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Fungi are very promising biological objects for the green synthesis of nanoparticles. Biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles using different mycological cultures and substances obtained from them is a promising, easy and environmentally friendly method. By varying the synthesis conditions, the same culture can be used to produce nanoparticles with different sizes, shapes, stability in colloids and, therefore, different biological activity. Fungi are capable of producing a wide range of biologically active compounds and have a powerful enzymatic system that allows them to form nanoparticles of various chemical elements.
Species | Source | Precursor | Nanoparticles | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Agaricus arvensis | Living culture | AgNO3 | Spherical (10–20 nm) | [41] |
Cultural liquid | AgNO3 | Irregular spherical (10–100 nm) | ||
Mycelial extract | AgNO3 | Spherical (1–10 nm) | ||
Agaricus bisporus | Living culture | AgNO3 | Spherical (10–20 nm) | [41] |
Cultural liquid | AgNO3 | Irregular spherical (10–100 nm) | ||
Mycelial extract | AgNO3 | Spherical (1–10 nm) | ||
Agaricus bisporus | Crude polysaccharide extract | AgNO3 | Irregularly quasi-spherical (20–40 nm) | [88] |
Agaricus bisporus | Fruit body extract | AgNO3 | Face-centered cubic (average size of 43.9 nm) | [89] |
Agaricus bisporus | Fruit body extract | AgNO3 | Cubic (average size of 50.44 nm) | [90] |
Agaricus bisporus | Fruit body extract | AgNO3 | Spherical (average size of 16 nm) | [91] |
Agaricus brasiliensis | Crude polysaccharide extract | AgNO3 | Irregularly quasi-spherical (20–40 nm) | [88] |
Alternaria sp. | Mycelial extract | AgNO3 | Spherical (3–10 nm) | [47] |
Aspergillus niger | Crude xylanase | AgNO3 | Spherical, cylindrical, oval (15.21–77.49 nm) | [48] |
Auricularia polytricha | Mycelial extract | AgNO3 | Spherical (5–50 nm) | [92] |
Beauveria bassiana | Mycelial extract | AgNO3 | Triangular, circular, hexagonal (10–50 nm) | [50] |
Botryodiplodia theobromae | Mycelial extract | AgNO3 | 66.75–111.23 nm | [52] |
Mycelial biomass | AgNO3 | 62.77–103 nm | ||
Flammulina velutipes | Fungal extract | AgNO3 | Spherical (average size of 21.4 nm) | [97] |
Flammulina velutipes | Fruit body extract | AgNO3 | Spherical (average size of 22 nm) | [98] |
Fomes fomentarius | Fruit body extract | AgNO3 | Spherical (10–20 nm) | [99] |
Fomitopsis pinicola | Fruit body extract | AgNO3 | Spherical (10–30 nm) | [100] |
Ganoderma applanatum | Fruit body extract | AgNO3 | Spherical (average size of 58.77 nm) | [102] |
Ganoderma lucidum | Living culture | AgNO3 | Spherical (10–20 nm) | [41] |
Cultural liquid | AgNO3 | Irregular spherical (10–100 nm) | ||
Mycelial extract | AgNO3 | Spherical (1–10 nm) | ||
Fruit body extract | AgNO3 | Near-cubic (20–200 nm) | ||
Ganoderma lucidum | Fungal extract | AgNO3 | Spherical (23–58 nm) | [123] |
Ganoderma lucidum | Fruit body extract | AgNO3 | Spherical (15–22 nm) | [124] |
Ganoderma lucidum | Fruit body extract | AgNO3 | Spherical (average size of 11.38 nm) | [125] |
Ganoderma sessile | Mycelial extract | AgNO3 | Quasi-spherical (average size of 5.4 or 8.9 nm depending on the extraction method) | [82] |
Ganoderma sessiliforme | Fruit body extract | AgNO3 | Spherical (average size of 45 nm) | [101] |
Grifola frondosa | Living culture | AgNO3 | Spherical (10–20 nm) | [41] |
Cultural liquid | AgNO3 | Irregular spherical (10–100 nm) | ||
Mycelial extract | AgNO3 | Spherical (1–10 nm) | ||
Helvella leucopus | Fruit body extract | AgNO3 | Spherical (80–100 nm), aggregated | [61] |
Lactarius piperatus | Fruit body extract | AgNO3 | Spherical (average size of 49 nm) | [105] |
Lentinus edodes | Living culture | AgNO3 | Spherical (10–20 nm) | [41] |
Cultural liquid | AgNO3 | Irregular spherical (10–100 nm), spherical conglomerates 50–250) | ||
Mycelial extract | AgNO3 | Spherical (1–10 nm) | ||
Lentinus tuber-regium | Fruit body extract | AgNO3 | Spherical (5–35 nm) | [107] |
Penicillium citrinum | Mycelial extract | AgNO3 | Spherical (2–5 nm) | [67] |
Penicillium cyclopium | Mycelial biomass | AgNO3 | Mostly irregular (12–25 nm) | [68] |
Penicillium janthinellum | Mycelial extract | AgNO3 | Spherical (1–30 nm) | [69] |
Penicillium oxalicum | Mycelial extract | AgNO3 | Spherical (60–80 nm) | [70] |
Penicillium oxalicum | Mycelial extract | AgNO3 | Spherical (average size of 52.26 nm) | [71] |
Penicillium polonicum | Mycelial extract | AgNO3 | Mostly spherical (10–15 nm), hexagonal, polyhedral (above 30 nm) | [72] |
Phaenerochaete chrysosporium | Mycelial extract | AgNO3 | Spherical, oval (34–90 nm) | [109] |
Phellinus linteus | Crude polysaccharide extract | AgNO3 | Irregularly quasi-spherical (20–40 nm) | [88] |
Picoa sp. | Fruit body extract | AgNO3 | Irregular (average size of 19.5 nm) | [76] |
Pleurotus djamor | Fruit body extract | AgNO3 | Spherical (average size of 55.76 nm) | [114] |
Pleurotus eryngii | Fruit body extract | AgNO3 | Spherical (average size of 18.45 nm) | [112] |
Pleurotus florida | Fruit body extract | AgNO3 | Spherical (average size of 10 nm) | [111] |
Pleurotus ostreatus | Living culture | AgNO3 | Spherical (10–20 nm) | [41] |
Cultural liquid | AgNO3 | Irregular spherical (10–100 nm) | ||
Mycelial extract | AgNO3 | Spherical (1–10 nm) | ||
Pleurotus ostreatus | Fruit body extract | AgNO3 | Spherical, hexagonal (18–82 nm) | [126] |
Pleurotus ostreatus | Fruit body extract | AgNO3 | Spherical (average size of 28.44 nm) | [114] |
Pleurotus sajor caju | Fruit body extract | AgNO3 | Spherical (11–44 nm) | [127] |
Pleurotus sajor caju | Fruit body extract | AgNO3 | Spherical (average size of 15–20 nm) | [113] |
Tirmania sp. | Fruit body extract | AgNO3 | Irregular, spherical (average size of 72 nm) | [81] |
Trametes trogii | Mycelial extract | AgNO3 | Mostly spherical (5–65 nm) | [118] |
Trichoderma atroviride | Mycelial extract | AgNO3 | 15–25 nm | [84] |
Trichoderma atroviride | Cultural liquid | AgNO3 | Spherical (20–30 nm) | [42] |
Mycelial extract | AgNO3 | Spherical (15–35 nm) | ||
Trichoderma harzianum | Mycelial extract | AgNO3 | Spherical (10–25 nm) | [83] |
Trichoderma harzianum | Mycelial extract | AgNO3 | Quasi-spherical (average size of 9.6 or 19.1 nm depending on the extraction method) | [82] |
Trichoderma longibrachiatum | Crude xylanase | AgNO3 | Spherical, cylindrical, oval (15.21–77.49 nm) | [48] |
Trichoderma longibrachiatum | Cultural liquid | AgNO3 | Spherical (5–15 nm) | [42] |
Mycelial extract | AgNO3 | Spherical (10–25 nm) |
Species | Source | Precursor | Nanoparticles | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Agaricus arvensis | Living culture | HAuCl4 | Spherical (5–50 nm) | [41] |
Cultural liquid | HAuCl4 | Spherical (2–10 nm) | ||
Mycelial extract | HAuCl4 | Irregular spherical (25–20 nm) | ||
Agaricus bisporus | Fruit body extract | HAuCl4 | Spherical (average size of 25 nm) | [132] |
Agaricus bisporus | Living culture | HAuCl4 | Spherical (5–50 nm) | [41] |
Cultural liquid | HAuCl4 | Spherical (2–10 nm) | ||
Mycelial extract | HAuCl4 | Spherical (10–50 nm), hexagonal, tetragonal, triangular (30–100 nm) | ||
Agaricus bisporus | Fruit body extract | HAuCl4 | Oval, spherical, drum-like, hexagonal, triangular (average size of 53 nm) | [133] |
Agaricus bisporus | Fruit body extract | HAuCl4 | Spherical (10–50 nm) | [134] |
Alternaria spp. | Fungal extract | HAuCl4 | Triangular, circular (average size of 28 nm) | [135] |
Cantharellus sp. | Fungal extract | HAuCl4 | Spherical (average size of 60.6 nm) | [136] |
Coprinus comatus | Fruit body extract | HAuCl4 | Face-centered cubic (average size of 17.39 nm) | [137] |
Flammulina velutipes | Fruit body extract | HAuCl4 | Triangular, spherical, irregular (average size of 74.32 nm) | [138] |
Fusarium oxysporum | Cultural liquid | HAuCl4 | Spherical, hexagonal (22–30 nm) | [139] |
Fusarium solani | Biomass extract | HAuCl4 | Needle and flower-like structures with spindle shape (40–45 nm) | [140] |
Ganoderma applanatum | Isolated phenolic compounds | HAuCl4 | Face-centered cubic (average size of 18.70 nm) | [141] |
Ganoderma lucidum | Living culture | HAuCl4 | Spherical (5–50 nm) | [41] |
Cultural liquid | HAuCl4 | Spherical (5–60 nm) | ||
Mycelial extract | HAuCl4 | Spherical (10–50 nm), hexagonal, tetragonal, triangular (30–100 nm) | ||
Ganoderma lucidum | Fruit body extract | HAuCl4 | Spherical, oval, irregular (1–100 nm) | [142] |
Grifola frondosa | Living culture | HAuCl4 | Spherical (5–50 nm) | [41] |
Cultural liquid | HAuCl4 | Spherical (2–10 nm) | ||
Mycelial extract | HAuCl4 | Spherical (10–50 nm), hexagonal, tetragonal, triangular (30–100 nm) | ||
Inonotus obliquus | Fruit body extract | HAuCl4 | Mostly spherical (below 20 nm) | [143] |
Laetiporus versisporus | Fruit body extract | HAuCl4 | Spherical (average size of 10 nm) | [144] |
Lentinus edodes | Fruit body extract | HAuCl4 | Triangular, hexagonal, spherical, irregular (average size of 72 nm) | [145] |
Lentinus edodes | Living culture | HAuCl4 | Spherical (5–50 nm) | [41][146] |
Cultural liquid | HAuCl4 | Spherical (2–20 nm) | ||
Mycelial extract | HAuCl4 | Spherical (10–50 nm), hexagonal, tetragonal, triangular (30–200 nm) | ||
Intracellular Mn-peroxidase | HAuCl4 | Spherical (2–20 nm) | ||
Intracellular laccases and tyrosinases | HAuCl4 | Irregular spherical, triangular, tetrahedral (5–120 nm) | ||
Morchella esculenta | Fruit body extract | HAuCl4 | Face-centered cubic (average size of 16.51 nm) | [147] |
Penicillium janthinellum | Mycelial extract | HAuCl4 | Spherical (1–40 nm) | [69] |
Phoma sp. | Mycelial biomass | HAuCl4 | Spherical (10–100 nm) | [148] |
Pleurotus ostreatus | Living culture | HAuCl4 | Spherical (5–50 nm) | [41] |
Cultural liquid | HAuCl4 | Spherical (2–20 nm) | ||
Mycelial extract | HAuCl4 | Spherical (10–50 nm), hexagonal, tetragonal, triangular (30–200 nm) | ||
Pleurotus sajor-caju | Fruit body extract | HAuCl4 | Spherical (average size of 16–18 nm) | [113] |
Trichoderma hamatum | Mycelial extract | HAuCl4 | Spherical, pentagonal, hexagonal (5–30 nm) | [149] |
Trichoderma harzianum | Mycelial biomass | HAuCl4 | Spherical (below 30 nm) | [150] |
Tricholoma crassum | Mycelial extract | HAuCl4 | Circular, rhomboid (5 nm or less), hexagonal, cubic, triangular (4.36–22.94 nm) | [151] |
Species | Source | Precursor | Nanoparticles | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alternaria alternata | Cultural liquid | H2PtCl6 | Irregular (50–315) | [157] |
Fusarium oxysporum | Mycelial biomass | H2PtCl6 | Hexagonal, pentagonal, circular, square, rectangular (10–100 nm) | [158] |
Fusarium oxysporum | Purified mycelial enzyme | PtCl2 | Rectangular, triangular (100–180 nm) | [159] |
Purified mycelial enzyme | H2PtCl6 | Spherical (100–140 nm) | ||
Fusarium oxysporum | Mycelial extract | H2PtCl6 | Irregular (30–40 nm) | [160] |
Purified mycelial enzyme | H2PtCl6 | Circular, triangular, pentagonal, hexagonal, often as nanoplates (40–60 nm) | ||
Fusarium oxysporum | Mycelial biomass | H2PtCl6 | Spherical (15–30 nm) | [161] |
Fusarium oxysporum | Cultural liquid | H2PtCl6 | Face-centered cubic (average size of 25 nm) | [162] |
Neurospora crassa | Mycelial biomass | H2PtCl6 | Quazi-spherical single PtNPs (4–35 nm) and spherical nanoaggregates (20–110 nm) | [163] |
Mycelial extract | H2PtCl6 | Spherical nanoaggregates (17–76 nm), containing individual single crystals 2–3 nm in diameter | ||
Penicillium chrysogenum | Cultural liquid | H2PtCl6 | Spherical (5–40 nm) | [164] |
Saccharomyces boulardii | Cell free extract | H2PtCl6 | Spherical (80–150 nm) | [165] |