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Topic Review
The Anaphase-Promoting Complex/Cyclosome
The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is a complicated cellular component that plays significant roles in regulating the cell cycle process of eukaryotic organisms. The spatiotemporal regulation mechanisms of APC/C in distinct cell cycle transitions are no longer mysterious, and the components of this protein complex are gradually identified and characterized.
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Autophagy and Inflammatory Pathways in Macrophages
Autophagy as a conserved bulk degradation and recycling process, performs specific roles in macrophage to regulate innate immune response. This review focuses on the role of autophagy, both as nonselective and selective forms, in the regulation of the inflammatory and phagocytotic functions of macrophages. Specifically, the roles of autophagy in pattern recognition, cytokine release, inflammasome activation, macrophage polarization, LC3-associated phagocytosis, and xenophagy are comprehensively reviewed.
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Role of SLC7A11 in Cancer Metabolism
Solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) is a cell transmembrane protein composing the light chain of system xc−, transporting extracellular cystine into cells for cysteine production and glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis. SLC7A11 is a critical gateway for redox homeostasis by maintaining the cellular levels of GSH that counter cellular oxidative stress and suppress ferroptosis. SLC7A11 is overexpressed in various human cancers and regulates tumor development, proliferation, metastasis, microenvironment, and treatment resistance.
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Exploiting DNA Replication Stress in Breast Cancer Treatment
Proliferating cells rely on DNA replication to ensure accurate genome duplication. Cancer cells, including breast cancer cells, exhibit elevated replication stress (RS) due to the uncontrolled oncogenic activation, loss of key tumor suppressors, and defects in the DNA repair machinery. This intrinsic vulnerability provides a great opportunity for therapeutic exploitation. An increasing number of drug candidates targeting RS in breast cancer are demonstrating promising efficacy in preclinical and early clinical trials.
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Hypoxia in the Cell Cycle
The cell cycle is an important cellular process whereby the cell attempts to replicate its genome in an error-free manner.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Jul 2021
Topic Review
YAP/TAZ May Bridge Microgravity and Liver Dysfunction
Microgravity exposure during spaceflight causes the disordered regulation of liver function, presenting a specialized mechano-biological coupling process. While YAP/TAZ serves as a typical mechanosensitive pathway involved in hepatocyte metabolism, it remains unclear whether and how it is correlated with microgravity-induced liver dysfunction. Whether or not the data in liver functions are derived from infight or ground-based studies, or what types of observations are presented at the organism or cellular level, it is still critical to map out the potential gravity-sensitive signaling pathways from the above functional or phenotypic cues. 
  • 1.3K
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Current Methodologies for Visualizing ATP in Living Cells
Measuring total ATP levels within cellular compartmental pools in real-time presents a newer and more innovative approach to qualitatively analyzing ATP. Although this method is not precisely quantitative, it can be helpful in determining changes in ATP concentrations in one region of a cell compared to another in a variety of disease states. The overall goal of these assays and imaging methodologies are to evaluate and visualize dynamic ATP trends, such as usage and depletion, between cells and their sub-compartments. However, semi-quantitative evaluation of the relative ATP signal is feasible. The currently developed technologies that utilize this approach to ATP quantification are mainly genetically encoded biosensors. In conjunction with a fluorescent or bioluminescent protein, most of these biosensors harness the folding capabilities of the ϵ subunit of the bacterial ATP synthase subunit. The bacterial ATP synthase protein comprises a β-barrel domain located at the N terminus and an α-helical domain with two α-helices located at the C terminus. Upon ATP binding, the two α-helices interact and refine their conformational structure of the ϵ subunit, leading to fluorescent/bioluminescent illumination, indicating that ATP is present. Overall, this subunit adopts two different conformations: open (ATP-free) or closed (ATP-bound). The uses and applicability of this technology are limitless. 
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Navigating the ERK1/2 MAPK Cascade
The RAS-ERK pathway is a fundamental signaling cascade crucial for many biological processes including proliferation, cell cycle control, growth, and survival; common across all cell types. Notably, ERK1/2 are implicated in specific processes in a context-dependent manner as in stem cells and pancreatic β-cells. Alterations in the different components of this cascade result in dysregulation of the effector kinases ERK1/2 which communicate with hundreds of substrates. Aberrant activation of the pathway contributes to a range of disorders, including cancer.
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Oct 2023
Topic Review
MGBA-Associated Neurological Disorders
Microbiota–gut–brain axis (MGBA) is a bidirectional signaling pathway mediating the interaction of the microbiota, the intestine, and the central nervous system. While the MGBA plays a pivotal role in normal development and physiology of the nervous and gastrointestinal system of the host, its dysfunction has been strongly implicated in neurological disorders, where intestinal dysbiosis and derived metabolites cause barrier permeability defects and elicit local inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, concomitant with increased pro-inflammatory cytokines, mobilization and infiltration of immune cells into the brain, and the dysregulated activation of the vagus nerve, culminating in neuroinflammation and neuronal dysfunction of the brain and behavioral abnormalities.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
The Clock Response to Intermittent Hypoxia is Tissue-Dependent
The circadian clock is a biological clock that regulates processes in cells and whole organs, contributing to dynamic physiology over the 24 hour period. Intermittent hypoxia (IH) is defined as alternating periods of hypoxia and normoxia. It is associated with multiple respiratory conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Cell Signaling Pathways and Radioresistance of Cancer Cells
Radiation eradicates cancer cells mainly by causing DNA damage. However, radiation also concomitantly activates multiple prosurvival signaling pathways, which include those mediated by ATM, ATR, AKT, ERK, and NF-κB that promote DNA damage checkpoint activation/DNA repair, autophagy induction, and/or inhibition of apoptosis. Furthermore, emerging data support the role of YAP signaling in promoting the intrinsic radioresistance of cancer cells, which occurs through its activation of the transcription of many essential genes that support cell survival, DNA repair, proliferation, and the stemness of cancer stem cells. Together, these signaling pathways protect cancer cells by reducing the magnitude of radiation-induced cytotoxicity and promoting radioresistance. 
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles in CKD
Over the last few years, preclinical and clinical studies have emphasized the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in human diseases. These particles are delimited by a lipid bilayer and are released by almost all cell types and in all organisms. EVs appear to have biological effects in various pathophysiological situations and especially in renal disease. In human organs, EVs can interact with cells and prompt the release of many different molecules, such as proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, that, in turn, regulate various cell signaling pathways. Moreover, EVs are present in the urine and the blood and therefore can be used as potential diagnostic biomarkers in human diseases, such as chronic kidney disease (CKD, also known as chronic renal failure).
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Apr 2021
Topic Review
New Frontiers in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) exhibits a limited capacity for functional and morphological repair and regeneration. Peripheral nerve recovery is a multistep process with a complex molecular and cellular regulatory circuitry. Severe injury of peripheral nerves often results in a loss of motor, sensory, and autonomic functions of innervated organs and tissues, therefore calling for novel treatment strategies to ensure effective regeneration.
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Mitochondria in Maturation of Cardiomyocytes
Cardiomyocytes obtained from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs)differentiation culture are regarded as immature structurally, electrophysiologically, metabolically, and functionally. Mitochondria are organelles responsible for various cellular functions such as energy metabolism, different catabolic and anabolic processes, calcium fluxes, and various signaling pathways. Cells can respond to cellular needs to increase the mitochondrial mass by mitochondrial biogenesis. On the other hand, cells can also degrade mitochondria through mitophagy. Mitochondria are also dynamic organelles that undergo continuous fusion and fission events. 
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Male Fertility and Sperm Lipid
Sperm plasma membrane lipids are essential for the function and integrity of mammalian spermatozoa. Various lipid types are involved in each key step within the fertilization process in their own yet coordinated way. For instance, loss of asymmetric transbilayer distribution and the substantial loss of cholesterol and phospholipid occur during capacitation and acrosome reaction (AR). The balance between lipid metabolism is tightly regulated to ensure physiological cellular processes, especially referring to crucial steps such as sperm motility, capacitation, acrosome reaction or fusion. At the same time, it has been shown that male reproductive function depends on the homeostasis of sperm lipids.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Aug 2021
Topic Review
TMEFF2
Transmembrane protein with an EGF-like and two follistatin-like domains 2 (TMEFF2) is a 374-residue long type-I transmembrane proteoglycan which is proteolytically shed from the cell surface. The protein is involved in a range of functions including metabolism, neuroprotection, apoptosis, embryonic development, onco-suppression and endocrine function. TMEFF2 is methylated in numerous cancers, and an inverse correlation with the stage, response to therapy and survival outcome has been observed. Moreover, TMEFF2 methylation increases with breast, colon and gastric cancer progression. TMEFF2 is methylated early during oncogenesis in breast and colorectal cancer, and the detection of methylated free-circulating TMEFF2 DNA has been suggested as a potential diagnostic tool. The TMEFF2 downregulation signature equals and sometimes outperforms the Gleason and pathological scores in prostate cancer. TMEFF2 is downregulated in glioma and cotricotropinomas, and it impairs the production of adrenocorticotropic hormone in glioma cells. Through binding the amyloid β protein, its precursor and derivatives, TMEFF2 provides neuroprotection in Alzheimer’s disease. Primary literature regarding TMEFF2 is incoherent and offers conflicting information, in particular, the oncogenic vs. onco-suppressive role of TMEFF2 in prostate cancer. 
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Applications for Colon Organoid Models in Cancer
Organoids are 3D organ-like structures grown from stem cells in vitro that mimic the organ or disease from which they are derived. Due to their stem cell origin, organoids contain a heterogeneous population of cells reflecting the diversity of cell types seen in vivo. Similarly, tumour organoids reflect intratumoural heterogeneity in a way that traditional 2D cell culture and cell lines do not, and, therefore, they show greater promise as a more relevant model for effective disease modelling and drug testing. Tumour organoids arise from cancer stem cells, which contribute to many of the greatest challenges to cancer treatment, including therapy resistance, tumour recurrence, and metastasis. Organoids show promise as relevant in vitro models with a range of applications from drug testing to modelling disease progression.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Lipids in Macrophages of Different Tissue Location
Lipid metabolism is the major intracellular mechanism driving a variety of cellular functions such as energy storage, hormone regulation and cell division. Lipids, being a primary component of the cell membrane, play a pivotal role in the survival of macrophages. Lipids are crucial for a variety of macrophage functions including phagocytosis, energy balance and ageing. Lipid-loaded macrophages have recently been emerging as a hallmark for several diseases.
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Skin Aging and Cellular Senescence
Skin aging is a result of two cumulative and overlaying mechanisms denominated as intrinsic and extrinsic aging. The process of intrinsic or chronological aging affects all tissues and organs of the body, is due to the passage of time, and is influenced by genetic background. However, the skin is continuously exposed to environmental and lifestyle factors such as sunlight, pollution, cigarette smoke, and dietary habits. These factors, collectively denominated the skin exposome, are the major causes of the process of extrinsic skin aging. In addition, cellular senescence and the accumulation of senescent cells in the skin is considered as a hallmark of aging. Senescent cells contribute to the decline of tissue function and lead to age-related changes and pathologies.
  • 1.2K
  • 19 Jul 2022
Topic Review
CREB Protein Family Members in Radioresistance Mechanisms
In the framework of space flight, the risk of radiation carcinogenesis is considered a “red” risk due to the high likelihood of occurrence as well as the high potential impact on the quality of life in terms of disease-free survival after space missions. The cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) is overexpressed both in haematological malignancies and solid tumours and its expression and function are modulated following irradiation. The CREB protein is a transcription factor and member of the CREB/activating transcription factor (ATF) family. As such, it has an essential role in a wide range of cell processes, including cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Among the CREB-related nuclear transcription factors, NF-κB and p53 have a relevant role in cell response to ionising radiation. Their expression and function can decide the fate of the cell by choosing between death or survival. 
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Jan 2022
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