation Membranes. Chem. Asian J. 2020, 15, 2241–2270.
  22. Han, R.; Wu, P. High-performance graphene oxide nanofiltration membrane with continuous nanochannels prepared by the in situ oxidation of MXene. J. Mater. Chem. A 2019, 7, 6475–6481.
  23. Lu, Z.; Wei, Y.; Deng, J.; Ding, L.; Li, Z.-K.; Wang, H. Self-Crosslinked MXene (Ti3C2Tx) Membranes with Good Antiswelling Property for Monovalent Metal Ion Exclusion. ACS Nano 2019, 13, 10535–10544.
  24. Xu, Z.; Sun, Y.; Zhuang, Y.; Jing, W.; Ye, H.; Cui, Z. Assembly of 2D MXene nanosheets and TiO2 nanoparticles for fabricating mesoporous TiO2-MXene membranes. J. Membr. Sci. 2018, 564, 35–43.
  25. Hong, S. Two-Dimensional Ti(3)C(2)T(x) MXene Membranes as Nanofluidic Osmotic Power Generators. ACS Nano 2019, 13, 8917–8925.
  26. Wei, S.; Xie, Y.; Xing, Y.; Wang, L.; Ye, H.; Xiong, X.; Wang, S.; Han, K. Two-dimensional graphene Oxide/MXene composite lamellar membranes for efficient solvent permeation and molecular separation. J. Membr. Sci. 2019, 582, 414–422.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Materials Science, Characterization & Testing
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Kyung Choi
View Times: 477
Entry Collection: Chemical Bond
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 01 Dec 2021
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    Video Production Service
    Feedback