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Topic Review
Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of Immature Teratoma
An immature teratoma is a germinal malignant tumor that is composed of three germ cell layers (the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm), and it is histologically characterized by immature tissue, most frequently, neuroepithelial tissue. The most frequently affected individuals are adolescents and young adults in their reproductive age.
  • 1.4K
  • 26 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Sperm Selection for Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is the method that has definitely revolutionized the field of ART since normal fertilization and ongoing pregnancies can be achieved even with low quality sperm samples and affected spermatozoa. By injecting a single sperm cell in the oocyte, the technique bypasses several biological barriers that naturally select the gametes to achieve optimal embryonic and fetal development.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Ovarian Cancer Peritoneal Metastasis: Exosomes and Mesothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
Most patients with ovarian cancer (OvCA) present peritoneal disseminated disease at the time of diagnosis. During peritoneal metastasis, cancer cells detach from the primary tumor and disseminate through the intraperitoneal fluid. The peritoneal mesothelial cell (PMC) monolayer that lines the abdominal cavity is the first barrier encountered by OvCA cells. Subsequent progression of tumors through the peritoneum leads to the accumulation into the peritoneal stroma of a sizeable population of carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which is mainly originated from a mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (MMT) process. A common characteristic of OvCA patients is the intraperitoneal accumulation of ascitic fluid, which is composed of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, miRNAs, and proteins contained in exosomes, as well as tumor and mesothelial suspended cells, among other components that vary in proportion between patients. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that have been shown to mediate peritoneal metastasis by educating a pre-metastatic niche, promoting the accumulation of CAFs via MMT, and inducing tumor growth and chemoresistance. This review summarizes and discusses the pivotal role of exosomes and MMT as mediators of OvCA peritoneal colonization and as emerging diagnostic and therapeutic targets.
  • 1.4K
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
GnRH
GnRH receptors are expressed in other reproductive organs, such as the ovary and in tumors originating from the ovary. In ovarian cancer, GnRH is involved in the regulation of proliferation and metastasis. The effects on ovarian tumors can be indirect or direct. GnRH acts indirectly via the HPG axis and directly via GnRH receptors on the surface of ovarian cancer cells.
  • 1.4K
  • 07 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress and Minimal and Mild Endometriosis-Related Infertility
Oxidative stress (OS) plays an important role in a variety of physiological and pathological processes of the female reproductive system.The relationship between OS and endometriosis has been of particular interest, and a theory has been suggested that OS may be a cause of endometriosis development. 
  • 1.4K
  • 06 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis for Pregnant
Pregnancy is a time of significant changes occurring in the composition of a woman’s body in order to provide support for the growth and development of the fetus. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is used to assess the body composition and hydration status. This technique represents a non-invasive, reliable, and fast clinical approach, which is well tolerated by patients. A segmental impedance measurement might be advantageous in pregnant women, particularly in late pregnancy.
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Metformin and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Metformin (MF), a first-line drug to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), alone and in combination with other drugs, restores the ovarian function in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and improves fetal development, pregnancy outcomes and offspring health in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and T2DM.
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Perimenopausal Women
Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is a frequent symptom in perimenopausal women. It is defined as uterine bleeding in which the duration, frequency, or amount of bleeding is considered excessive and negatively affects the woman’s quality of life (QoL) and psychological well-being.
  • 1.3K
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
Paclitaxel’s Mechanistic and Clinical Effects on Breast Cancer
Paclitaxel (PTX), the most widely used anticancer drug, is applied for the treatment of various types of malignant diseases. Mechanisms of PTX action represent several ways in which PTX affects cellular processes resulting in programmed cell death. PTX is frequently used as the first-line treatment drug in breast cancer (BC). 
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Preeclampsia Pathophysiology
Preeclampsia has been termed a “disease of theories” by some as numerous studies have aimed to propose different concepts to explore its complex etiology and pathophysiology. 
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Intrauterine Growth Restriction
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a pathological condition by which the fetus deviates from its expected growth trajectory, resulting in low birth weight and impaired organ function. The developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) postulates that IUGR has lifelong consequences on offspring well-being, as human studies have established an inverse relationship between birth weight and long-term metabolic health. While these trends are apparent in epidemiological data, animal studies have been essential in defining the molecular mechanisms that contribute to this relationship. One such mechanism is cellular stress, a prominent underlying cause of the metabolic syndrome. 
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Internal Iliac Artery Anatomy
The internal iliac artery (IIA), previously referred to the hypogastric artery, is the primary arterial vessel of the pelvis. It supplies the pelvic viscera, pelvic walls, perineum, and the gluteal region. The blood supply to the uterus comes from some of the IIA divisions and their anastomoses
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Restrictions and Advantages of Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT)
There are two major principle modalities to perform prenatal genetic diagnostics: by invasive or non-invasive means. Invasive prenatal genetic diagnostics depends on fetal or placental tissues, which can only be acquired by approaching the unborn with a needle to gain this material for further in vitro studies. Conversely, non-invasive tests do not disturb the fetal or placental tissues at all. The newest non-invasive prenatal diagnostic test approach is the so-called non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT). Here an overview on real advantages and still critical issues of this approach are put together.
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Fertility after Cancer
Approximately one million new cases of cancer are diagnosed in women of reproductive age every year. In the last few decades, advances in early diagnosis and treatment have improved the survival rate. However, the adverse effects of anticancer therapy on the ovaries and uterus have a significant impact on future fertility and may affect the quality of life of cancer survivors. Impaired fertility in cancer survivors is a growing issue that is complicated by an increasing number of women delaying childbearing.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Jun 2022
Topic Review
β-Thalassemia Heterozygotes
β-Thalassemia is the most prevalent single gene blood disorder, while the assessment of its susceptibility to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) warrants it a pressing biomedical priority.
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Reproductive Outcomes after the Treatment of Adenomyosis
Adenomyosis, also known as endometriosis genitalis interna, is a special form of endometriosis in which endometrial epithelial cells and stromal fibroblasts invade the uterine myometrium.
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Reproductive Health
Despite the fact that knowledge on obstetrical management of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBDs) has greatly improved over the years, many patients still actively avoid pregnancy for fear of adverse maternal or neonatal outcomes, of adverse effects of pregnancy on the disease activity, of eventual IBD inheritance, or of an increased risk of congenital malformations. Indeed, though data prove that fertility is hardly affected by the disease, a reduced birth rate is nevertheless observed in patients with IBD. Misconceptions on the safety of drugs during gestation and breastfeeding may influence patient choice and negatively affect their serenity during pregnancy or lactation.
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Prenatal Care
Care in the preconception stage and during pregnancy are essential for the health of the mother and the baby. Maternal feeding plays a fundamental role as a modulator of the prevention of maternal and fetal pathology.
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Pathogenesis of Adenomyosis and Endometriosis
Both endometriosis and adenomyosis are often referred to as “enigmatic diseases” since understanding their pathogenesis remains elusive. Both endometriosis and adenomyosis are relatively common among women of reproductive age and are leading causes of pelvic pain, infertility, and menstrual disorders. They impact negatively on patients’ quality of life, productivity, and well-being. Endometriosis, and perhaps adenomyosis as well, entails a heavy economic burden to society as a whole. 
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
The Application of Platelet Rich Plasma in Gynecology
Regenerative medicine combines elements of tissue engineering and molecular biology aiming to support the regeneration and repair processes of damaged tissues, cells and organs. The most commonly used preparation in regenerative medicine is platelet rich plasma (PRP) containing numerous growth factors present in platelet granularities. This therapy is increasingly used in various fields of medicine. 
  • 1.3K
  • 17 May 2022
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