You're using an outdated browser. Please upgrade to a modern browser for the best experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Structure, Sequence and Immunopathology of SARS-CoV-2
Since November 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has been a matter of global concern due to its rapid spread, the millions of deaths it caused, and repeated waves of infections. One after another, many variants of this novel virus have come into existence due to its constant mutability, specifically in the spike glycoprotein region. The tally for variants of concern (VOCs), which already include Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1) and Delta (B.1.617.2), has increased to five with the latest appearance of Omicron (B.1.1.529).
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Next-Generation Sequencing: Bioinputs for Agriculture Innovation
Bioinputs, a sustainable and potent alternative to chemical products used in agriculture, find a position of radical change with the advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques. These bioinputs, derived from microorganisms, assure the reduction of environmental impact and are able to increase food production. However, proper bioinput development will require the identification of these microorganisms at a level of detail, thereby ensuring a standardized approach. The assessment of potential risks to these microorganisms is thus critical for the safety and efficacy in use, while global collaboration can enable the establishment of standards to be adopted universally.
  • 1.1K
  • 03 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Heat Shock Proteins Immunostimulatory Properties-based Cancer Immunotherapy
The development of multidrug resistance (MDR) against chemotherapeutic agents has become a major impediment in cancer therapy. Understanding the underlying mechanism behind MDR can guide future treatment for cancer with better therapeutic outcomes. Recent studies evidenced that crossroads interaction between the heat shock proteins (HSP) and inflammatory responses under the tumor microenvironment plays a pivotal role in modulating drug responsiveness and drug resistance through a complex cytological process.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Endocrine Disruptors
Endocrine disruptors (EDs) are contaminants that may mimic or interfere with the body’s hormones, hampering the normal functions of the endocrine system in humans and animals. These substances, either natural or man-made, are involved in development, breeding, and immunity, causing a wide range of diseases and disorders. The traditional detection methods such as enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and chromatography are still the golden techniques for EDs detection due to their high sensitivity, robustness, and accuracy. Nevertheless, they have the disadvantage of being expensive and time-consuming, requiring bulky equipment or skilled personnel. On the other hand, early stage detection of EDs on-the-field requires portable devices fulfilling the Affordable, Sensitive, Specific, User-friendly, Rapid and Robust, Equipment free, Deliverable to end users (ASSURED) norms. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)-based sensors can be easily implemented in fully automated, sample-to-answer devices by integrating electrodes in microfluidic chips.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Interactions between Entomopathogenic Fungi and Nematodes
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) belonging to the genera Steinernema Travassos (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and Heterorhabditis Poinar (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) are obligate and lethal parasites of insects. Their infective juveniles (IJs), non-feeding and usually soil dwelling, hold in their foregut symbiotic bacteria that play an important and essential role in killing susceptible insects. Entomopathogenic fungi, mainly Ascomycetes, are regularly found infecting insects in the environment, especially in the soil. The species of the genera Metarhizium Sorokin, and Beauveria Vuill. are the best known entomopathogenic fungi. These organisms usually attach to the external body of insects by conidia adhering to the host’s cuticle. Under the right temperature and humidity conditions, these spores germinate, grow as hyphae, and colonize the insect’s body. After a few days (4–7), the insect is usually killed, especially by fungal toxins, and new spores are formed in or on the insect (sporulation), ready to be spread in the environment.
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Microbes Producing Exopolysaccharides
Microbial exopolysaccharides (EPSs), e.g., xanthan, dextran, gellan, curdlan, etc., have significant applications in several industries (pharma, food, textiles, petroleum, etc.) due to their biocompatibility, nontoxicity, and functional characteristics. Exopolysaccharides are produced by diverse microorganisms, including yeasts, fungi, and bacteria, utilizing various raw materials.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Antibodies of Varicella-Zoster Virus
Infection with the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes chickenpox and shingles, which lead to significant morbidity and mortality globally. The detection of serum VZV-specific antibodies is important for the clinical diagnosis and sero-epidemiological research of VZV infection, and for assessing the effect of VZV vaccine immunization.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Protein-Based Systems for Translational Regulation of synthetic mRNAs
Synthetic mRNAs, which are produced by in vitro transcription, have been recently attracting attention because they can express any transgenes without the risk of insertional mutagenesis. Protein-based translational regulation systems enable the context-dependent production of therapeutic proteins and have the potential to further improve the efficacy and safety of synthetic mRNAs.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Microcystins in Water
Eutrophication of surface waters caused by toxic cyanobacteria such as Microcystis aeruginosa leads to the release of secondary metabolites called Microcystins (MCs), which are heptapeptides with adverse effects on soil microbiota, plants, animals, and human health. Therefore, implementing ecotechnologies capable of handling this problem has become necessary.
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Peptides Eradicate Bacterial Biofilms of Multi-Drug Resistant
Bacterial resistance is an emergency public health problem worldwide, compounded by the ability of bacteria to form biofilms, mainly in seriously ill hospitalized patients. The World Health Organization has published a list of priority bacteria that should be studied and, in turn, has encouraged the development of new drugs.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Bioactivities and Pharmaceutical Applications of Algal Phycocolloids
Seaweeds are abundant sources of diverse bioactive compounds with various properties and mechanisms of action. These compounds offer protective effects, high nutritional value, and numerous health benefits. Seaweeds are versatile natural sources of metabolites applicable in the production of healthy food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and fertilizers. Their biological compounds make them promising sources for biotechnological applications. In nature, hydrocolloids are substances which form a gel in the presence of water. They are employed as gelling agents in food, coatings and dressings in pharmaceuticals, stabilizers in biotechnology, and ingredients in cosmetics. Seaweed hydrocolloids are identified in carrageenan, alginate, and agar. Carrageenan has gained significant attention in pharmaceutical formulations and exhibits diverse pharmaceutical properties. Incorporating carrageenan and natural polymers such as chitosan, starch, cellulose, chitin, and alginate. It holds promise for creating biodegradable materials with biomedical applications. Alginate, a natural polysaccharide, is highly valued for wound dressings due to its unique characteristics, including low toxicity, biodegradability, hydrogel formation, prevention of bacterial infections, and maintenance of a moist environment. Agar is widely used in the biomedical field. 
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Biomacromolecules for Wound Dressings
Biomacromolecules are particularly promising for the fabrication of novel, more effective antimicrobial wound dressings.
  • 1.1K
  • 31 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Fatty Acid β-Oxidation Disorders
Fatty acid oxidation disorders (FAODs) are inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) caused by defects in the fatty acid (FA) mitochondrial β-oxidation. The most common FAODs are characterized by the accumulation of medium-chain FAs and long-chain (3-hydroxy) FAs (and their carnitine derivatives), respectively.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Cell Therapy in Liver Fibrosis
Fibrosis is a common feature in most pathogenetic processes in the liver, and usually results from a chronic insult that depletes the regenerative capacity of hepatocytes and activates multiple inflammatory pathways, recruiting resident and circulating immune cells, endothelial cells, non-parenchymal hepatic stellate cells, and fibroblasts, which become activated and lead to excessive extracellular matrix accumulation. 
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Classification of Ginsenosidases
Although there are multiple catalytic strategies for the conversion of major ginsenoside, biotransformation using ginsenosidases is more advantageous for the targeted production of minor ginsenosides due to the high specificity, high selectivity, high catalytic efficiency, high product purity, mild reaction conditions and clear catalytic process, which is one of the current research topics in ginsenoside biotransformation. Ginsenosidases are commonly classified as type I, type II, type III, type IV and type V according to the hydrolysis site, residues and types of sugar moieties of ginsenosides. Ginsenosidase type I simultaneously hydrolyze the glycosyl residues linked to C-20 and C-3 positions in the PPD-type ginsenosides, yielding minor ginsenosides with only one glucose residue or other glycosyl residues. Ginsenosidase type II hydrolyzes the glycosyl residues at the C-20 position of protopanaxadiol (PPD)-and protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type saponins. Ginsenosidase type III hydrolyzes the sugar moieties attached to the C-3 position of PPD-type ginsenosides. Ginsenosidase type IV only hydrolyzes the sugar moieties linked to C-6 in PPT-type ginsenosides. Ginsenosidase type V hydrolyzes the glycosyl moieties attached to the C-20 and C-6 positions of PPT-type ginsenosides to yield the corresponding aglycones.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Fungi-Mediated Synthesis of Nanoparticles
Fungi are very promising biological objects for the green synthesis of nanoparticles. Biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles using different mycological cultures and substances obtained from them is a promising, easy and environmentally friendly method. By varying the synthesis conditions, the same culture can be used to produce nanoparticles with different sizes, shapes, stability in colloids and, therefore, different biological activity. Fungi are capable of producing a wide range of biologically active compounds and have a powerful enzymatic system that allows them to form nanoparticles of various chemical elements.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Lactic Acid Bacteria in Dairy Foods
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are regarded as ‘Generally Recognized as Safe’ (GRAS) and are commonly used in the dairy industry and also form part of the microbiota of the human intestine. LAB play a significant role in biopreservation because they produce a variety of antimicrobial metabolites during the development and fermentation processes. The use of antimicrobial-producing LAB in the production of dairy products, which can be incorporated into fermented or nonfermented dairy products, implies a processing advantage to improve the safety and quality of dairy products, providing an additional barrier against foodborne diseases. Among the most common antimicrobials are bacteriocins, which are ribosomally produced antimicrobial peptides. They can kill or inhibit undesirable bacterial strains, whether closely related or not, without harming themselves. This ability is especially relevant in the food industry. Notably, many LAB bacteriocins, including those derived from such bacteria, have shown efficacy against Listeria monocytogenes, a significant concern in traditional cheeses made from raw milk.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Advances in COVID-19 Treatment
COVID-19, which emerged in December 2019, was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020. The disease was caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It has caused millions of deaths worldwide and caused social and economic disruption. While clinical trials on therapeutic drugs are going on in an Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccines (ACTIV) public–private partnership collaboration, current therapeutic approaches and options to counter COVID-19 remain few. Therapeutic drugs include the FDA-approved antiviral drugs, Remdesivir, and an immune modulator, Baricitinib. Hence, therapeutic approaches and alternatives for COVID-19 treatment need to be broadened. 
  • 1.1K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Spectro-Fluor™ Technology
Spectro-Fluor technology is an unique, innovative as well as a versatile and green spectroscopic method that allows to detect very sensitively, specifically and rapidly C-F bonds in any solutions, gas, materials, organisms (e.g. human/animal cells, bacteria, virus, fungi, body tissues) and molecules (e.g. drugs, polymers, nano and smaller molecules).
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Mechanism of Microalgal Symbiosis
Microalgae have been considered a promising and sustainable candidate for wastewater treatment and valuable bioproducts, such as feedstocks for food, nutrients, and energy. However, many challenging bottlenecks, such as low biomass productivity, expensive biomass harvesting techniques, and inefficient extraction of biofuels restrict its large-scale commercial production. Symbiotic relationships between microalgae and bacteria, also known as microalgal consortia, have proven to be effective solutions for mitigating technical and economic limitations. 
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Feb 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 38
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Academic Video Service
Feedback