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Topic Review
Potential Bioenergy Supply in Jordan
Jordan is considered to be a semi-desert and steppe area, especially in southern and eastern lands, known as the Jordanian steppe or Badia. Bioenergy has all of the characteristics required to meet the difficulties associated with the increasing use of carbon fuels whereas massively minimizing greenhouse gase (GHG) emissions.
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Fugitive Dust
Fugitive dust is a serious threat to unpaved road users from a safety and health point of view. Dust suppressing materials or dust suppressants are often employed to lower the fugitive dust. Currently, many dust suppressants are commercially available and are being developed for various applications. 
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Bacterial Cellulose-Based Polymer Nanocomposites
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is one of the most popular environmentally friendly materials with unique structural and physicochemical properties for obtaining various functional materials for a wide range of applications. In this regard, the literature reporting on bacterial nanocellulose has increased exponentially. Extensive investigations aim at promoting the manufacturing of BC-based nanocomposites with other components such as nanoparticles, polymers, and biomolecules, and that will enable to develop of a wide range of materials with advanced and novel functionalities.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Diatom-Derived Silica for Biomedical Applications
Diatoms are unicellular eukaryotic microalgae widely distributed in aquatic environments, possessing a porous silica cell wall known as frustule. Diatom frustules are considered as a sustainable source for several industrial applications because of their high biocompatibility and the easiness of surface functionalisation, which make frustules suitable for regenerative medicine and as drug carriers. Frustules are made of hydrated silica, and can be extracted and purified both from living and fossil diatoms using acid treatments or high temperatures. Biosilica frustules have proved to be suitable for biomedical applications, but, unfortunately, they are not officially recognised as safe by governmental food and medical agencies yet.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Titanium Foils
Titanium membranes used as barrier element in guided bone regeneration procedures. These membranes prevent the penetration of epithelial cells and fibroblasts and allow access to the bone defect of osteogenic and stem cells originating from the native bone. They have different formats, from a titanium sheet to be formed intraoperatively to a custom-made occlusive barrier from a previous computed tomography scan of the bone defect.
  • 1.1K
  • 03 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Design of Hybrid Polymer-Protein Systems
Proteins are biomacromolecules widely present in biological processes in vivo with important functions, such as biological catalysis, high-affinity molecule recognition, and activation and/or inhibition of cellular pathways. Polymer-protein systems have excellent characteristics, such as non-toxic, non-irritating, good water solubility and biocompatibility, which makes them very appealing as cancer therapeutics agents. 
  • 1.1K
  • 29 May 2023
Topic Review
Nanoporous Stainless Steel Materials for Body Implants
Despite the inadequate biocompatibility, medical-grade stainless steel materials have been used as body implants for decades. The desired biological response of surfaces to specific applications in the body is a highly challenging task, and usually not all the requirements of a biomaterial can be achieved. Nanostructured surfaces have shown intriguing results as cell selectivity can be achieved by specific surface nanofeatures. Nanoporous structures can be fabricated by anodic oxidation, which has been widely studied for titanium and its alloys, while no systematic studies are available for stainless steel (SS) materials.
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Targeted Microbubbles for Immunotherapy Applications
Microbubbles are 1–10 μm diameter gas-filled acoustically-active particles, typically stabilized by a phospholipid monolayer shell. In cancer immunotherapy, the microbubble shell can be engineered through the bioconjugation of molecular ligands to facilitate the delivery and uptake of drugs, genes, or cells. This approach allows for precise control of immune stimulation and improves the delivery and pharmacokinetics of immunomodulatory agents at the target site. It has emerged as an attractive strategy for treating various cancer immunotherapy modalities, including monoclonal antibodies, immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive cell transfer, cytokine therapy, and vaccines.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Carbon Nanotubes-Based Hydrogels
Carbonaceous materials, including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), have been widely explored in wound healing and other applications because of their superior physicochemical and potential biomedical properties to the nanoscale level. CNTs-based hydrogels are widely used for wound-healing and antibacterial applications. CNTs-based materials exhibited improved antimicrobial, antibacterial, adhesive, antioxidants, and mechanical properties, which are beneficial for the wound-healing process.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Functional Polymeric Biomaterials Prepared by RIGC
Functional polymeric biomaterials (FPBMs) represent the most popular usage of natural, synthetic, or hybrid polymeric materials interacting with biological regimes and are used to protect against microbes and regenerate, repair, and treat any type of tissue in the organs, or improve the functions of the human body. FPBMs with bioactive characteristics obtained by radiation-induced graft copolymerisation (RIGC) have been subjected to intensive research and developed into many commercial products. Various studies have reported the development of a variety of radiation-grafted FPBMs.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Dec 2022
Topic Review
General Synthesis Methods of Poly (ε-caprolactone)-Based Graft Copolymers
Synthetic biopolymers are attractive alternatives to biobased polymers, especially because they rarely induce an immune response in a living organism. Poly ε-caprolactone (PCL) is a well-known synthetic aliphatic polyester universally used for many applications, including biomedical and environmental ones.  To expand the range of applications for PCL, researchers have investigated the possibility of grafting polymer chains onto the PCL backbone. As the PCL backbone is not functionalized, it must be first functionalized in order to be able to graft reactive groups onto the PCL chain. These reactive groups will then allow the grafting of new reagents and especially new polymer chains. Grafting of polymer chains is mainly carried out by “grafting from” or “grafting onto” methods.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Natural Polymeric Carbohydrate-Based Antibiofilm Materials
Natural biopolymers, especially carbohydrates, show excellent material properties, such as mechanical strength, plasticity, and biodegradability. In addition, the anionic charges of hydrophilic polysaccharides (such as sulfate polysaccharides, hyaluronic acid, etc.) allow ionic attraction with metal ions or organic salts, and thereby they achieve antibacterial material properties. These antibacterial materials can be used to make implants for biomedical use. However, in-vivo compatibility remains a major limitation of such polymeric materials. 
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Nucleation and Growth of Biominerals
Biominerals are extraordinary materials that provide organisms with a variety of functions to support life. The synthesis of biominerals and organization at the macroscopic level is a consequence of the interactions of these materials with proteins. The association of biominerals and proteins is very ancient and has sparked a wealth of research across biological, medical and material sciences. Calcium carbonate, hydroxyapatite, and silica represent widespread natural biominerals. The atomic details of the interface between macromolecules and these biominerals is very intriguing from a chemical perspective, considering the association of chemical entities that are structurally different.
  • 1.1K
  • 02 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Biomacromolecules for Wound Dressings
Biomacromolecules are particularly promising for the fabrication of novel, more effective antimicrobial wound dressings.
  • 1.1K
  • 31 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Bioceramic Materials Used in Regenerative Dentistry
To improve the oral and dental health of the population, regenerative dentistry is a very promising approach that aims both to prevent oral–dental deterioration and to restore the anatomy and functionality of diseased teeth. To this end, it draws on new advances in procedures based on cell biology and new biomaterials. Synthetic biomimetic materials, and particularly bioceramics are undoubtedly fundamental elements in the development of these advanced dental therapies, as the calcium phosphate type formulations are the natural bioceramic components of dental and bone tissues. To this must be added the breakthrough achieved with the new silica-based bioactive ceramic compositions, capable of stimulating biological mineralization processes.
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Nanotechnology in Viral Respiratory Infections
Viral-associated respiratory infectious diseases are one of the most prominent subsets of respiratory failures, known as viral respiratory infections (VRI). VRIs are proceeded by an infection caused by viruses infecting the respiratory system. Due to their specific physical and biological properties, nanoparticles hold promising opportunities for both anti-viral treatments and vaccines against viral infections.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Conductive Polymers in Infarction Repair
The function of the heart pump may be impaired by events such as myocardial infarction, the consequence of coronary artery thrombosis due to blood clots or plaques. A whole heart transplant remains the gold standard so far and the current pharmacological approaches tend to stop further myocardium deterioration, but this is not a long-term solution. Electrically conductive, scaffold-based cardiac tissue engineering provides a promising solution to repair the injured myocardium. The non-conductive component of the scaffold provides a biocompatible microenvironment to the cultured cells while the conductive component improves intercellular coupling as well as electrical signal propagation through the scar tissue when implanted at the infarcted site. The in vivo electrical coupling of the cells leads to a better regeneration of the infarcted myocardium, reducing arrhythmias, QRS/QT intervals, and scar size and promoting cardiac cell maturation. 
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Role of Barbed Sutures in Reconstructive Surgery
Surgical ligatures are a critical component of any surgical procedure since they are the device that provides immediate post-surgical tissue apposition. There have been several studies to improve the design and use of these wound closure devices for different surgical procedures. Yet, there is no standardized technique or device that can be used for any specific application. Over the last two decades, there has been an increased focus on the innovative surgical sutures known as knotless or barbed sutures, along with studies focusing on their advantages and disadvantages in clinical environments. Barbed sutures were invented to reduce the localized stress on the approximated tissues as well as facilitating the surgical technique and improving the clinical outcome for the patient. Barbed sutures can be used in several surgical situations, such as emergency room procedures, general and thoracic applications, urological surgery, orthopedic and hand applications, obstetric and gynecological procedures, hair restoration and in the majority of plastic, reconstructive and cosmetic applications.
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Click Chemistry in Building Hierarchical Structures
Hierarchical structures are an essential part of numerous types of architecture in nature. They are defined as the presence of different structural elements with different length scales in a single body. This different length scale gives each hierarchical structure its “order, n” and characteristic properties. The higher the (n) the more sophisticated hierarchical structures; where n = 0 refers to continuum materials with only a single length scale. Noteworthy, several composites are considered low-ordered hierarchical structures. The idea of building blocks for hierarchical structures intersects perfectly with the modularity concept in click chemistry. Click chemistry is a powerful tool for constructing nano, micro and macro structures through two different approaches: (A) the first approach: through direct crosslinking of (pico-building blocks) monomers give a final micro/macro structure such as hydrogels; (B) the second approach: through nano-building blocks formation using click chemistry (e.g., dendrimers and dendrons) followed by connecting and crosslinking those formed nano-building blocks again using click chemistry to form bigger structures
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Bioactive Keratin and Fibroin Nanoparticles
In recent years, several studies have focused their attention on the preparation of biocompatible and biodegradable nanocarriers of potential interest in the biomedical field, ranging from drug delivery systems to imaging and diagnosis. In this regard, natural biomolecules—such as proteins—represent an attractive alternative to synthetic polymers or inorganic materials, thanks to their numerous advantages, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low immunogenicity. Among the most interesting proteins, keratin extracted from wool and feathers, as well as fibroin extracted from Bombyx mori cocoons, possess all of the abovementioned features required for biomedical applications.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Apr 2022
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