Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
CHIARA MOLLEA
 -- 1164 2023-03-29 11:30:42 |
2 format correct
Conner Chen
Meta information modification 1164 2023-03-31 04:33:57 |

Video Upload Options

Do you have a full video?
Send video materials Upload full video

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Pino, P.; Bosco, F.; Mollea, C.; Onida, B. Biomacromolecules for Wound Dressings. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/42608 (accessed on 02 July 2024).
Pino P, Bosco F, Mollea C, Onida B. Biomacromolecules for Wound Dressings. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/42608. Accessed July 02, 2024.
Pino, Paolo, Francesca Bosco, Chiara Mollea, Barbara Onida. "Biomacromolecules for Wound Dressings" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/42608 (accessed July 02, 2024).
Pino, P., Bosco, F., Mollea, C., & Onida, B. (2023, March 29). Biomacromolecules for Wound Dressings. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/42608
Pino, Paolo, et al. "Biomacromolecules for Wound Dressings." Encyclopedia. Web. 29 March, 2023.
Biomacromolecules for Wound Dressings
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030970

Biomacromolecules are particularly promising for the fabrication of novel, more effective antimicrobial wound dressings.

wound healing nanostructured ZnO biomacromolecules

1. Overview

Biomacromolecules are particularly promising for the fabrication of novel, more effective antimicrobial wound dressings. Contrary to the petroleum-derived synthetic polymers, traditionally utilised, biomacromolecules are more biocompatible and conductive towards re-epithelialization, and can be easily and sustainably processed into films and hydrogels [1]. When these properties are combined with the antibacterial and wound-healing action of nZnO, new biocomposite materials emerge. Biocomposites provide better conditions for injured tissues to re-grow while preventing infections, decreasing healing times, and improving patients’ health. Many biomacromolecules, alone or in a blend, have been used for nZnO-BNC film and dressings obtaining different properties and peculiarities. An overview has been reported in Table 1.
Table 1. Overview of biomacromolecules for wound dressing films.
Biopolymer Properties Refs.
Polysaccharides
Alginate Biocompatible, non-toxic, non-immunogenic, biodegradable, antimicrobial, and haemostatic [2][3][4][5]
Chitosan Non-toxic, biocompatible, biodegradable, moisture retentive, and haemostatic [6][7][8][9][10]
Chitosan oligosaccharide Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and immune-stimulating [11]
Cellulose Biocompatible, hydrophilic, microporous, transparent, and non-toxic [12][13][14][15]
Carboxymethyl-cellulose Biocompatible and biodegradable [16][17][18][19]
Carboxymethyl-chitosan Amphoteric and hydrophilic [20][21][22]
Gum acacia Biocompatible, nontoxic, and water-soluble [23]
Starch Low-cost, biocompatible, biodegradable, easy preparation, and good film-forming properties [24][25][26][27]
Carrageenan Water-soluble, and good film-forming abilities and mechanical properties [28][29][30]
Cellulose acetate Water-insoluble, high transparency, and good mechanical and chemical resistance [31][32]
Cellulose acetate phthalate Hydrophilic and biodegradable [33]
Oxidised starch Low viscosity, and high stability and transparency [26]
Dextran Active in wound healing and controls bacterial growth [2][34]
Chitin Biodegradable, haemostatic, and cytocompatible [35]
β-glucans Immunostimulatory, and biodegradable [36]
Hyaluronic Acid Primary component of connective tissue, safe long-term, and reduces bacterial adhesion [37][38]
Proteins
Collagen High biocompatibility and biodegradability. Bioactive [39]
Keratin Low-cost and highly suitable for hydrogels, but concerns about wastes [40][41]
Fish protein isolate High film-forming ability [42][43][44]
Gelatin Biodegradable, biocompatible, and cell-recognizable [2][18][43][45][46][47]
Soy protein isolate Biocompatible, non-immunogenic, non-toxic, low-cost, biodegradable, and highly stable [48]
Silk fibroin Biocompatible, biodegradable, and minimum inflammatory reactions [49]
Among these, some have attracted more attention in the scientific communities, which can be classified into two major categories: polysaccharides and proteins.

2. Polysaccharide-Based Polymers

Chitin is a natural polycationic polymer of N-acetylglucosamine. It is typically obtained from the cuticles of crustaceans, insects, and cell walls of fungi [50][51]. Chitin deacetylation produces chitosan, a renowned antimicrobial material [52] that is also active against some resistant strains, such as the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) [53]. Chitosan is biocompatible, non-toxic, haemostatic, and, thus, frequently used in biomedicine, also for wound healing [54][55][56][57] and the delivery of drugs and biomolecules [58]. Owing to these properties and due to its good processability, it is often mixed with other polymers, such as poly(ε-caprolactone) [59][60], polyurethane [61], or poly(vinyl)alcohol [62] to produce advanced wound dressing films, hydrogels, and membranes. It also lends itself very well for use in new techniques, such as electrospinning [63][64].
Cellulose is a polymer of β-bonded D-glucose units that can be obtained from plants or synthesised by bacteria [65][66]. It is non-toxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable. It is water-insoluble and possesses good thermal stability. It is gaining increasing attention, particularly in its nanostructured forms [67][68][69][70], and extensive research exists exploring drug loading and combination with nanomaterials [71][72][73]. Gopi and Zhong offered a wide review of its uses and applications in the medical field, including wound dressing and drug delivery [66][74]. Here, bacterial cellulose emerged as particularly promising for the fabrication of films and fibrous mats for wound therapy [75][76]. Several cellulose derivatives can also be obtained by modifying cellulose molecules with different functional moieties, such as carboxyl [77] and allyl [78] groups. This allows the manipulation of key properties, such as hydrophilicity, or enabling its conjugation with drugs or other medical compounds.
Hyaluronic acid, a glycosaminoglycan, is a component of the extracellular matrix. It is typically extracted from animal tissues or produced by the fermentation of some Streptococcus strains [79][80].
Its biocompatibility and hydrophilicity are valuable for the development of biomedical materials, especially hydrogels [81]. Recently, Graça and coworkers [82] offered a review of its applications in wound dressings, underlying its highly beneficial role in wound repair and cell signalling [83][84]. Another review by Ucm focused on the synthesis of hyaluronic acid by bacteria and its applications—including wound healing [85].
Alginate is a linear co-polymer constituting two monomeric units of D-mannuronic acid and L-guluronic acid. It shares similar properties [86] with hyaluronic acid, namely its high biocompatibility and hydrophilicity. Commercial alginate is isolated from brown seaweeds, and its bacterial production has recently gained interest [87]. Its high water-absorption capacity has been known for a long time; thus, this biomacromolecule has been extensively used in the production of wound dressings for high-exudate wounds. Alginate stimulates macrophages’ activation, supporting the healing process [88]. The abundance of hydroxyl and carboxyl groups in its molecule provides this polymer with high reactivity, which is also useful in the design of encapsulation and drug-delivery systems [86]. Its biocompatibility and printability meet the need for biomaterials for tissue engineering and modern wound dressings [89][90][91].
Starch is an abundant, plant-derived polysaccharide composed of α-bonded glucose units. It is endowed with biodegradability, non-toxicity, and film-forming ability. It can be processed with simple extrusion or solvent casting methods to obtain films [92], as well as with electrospinning [93].
β-glucans are typically found in the cell walls of fungi, yeasts, algae, and plants. They are a heterogeneous group of glucose polymers with a common structure comprising a main chain of β-(1,3) and/or β-(1,4)-glucopyranosyl units, along with side chains with various branches and lengths.
They are known for their immunostimulatory properties [94] and they have been shown to stimulate collagen deposition, fibroblasts and keratinocytes migration, and overall reepithelialisation [95][96][97]. Therefore, these polysaccharides have been recently researched to produce advanced dressings, such as wet gels and nanofibers for hard-to-treat and chronic diabetic wounds, as well as for antimicrobial films [36][98][99].

3. Protein-Based Polymers

Protein-based biopolymers, such as collagen and gelatin [45][100], are also very popular. Collagen is the main constituent protein of the extracellular matrix and is extracted from animal skin and hides. It is a source of many bioactive peptides. It favours tissue regeneration, has good moisture-retention properties, and has been used for the controlled release of bioactive molecules [1]. Several collagen films have been described in the literature for wound healing and tissue engineering [101][102][103]. Gelatin is a heterogeneous mixture of peptides derived from collagen. It has good film-forming ability, transparency, and ease of combination with functional and reinforcing additives or other biopolymers [104][105]. It has also been used to fabricate scaffolds [106][107], aerogels [108], and antimicrobial nanofibrous composites [109].
Keratin is a fibrous protein that is usually extracted from feathers, nails, horns, or wool [110]. This has raised concerns around the extraction methods and the environmental issues related to the accumulation of waste keratin-containing biomasses [111][112]. It has been extensively researched for the fabrication of films, hydrogels, and fibres, with uses in wound healing, drug delivery, and tissue engineering owing to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and self-assembly properties [113][114].
Whey proteins are biocompatible and biodegradable byproducts of the dairy industry and are mostly used as food additives and supplements. Their excellent film-forming ability and gelation properties have been extensively investigated and used for the formulation of edible films and particles for the delivery of nutraceuticals. The combination of whey protein isolate (WPI) with nZnO has been described in a previous study [115].

References

  1. Selvan, N.K.; Shanmugarajan, T.; Uppuluri, V.N.V.A. Hydrogel based scaffolding polymeric biomaterials: Approaches towards skin tissue regeneration. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 2019, 55, 101456.
  2. Zahran, M.; Marei, A.H. Innovative natural polymer metal nanocomposites and their antimicrobial activity. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2019, 136, 586–596.
  3. Jayakumar, R.; Sudheesh Kumar, P.; Mohandas, A.; Lakshmanan, V.-K.; Biswas, R. Exploration of alginate hydrogel/nano zinc oxide composite bandages for infected wounds. Int. J. Nanomed. 2015, 10, 53.
  4. Koehler, J.; Brandl, F.P.; Goepferich, A.M. Hydrogel wound dressings for bioactive treatment of acute and chronic wounds. Eur. Polym. J. 2018, 100, 1–11.
  5. Wang, H.; Gong, X.; Guo, X.; Liu, C.; Fan, Y.-Y.; Zhang, J.; Niu, B.; Li, W. Characterization, release, and antioxidant activity of curcumin-loaded sodium alginate/ZnO hydrogel beads. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2018, 121, 1118–1125.
  6. Lu, Z.; Gao, J.; He, Q.; Wu, J.; Liang, D.; Yang, H.; Chen, R. Enhanced antibacterial and wound healing activities of microporous chitosan-Ag/ZnO composite dressing. Carbohydr. Polym. 2017, 156, 460–469.
  7. Dananjaya, S.H.; Kumar, R.S.; Yang, M.; Nikapitiya, C.; Lee, J.; De Zoysa, M. Synthesis, characterization of ZnO-chitosan nanocomposites and evaluation of its antifungal activity against pathogenic Candida albicans. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2018, 108, 1281–1288.
  8. Kumar, P.T.S.; Lakshmanan, V.-K.; Anilkumar, T.; Ramya, C.; Reshmi, P.; Unnikrishnan, A.; Nair, S.V.; Jayakumar, R. Flexible and Microporous Chitosan Hydrogel/Nano ZnO Composite Bandages for Wound Dressing: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2012, 4, 2618–2629.
  9. Taghizadeh, M.T.; Siyahi, V.; Ashassi-Sorkhabi, H.; Zarrini, G. ZnO, AgCl and AgCl/ZnO nanocomposites incorporated chitosan in the form of hydrogel beads for photocatalytic degradation of MB, E. coli and S. aureus. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2019, 147, 1018–1028.
  10. Priyadarshi, R.; Negi, Y.S. Effect of Varying Filler Concentration on Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Embedded Chitosan Films as Potential Food Packaging Material. J. Polym. Environ. 2016, 25, 1087–1098.
  11. Zhang, M.; Qiao, X.; Han, W.; Jiang, T.; Liu, F.; Zhao, X. Alginate-chitosan oligosaccharide-ZnO composite hydrogel for accelerating wound healing. Carbohydr. Polym. 2021, 266, 118100.
  12. Khalid, A.; Khan, R.; Ul-Islam, M.; Khan, T.; Wahid, F. Bacterial cellulose-zinc oxide nanocomposites as a novel dressing system for burn wounds. Carbohydr. Polym. 2017, 164, 214–221.
  13. George, D.; Maheswari, P.U.; Begum, K.M.S. Chitosan-cellulose hydrogel conjugated with L-histidine and zinc oxide nanoparticles for sustained drug delivery: Kinetics and in-vitro biological studies. Carbohydr. Polym. 2020, 236, 116101.
  14. Azizi, S.; Ahmad, M.B.; Ibrahim, N.A.; Hussein, M.Z.; Namvar, F. Cellulose nanocrystals/ZnO as a bifunctional reinforcing nanocomposite for poly(vinyl alcohol)/chitosan blend films: Fabrication, characterization and properties. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014, 15, 11040–11053.
  15. Jebel, F.S.; Almasi, H. Morphological, physical, antimicrobial and release properties of ZnO nanoparticles-loaded bacterial cellulose films. Carbohydr. Polym. 2016, 149, 8–19.
  16. Hashem, M.; Sharaf, S.; Abd El-Hady, M.M.; Hebeish, A. Synthesis and characterization of novel carboxymethylcellulose hydrogels and carboxymethylcellulolse-hydrogel-ZnO-nanocomposites. Carbohydr. Polym. 2013, 95, 421–427.
  17. Zare-Akbari, Z.; Farhadnejad, H.; Furughi-Nia, B.; Abedin, S.; Yadollahi, M.; Khorsand-Ghayeni, M. PH-sensitive bionanocomposite hydrogel beads based on caborboxymethyl cellulose/ZnO nanoparticle as drug carrier. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2016, 93, 1317–1327.
  18. Shankar, S.; Teng, X.; Li, G.; Rhim, J.-W. Preparation, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of gelatin/ZnO nanocomposite films. Food Hydrocoll. 2015, 45, 264–271.
  19. Naserian, F.; Mesgar, A.S. Development of antibacterial and superabsorbent wound composite sponges containing carboxymethyl cellulose/gelatin/Cu-doped ZnO nanoparticles. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 2022, 218, 112729.
  20. Wahid, F.; Yin, J.-J.; Xue, D.-D.; Xue, H.; Lu, Y.-S.; Zhong, C.; Chu, L.-Q. Synthesis and characterization of antibacterial carboxymethyl Chitosan/ZnO nanocomposite hydrogels. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2016, 88, 273–279.
  21. Noshirvani, N.; Ghanbarzadeh, B.; Mokarram, R.R.; Hashemi, M.; Coma, V. Preparation and characterization of active emulsified films based on chitosan-carboxymethyl cellulose containing zinc oxide nano particles. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2017, 99, 530–538.
  22. Hu, T.; Wu, G.-P.; Bu, H.; Zhang, H.; Li, W.-X.; Song, K.; Jiang, G.-B. An injectable, adhesive, and self-healable composite hydrogel wound dressing with excellent antibacterial activity. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 450, 138201.
  23. Bajpai, S.; Jadaun, M.; Tiwari, S. Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial applications of zinc oxide nanoparticles loaded gum acacia/poly(SA) hydrogels. Carbohydr. Polym. 2016, 153, 60–65.
  24. Nafchi, A.M.; Alias, A.K.; Mahmud, S.; Robal, M. Antimicrobial, rheological, and physicochemical properties of sago starch films filled with nanorod-rich zinc oxide. J. Food Eng. 2012, 113, 511–519.
  25. El-Nahhal, I.M.; Salem, J.; Anbar, R.; Kodeh, F.S.; Elmanama, A. Preparation and antimicrobial activity of ZnO-NPs coated cotton/starch and their functionalized ZnO-Ag/cotton and Zn(II) curcumin/cotton materials. Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 5410.
  26. Namazi, H.; Hasani, M.; Yadollahi, M. Antibacterial oxidized starch/ZnO nanocomposite hydrogel: Synthesis and evaluation of its swelling behaviours in various pHs and salt solutions. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2018, 126, 578–584.
  27. Peighambardoust, S.J.; Peighambardoust, S.H.; Pournasir, N.; Pakdel, P.M. Properties of active starch-based films incorporating a combination of Ag, ZnO and CuO nanoparticles for potential use in food packaging applications. Food Packag. Shelf Life 2019, 22, 100420.
  28. Roy, S.; Rhim, J.-W. Carrageenan-based antimicrobial bionanocomposite films incorporated with ZnO nanoparticles stabilized by melanin. Food Hydrocoll. 2019, 90, 500–507.
  29. Saputri, A.E.; Praseptiangga, D.; Rochima, E.; Panatarani, C.; Joni, I.M. Mechanical and solubility properties of bio-nanocomposite film of semi refined kappa carrageenan/ZnO nanoparticles. In AIP Conference Proceedings; American Institute of Physics Inc.: College Park, MD, USA, 2018; Volume 1927, p. 030040.
  30. Kanmani, P.; Rhim, J.-W. Properties and characterization of bionanocomposite films prepared with various biopolymers and ZnO nanoparticles. Carbohydr. Polym. 2014, 106, 190–199.
  31. Pittarate, C.; Yoovidhya, T.; Srichumpuang, W.; Intasanta, N.; Wongsasulak, S. Effects of poly(ethylene oxide) and ZnO nanoparticles on the morphology, tensile and thermal properties of cellulose acetate nanocomposite fibrous film. Polym. J. 2011, 43, 978–986.
  32. Aly, A.A.; Ahmed, M. Nanofibers of cellulose acetate containing ZnO nanoparticles/graphene oxide for wound healing applications. Int. J. Pharm. 2021, 598, 120325.
  33. Indumathi, M.; Sarojini, K.S.; Rajarajeswari, G. Antimicrobial and biodegradable chitosan/cellulose acetate phthalate/ZnO nano composite films with optimal oxygen permeability and hydrophobicity for extending the shelf life of black grape fruits. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2019, 132, 1112–1120.
  34. Zhou, L.; Zhou, L.; Wei, C.; Guo, R. A bioactive dextran-based hydrogel promote the healing of infected wounds via antibacterial and immunomodulatory. Carbohydr. Polym. 2022, 291, 119558.
  35. Sudheesh Kumar, P.T.; Lakshmanan, V.K.; Raj, M.; Biswas, R.; Hiroshi, T.; Nair, S.V.; Jayakumar, R. Evaluation of wound healing potential of β-chitin hydrogel/nano zinc oxide composite bandage. Pharm. Res. 2013, 30, 523–537.
  36. Razzaq, H.A.; D’Ayala, G.G.; Santagata, G.; Bosco, F.; Mollea, C.; Larsen, N.; Duraccio, D. Bioactive films based on barley β-glucans and ZnO for wound healing applications. Carbohydr. Polym. 2021, 272, 118442.
  37. Rao, K.M.; Suneetha, M.; Zo, S.; Duck, K.H.; Han, S.S. One-pot synthesis of ZnO nanobelt-like structures in hyaluronan hydrogels for wound dressing applications. Carbohydr. Polym. 2019, 223, 115124.
  38. Sani, E.S.; Portillo-Lara, R.; Spencer, A.; Yu, W.; Geilich, B.M.; Noshadi, I.; Webster, T.J.; Annabi, N. Engineering Adhesive and Antimicrobial Hyaluronic Acid/Elastin-like Polypeptide Hybrid Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering Applications. ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 2018, 4, 2528–2540.
  39. Păunica-Panea, G.; Ficai, A.; Marin, M.M.; Marin, Ş.; Albu, M.G.; Constantin, V.D.; Dinu-Pîrvu, C.; Vuluga, Z.; Corobea, M.C.; Ghica, M.V. New Collagen-Dextran-Zinc Oxide Composites for Wound Dressing. J. Nanomater. 2016, 2016, 34.
  40. Zhai, M.; Xu, Y.; Zhou, B.; Jing, W. Keratin-chitosan/n-ZnO nanocomposite hydrogel for antimicrobial treatment of burn wound healing: Characterization and biomedical application. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 2018, 180, 253–258.
  41. Villanueva, M.E.; Cuestas, M.L.; Pérez, C.J.; Campo Dall′ Orto, V.; Copello, G.J. Smart release of antimicrobial ZnO nanoplates from a pH-responsive keratin hydrogel. J. Colloid. Interface Sci. 2019, 536, 372–380.
  42. Arfat, Y.A.; Benjakul, S.; Prodpran, T.; Sumpavapol, P.; Songtipya, P. Properties and antimicrobial activity of fish protein isolate/fish skin gelatin film containing basil leaf essential oil and zinc oxide nanoparticles. Food Hydrocoll. 2014, 41, 265–273.
  43. Arfat, Y.A.; Benjakul, S.; Prodpran, T.; Sumpavapol, P.; Songtipya, P. Physico-Mechanical Characterization and Antimicrobial Properties of Fish Protein Isolate/Fish Skin Gelatin-Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanocomposite Films. Food Bioprocess Technol. 2015, 9, 101–112.
  44. Arfat, Y.A.; Benjakul, S.; Vongkamjan, K.; Sumpavapol, P.; Yarnpakdee, S. Shelf-life extension of refrigerated sea bass slices wrapped with fish protein isolate/fish skin gelatin-ZnO nanocomposite film incorporated with basil leaf essential oil. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2015, 52, 6182–6193.
  45. Thanusha, A.V.; Dinda, A.K.; Koul, V. Evaluation of nano hydrogel composite based on gelatin/HA/CS suffused with Asiatic acid/ZnO and CuO nanoparticles for second degree burns. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2018, 89, 378–386.
  46. Amjadi, S.; Emaminia, S.; Nazari, M.; Davudian, S.H.; Roufegarinejad, L.; Hamishehkar, H. Application of Reinforced ZnO Nanoparticle-Incorporated Gelatin Bionanocomposite Film with Chitosan Nanofiber for Packaging of Chicken Fillet and Cheese as Food Models. Food Bioprocess Technol. 2019, 12, 1205–1219.
  47. Azari, S.S.; Alizadeh, A.; Roufegarinejad, L.; Asefi, N.; Hamishehkar, H. Preparation and characterization of gelatin/β-glucan nanocomposite film incorporated with ZnO nanoparticles as an active food packaging system. J. Polym. Environ. 2020, 29, 1143–1152.
  48. Jaberifard, F.; Ramezani, S.; Ghorbani, M.; Arsalani, N.; Moghadam, F.M. Investigation of wound healing efficiency of multifunctional eudragit/soy protein isolate electrospun nanofiber incorporated with ZnO loaded halloysite nanotubes and allantoin. Int. J. Pharm. 2023, 630, 122434.
  49. Cao, F.; Zeng, B.; Zhu, Y.; Yu, F.; Wang, M.; Song, X.; Cheng, X.; Chen, L.; Wang, X. Porous ZnO modified silk sutures with dual light defined antibacterial, healing promotion and controlled self-degradation capabilities. Biomater. Sci. 2019, 8, 250–255.
  50. Younes, I.; Rinaudo, M. Chitin and Chitosan Preparation from Marine Sources. Structure, Properties and Applications. Mar. Drugs 2015, 13, 1133–1174.
  51. Elieh-Ali-Komi, D.; Hamblin, M.R. Chitin and Chitosan: Production and Application of Versatile Biomedical Nanomaterials. Int. J. Adv. Res. 2016, 4, 411–427.
  52. El-Hack, M.E.A.; El-Saadony, M.T.; Shafi, M.E.; Zabermawi, N.M.; Arif, M.; Batiha, G.E.; Khafaga, A.F.; El-Hakim, Y.M.A.; Al-Sagheer, A.A. Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of chitosan and its derivatives and their applications: A review. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2020, 164, 2726–2744.
  53. Costa, E.; Silva, S.; Vicente, S.; Neto, C.; Castro, P.; Veiga, M.; Madureira, R.; Tavaria, F.; Pintado, M. Chitosan nanoparticles as alternative anti-staphylococci agents: Bactericidal, antibiofilm and antiadhesive effects. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2017, 79, 221–226.
  54. Torkaman, S.; Rahmani, H.; Ashori, A.; Najafi, S.H.M. Modification of chitosan using amino acids for wound healing purposes: A review. Carbohydr. Polym. 2021, 258, 117675.
  55. Moeini, A.; Pedram, P.; Makvandi, P.; Malinconico, M.; Gomez d’Ayala, G. Wound healing and antimicrobial effect of active secondary metabolites in chitosan-based wound dressings: A review. Carbohydr. Polym. 2020, 233, 115839.
  56. Deng, P.; Jin, W.; Liu, Z.; Gao, M.; Zhou, J. Novel multifunctional adenine-modified chitosan dressings for promoting wound healing. Carbohydr. Polym. 2021, 260, 117767.
  57. Miguel, S.P.; Moreira, A.F.; Correia, I.J. Chitosan based-asymmetric membranes for wound healing: A review. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2019, 127, 460–475.
  58. Mohammadi, Z.; Eini, M.; Rastegari, A.; Tehrani, M.R. Chitosan as a machine for biomolecule delivery: A review. Carbohydr. Polym. 2020, 256, 117414.
  59. Shahrousvand, M.; Haddadi-Asl, V.; Shahrousvand, M. Step-by-step design of poly (ε-caprolactone)/chitosan/Melilotus officinalis extract electrospun nanofibers for wound dressing applications. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2021, 180, 36–50.
  60. Ho, T.T.-P.; Doan, V.K.; Tran, N.M.-P.; Nguyen, L.K.-K.; Le, A.N.-M.; Ho, M.H.; Trinh, N.-T.; Van Vo, T.; Tran, L.D.; Nguyen, T.-H. Fabrication of chitosan oligomer-coated electrospun polycaprolactone membrane for wound dressing application. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2020, 120, 111724.
  61. Saral Sarojini, K.; Indumathi, M.P.; Rajarajeswari, G.R. Mahua oil-based polyurethane/chitosan/nano ZnO composite films for biodegradable food packaging applications. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2019, 124, 163–174.
  62. Hezma, A.; Rajeh, A.; Mannaa, M.A. An insight into the effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the structural, thermal, mechanical properties and antimicrobial activity of Cs/PVA composite. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2019, 581, 123821.
  63. Ahmed, R.; Tariq, M.; Ali, I.; Asghar, R.; Khanam, P.N.; Augustine, R.; Hasan, A. Novel electrospun chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol/zinc oxide nanofibrous mats with antibacterial and antioxidant properties for diabetic wound healing. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2018, 120, 385–393.
  64. Zhou, L.; Cai, L.; Ruan, H.; Zhang, L.; Wang, J.; Jiang, H.; Wu, Y.; Feng, S.; Chen, J. Electrospun chitosan oligosaccharide/polycaprolactone nanofibers loaded with wound-healing compounds of Rutin and Quercetin as antibacterial dressings. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2021, 183, 1145–1154.
  65. Cacicedo, M.L.; Castro, M.C.; Servetas, I.; Bosnea, L.; Boura, K.; Tsafrakidou, P.; Dima, A.; Terpou, A.; Koutinas, A.; Castro, G.R. Progress in bacterial cellulose matrices for biotechnological applications. Bioresour. Technol. 2016, 213, 172–180.
  66. Zhong, C. Industrial-Scale Production and Applications of Bacterial Cellulose. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 2020, 8, 605374.
  67. Klemm, D.; Petzold-Welcke, K.; Kramer, F.; Richter, T.; Raddatz, V.; Fried, W.; Nietzsche, S.; Bellmann, T.; Fischer, D. Biotech nanocellulose: A review on progress in product design and today’s state of technical and medical applications. Carbohydr. Polym. 2020, 254, 117313.
  68. Raghav, N.; Sharma, M.R.; Kennedy, J.F. Nanocellulose: A mini-review on types and use in drug delivery systems. Carbohydr. Polym. Technol. Appl. 2021, 2, 100031.
  69. Dhali, K.; Ghasemlou, M.; Daver, F.; Cass, P.; Adhikari, B. A review of nanocellulose as a new material towards environmental sustainability. Sci. Total Environ. 2021, 775, 145871.
  70. Ho, N.A.D.; Leo, C. A review on the emerging applications of cellulose, cellulose derivatives and nanocellulose in carbon capture. Environ. Res. 2021, 197, 111100.
  71. Gupta, A.; Keddie, D.; Kannappan, V.; Gibson, H.; Khalil, I.; Kowalczuk, M.; Martin, C.; Shuai, X.; Radecka, I. Production and characterisation of bacterial cellulose hydrogels loaded with curcumin encapsulated in cyclodextrins as wound dressings. Eur. Polym. J. 2019, 118, 437–450.
  72. Wang, Q.; Barnes, L.-M.; Maslakov, K.I.; Howell, C.A.; Illsley, M.J.; Dyer, P.; Savina, I.N. In situ synthesis of silver or selenium nanoparticles on cationized cellulose fabrics for antimicrobial application. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2021, 121, 111859.
  73. Jin, T.; Yan, L.; Liu, W.; Liu, S.; Liu, C.; Zheng, L. Preparation and physicochemical/antimicrobial characteristics of asparagus cellulose films containing quercetin. Food Sci. Hum. Wellness 2021, 10, 251–257.
  74. Gopi, S.; Balakrishnan, P.; Chandradhara, D.; Poovathankandy, D.; Thomas, S. General scenarios of cellulose and its use in the biomedical field. Mater. Today Chem. 2019, 13, 59–78.
  75. Park, S.U.; Lee, B.K.; Kim, M.S.; Park, K.K.; Sung, W.J.; Kim, H.Y.; Gil Han, D.; Shim, J.S.; Lee, Y.J.; Kim, S.H.; et al. The possibility of microbial cellulose for dressing and scaffold materials. Int. Wound J. 2012, 11, 35–43.
  76. Wen, X.; Zheng, Y.; Wu, J.; Yue, L.; Wang, C.; Luan, J.; Wu, Z.; Wang, K. In vitro and in vivo investigation of bacterial cellulose dressing containing uniform silver sulfadiazine nanoparticles for burn wound healing. Prog. Nat. Sci. 2015, 25, 197–203.
  77. Tavakolian, M.; Gil Munguia-Lopez, J.; Valiei, A.; Islam, S.; Kinsella, J.M.; Tufenkji, N.; van de Ven, T.G.M. Highly absorbent antibacterial and biofilm-disrupting hydrogels from cellulose for wound dressing application. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 39991–40001.
  78. Lu, S.; Zhang, X.; Tang, Z.; Xiao, H.; Zhang, M.; Liu, K.; Chen, L.; Huang, L.; Ni, Y.; Wu, H. Mussel-inspired blue-light-activated cellulose-based adhesive hydrogel with fast gelation, rapid haemostasis and antibacterial property for wound healing. Chem. Eng. J. 2021, 417, 129329.
  79. Sze, J.H.; Brownlie, J.C.; Love, C.A. Biotechnological production of hyaluronic acid: A mini review. 3 Biotech 2016, 6, 67.
  80. Cerminati, S.; Leroux, M.; Anselmi, P.; Peirú, S.; Alonso, J.C.; Priem, B.; Menzella, H.G. Low cost and sustainable hyaluronic acid production in a manufacturing platform based on Bacillus subtilis 3NA strain. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2021, 105, 3075–3086.
  81. Burdick, J.A.; Prestwich, G.D. Hyaluronic acid hydrogels for biomedical applications. Adv. Mater. 2011, 23, H41–H56.
  82. Graça, M.F.P.; Miguel, S.P.; Cabral, C.S.D.; Correia, I.J. Hyaluronic acid—Based wound dressings: A review. Carbohydr. Polym. 2020, 241, 116364.
  83. Dovedytis, M.; Liu, Z.J.; Bartlett, S. Hyaluronic acid and its biomedical applications: A review. Eng. Regen. 2020, 1, 102–113.
  84. Agarwal, G.; Agiwal, S.; Srivastava, A. Hyaluronic acid containing scaffolds ameliorate stem cell function for tissue repair and regeneration. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2020, 165, 388–401.
  85. Ucm, R.; Aem, M.; Lhb, Z.; Kumar, V.; Taherzadeh, M.J.; Garlapati, V.K.; Chandel, A.K. Comprehensive review on biotechnological production of hyaluronic acid: Status, innovation, market and applications. Bioengineered 2022, 13, 9645–9661.
  86. Reig-Vano, B.; Tylkowski, B.; Montané, X.; Giamberini, M. Alginate-based hydrogels for cancer therapy and research. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2020, 170, 424–436.
  87. Urtuvia, V.; Maturana, N.; Acevedo, F.; Peña, C.; Díaz-Barrera, A. Bacterial alginate production: An overview of its biosynthesis and potential industrial production. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2017, 33, 198.
  88. Dhivya, S.; Padma, V.V.; Santhini, E. Wound dressings—A review. BioMedicine 2015, 5, 24–28.
  89. Raus, R.A.; Nawawi, W.M.F.W.; Nasaruddin, R.R. Alginate and alginate composites for biomedical applications. Asian J. Pharm. Sci. 2020, 16, 280–306.
  90. Mallakpour, S.; Azadi, E.; Hussain, C.M. State-of-the-art of 3D printing technology of alginate-based hydrogels—An emerging technique for industrial applications. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2021, 293, 102436.
  91. Tavassoli-Kafrani, E.; Shekarchizadeh, H.; Masoudpour-Behabadi, M. Development of edible films and coatings from alginates and carrageenans. Carbohydr. Polym. 2016, 137, 360–374.
  92. Cheng, H.; Chen, L.; McClements, D.J.; Yang, T.; Zhang, Z.; Ren, F.; Miao, M.; Tian, Y.; Jin, Z. Starch-based biodegradable packaging materials: A review of their preparation, characterization and diverse applications in the food industry. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2021, 114, 70–82.
  93. Hemamalini, T.; Dev, V.R.G. Comprehensive review on electrospinning of starch polymer for biomedical applications. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2018, 106, 712–718.
  94. Ma, J.; Underhill, D.M. β-glucan signaling connects phagocytosis to autophagy. Glycobiology 2013, 23, 1047–1051.
  95. Wei, D.; Zhang, L.; Williams, D.L.; Browder, I.W. Glucan stimulates human dermal fibroblast collagen biosynthesis through a nuclear factor-1 dependent mechanism. Wound Repair Regen. 2002, 10, 161–168.
  96. Majtan, J.; Jesenak, M. β-Glucans: Multi-Functional Modulator of Wound Healing. Molecules 2018, 23, 806.
  97. Seo, G.; Hyun, C.; Choi, S.; Kim, Y.M.; Cho, M. The wound healing effect of four types of beta-glucan. Appl. Biol. Chem. 2019, 62, 20.
  98. King, B.; Barrett, S.; Cutting, K. Clinical evaluation of a bioactive beta-glucan gel in the treatment of ‘hard-to-heal’ wounds. J. Wound Care 2017, 26, 58–63.
  99. Grip, J.; Engstad, R.E.; Skjæveland, I.; Škalko-Basnet, N.; Isaksson, J.; Basnet, P.; Holsæter, A.M. Beta-glucan-loaded nanofiber dressing improves wound healing in diabetic mice. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2018, 121, 269–280.
  100. Yoon, D.; Yoon, D.; Cha, H.-J.; Lee, J.-S.; Chun, W. Enhancement of wound healing efficiency mediated by artificial dermis functionalized with EGF or NRG1. Biomed. Mater. 2018, 13, 045007.
  101. Gopinath, D.; Ahmed, M.R.; Gomathi, K.; Chitra, K.; Sehgal, P.K.; Jayakumar, R. Dermal wound healing processes with curcumin incorporated collagen films. Biomaterials 2004, 25, 1911–1917.
  102. Taraballi, F.; Zanini, S.; Lupo, C.; Panseri, S.; Cunha, C.; Riccardi, C.; Marcacci, M.; Campione, M.; Cipolla, L. Amino and carboxyl plasma functionalization of collagen films for tissue engineering applications. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2012, 394, 590–597.
  103. Irastorza, A.; Zarandona, I.; Andonegi, M.; Guerrero, P.; de la Caba, K. The versatility of collagen and chitosan: From food to biomedical applications. Food Hydrocoll. 2021, 116, 106633.
  104. Tavassoli, M.; Sani, M.A.; Khezerlou, A.; Ehsani, A.; McClements, D.J. Multifunctional nanocomposite active packaging materials: Immobilization of quercetin, lactoferrin, and chitosan nanofiber particles in gelatin films. Food Hydrocoll. 2021, 118, 106747.
  105. Wang, H.; Ding, F.; Ma, L.; Zhang, Y. Edible films from chitosan-gelatin: Physical properties and food packaging application. Food Biosci. 2021, 40, 100871.
  106. Sarika, P.; Cinthya, K.; Jayakrishnan, A.; Anilkumar, P.; James, N.R. Modified gum arabic cross-linked gelatin scaffold for biomedical applications. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2014, 43, 272–279.
  107. Jalaja, K.; Kumar, P.A.; Dey, T.; Kundu, S.C.; James, N.R. Modified dextran cross-linked electrospun gelatin nanofibres for biomedical applications. Carbohydr. Polym. 2014, 114, 467–475.
  108. Mao, Z.; Bai, J.; Jin, X.; Mao, W.; Dong, Y. Construction of a multifunctional 3D nanofiber aerogel loaded with ZnO for wound healing. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 2021, 208, 112070.
  109. Kwak, H.W.; Kim, J.E.; Lee, K.H. Green fabrication of antibacterial gelatin fiber for biomedical application. React. Funct. Polym. 2019, 136, 86–94.
  110. Chilakamarry, C.R.; Mahmood, S.; Saffe, S.N.B.M.; Bin Arifin, M.A.; Gupta, A.; Sikkandar, M.Y.; Begum, S.S.; Narasaiah, B. Extraction and application of keratin from natural resources: A review. 3 Biotech 2021, 11, 220.
  111. Suarato, G.; Bertorelli, R.; Athanassiou, A. Borrowing From Nature: Biopolymers and Biocomposites as Smart Wound Care Materials. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 2018, 6, 137.
  112. Sharma, S.; Gupta, A. Sustainable Management of Keratin Waste Biomass: Applications and Future Perspectives. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol. 2016, 59.
  113. Feroz, S.; Muhammad, N.; Ratnayake, J.; Dias, G. Keratin-Based materials for biomedical applications. Bioact. Mater. 2020, 5, 496–509.
  114. McLellan, J.; Thornhill, S.G.; Shelton, S.; Kumar, M. Keratin-Based Biofilms, Hydrogels, and Biofibers. In Keratin as a Protein Biopolymer; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2018; pp. 187–200.
  115. Pino, P.; Ronchetti, S.; Mollea, C.; Sangermano, M.; Onida, B.; Bosco, F. Whey Proteins–Zinc Oxide Bionanocomposite as Antibacterial Films. Pharmaceutics 2021, 13, 1426.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Materials Science, Biomaterials; Others
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Paolo Pino
,
Francesca Bosco
,
Chiara Mollea
,
Barbara Onida
View Times: 319
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 31 Mar 2023
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    Video Production Service
    Feedback